Zithunzi zolaula Zochita Zachilengedwe (PCES): Zothandiza kapena Osati?

PCES imabweretsa zotsatira zodziŵika bwino zodziyerekezera ndi zotsatira zozidziŵitsa zokha za zolaula

pomwe: Muzithunzi izi 2018 NCOSE - Kafukufuku Wosaka: Zoona Kapena Zopeka? - Gary Wilson akuwulula zowona pamaphunziro a 5 omwe amafalitsa zabodza amatchulira umboni wawo kuti zolaula zilibe kapena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumathandiza kwambiri. PCES imadzudzulidwa kuyambira 36:00 mpaka 43:20.

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Chotsatirachi chikuyang'ana zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimadziwika ngati Zithunzi zolaula Zochita Zachilengedwe (PCES). Maphunziro angapo akhala akugwiritsa ntchito, ndi pepala lomwe linapanga PCES (Hald & Malamuth, 2008) molimba mtima akumaliza kuti "Akuluakulu a ku Denmark amakhulupirira kuti zolaula zakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pambali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wawo. "

Phunziroli limangotengera zolaula "zomwe mumadziona nokha". Izi zili ngati kufunsa nsomba momwe amaganizira zamadzi, kapena ngati kufunsa wina momwe moyo wake wasinthira ndikukula ku Minnesota. Zowonadi, kufunsa achikulire pazokhudza zolaula sikusiyana ndikulowa mu bar ku 10pm ndikufunsa onse omwe akuyang'anira momwe mowa umakhudzira Lachisanu usiku. Kuchita motero sikungalepheretse zolaula. Mosiyana ndi izi, kuyerekezera malipoti a ogwiritsa ntchito ndi malipoti a osagwiritsa ntchito kapena kutsatira anthu omwe adasiya zolaula zitha kuchita zambiri kuwululira zomwe zolaula zimachitika.

Pamaso pake, zotsatira zakuti achinyamata aku Danes amakonda zolaula sizowopsa (ngakhale atayang'anitsitsa, zina mwazofufuza zimakayikira). Kafukufukuyu adatuluka mu 2007, ndipo zomwe adazipezazo zidasonkhanitsidwa zaka khumi zapitazo, mu 2003 - kale Kusonkhanitsa mavidiyo okhudzana ndi tube, pamaso pa waya opanda ponseponse, komanso pamaso pa matelefoni. Malipoti a zizindikiro zazikulu zolaula (makamaka pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito achichepere) akhala akuwonekera pazaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazi. Zaka khumi zapitazo, ndizotheka kuti achikulire aku Danish ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula sanali kuzindikira kwambiri njira ya mavuto. Kuonera zolaula pa Intaneti kungaoneke ngati chithandizo chovomerezeka chogonana, kapena kuti munthu wosalakwa.

Pamene kupeza kuti achichepere akuwona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawoneka kopindulitsa sikunali koyenera m'nthawi yake, sitinadandaule kuwerenga phunziro lonse kapena kuyang'ana mafunso a PCES-kufikira atagwiritsidwa ntchito kafukufuku waposachedwa. Tikayang'ana pa PCES tidasowa chonena. Zikuwoneka ngati zochepa koma chidwi cha omwe adapanga kuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula "ndichabwino," ndipo zina mwazimenezi ndizosakhulupirika. Taganizirani izi:

1.     Choyamba, phunziro ili, "Apeza kuti amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amafotokoza zochepa zomwe zimawonetsedwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zochepa, ngati zilipo, zoyipa zomwezo."

  • Mwanjira ina, Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunapindulitsa nthaŵi zonse ndi zochepa, ngati zilipo, zosokoneza.

2.     Komanso, "Zonse zitatha kulowa mu equation, mitundu itatu ya chikhalidwe cha kugonana anapanga zopereka zofunikira kwambiri ku zotsatira zabwino: Kuonera zolaula kwambiri, kuona zolaula mozama komanso kuseweretsa maliseche pafupipafupi. ”

  • Mwanjira ina, zolaula zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito, zenizeni mumakhulupirira kuti zilipo, ndipo pamene mumangokhalira kuseweretsa maliseche, zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino m'madera onse a moyo wanu. Osataya.
  • Pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ofufuzawo akuganiza, ngati muli ndi zaka 30 zomwe mumatsegula zolaula nthawi 5 patsiku, zolaula zimathandizira kwambiri pamoyo wanu.
  • Mwa njira, zotsatira za PCES zenizeni osati kuthandizira mawu akuti kuona zolaula ngati zenizeni ndi zopindulitsa. Mosiyana ndi momwe mungathe kuwonera kuchokera mu kufufuza kwakukulu kwa deta yophunzira pansipa izi.

3.     Koposa zonse, “Lipoti lakuwonetsa zakumwa zabwino zakumwa nthawi zambiri lapezeka mwamphamvu ndi ogwirizana bwino mafashoni amodzi zolaula. ”

  • kotero, zolaula zovuta kwambiri zimawona zotsatira zake zabwino m'moyo wanu. Zindikirani zaka zakubadwa za 15: Penyani zolaula kwambiri, zachiwawa zomwe mungapeze kuti inunso mutha kupeza madalitso ambiri.
  • Tawonani kuti ochita kafukufuku sanena kuti pali bell curve, pomwe zochuluka kwambiri zitha kukhala zowononga poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Apeza kuti, "Zambiri zimakhala zabwino nthawi zonse." Chodabwitsa, ayi?
  • Pamenepo, ma PCES "apeza" kuti osati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumabweretsa zotsatira zovulaza!

Zingatheke bwanji 3-zovuta kwambiri zolaula, pomwe mukuganiza kuti ndizowona (Sic), ndipo pamene mumangokhalira kuseweretsa maliseche-nthawizonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi phindu lalikulu?

Choyamba, palibe kwina kulikonse m'chilengedwe pomwe "Zambiri zimakhala bwino nthawi zonse" zimawonekera. Chakudya chochuluka, madzi ambiri, mpweya wambiri, mavitamini ochulukirapo, mchere wochulukirapo, dzuwa, kugona mokwanira, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi… .kufika mfundo pazinthu zonse zomwe Zambiri zimayambitsa zoyipa, kapena ngakhale imfa. Ndiye, kodi kukopa kumodzi kumeneku kungakhale bwanji kosiyana kwambiri? Sizingatheke.

Chachiwiri, ngati zonse zomwe munayamba mwazidziwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, simukudziwa momwe zikukukhudzirani mpaka mutasiya (ndipo kawirikawiri sizingakhale miyezi ingapo).

Chachitatu, mafunso a PCES, ndi momwe amawerengedwera, akukonzekera kuti apeze kuti "zambiri zimakhala bwino nthawi zonse."

Mwachidule, PCES nthawi zonse imapeza kuti zolaula zambiri zimagwirizana ndimaphunziro apamwamba m'magulu ake onse a 5 oyesa zabwino m'moyo wamunthu: 1) Moyo Wogonana, 2) Maganizo Okhudzana Ndi Kugonana, 3) Kudziwa Zokhudza Kugonana, 4) Kuzindikira / Maganizo Aakazi, 5) Moyo Wonse. Zotsatira zosakhulupirikazi zikutsutsana ndi pafupifupi kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta zowonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo:

Funso: lomwe likupereka chithunzi cholondola kwambiri: (1) mazana a maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, (2) kapena funso limodzi lolakwika (PCES) lomwe limawona kuti "kusagwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndizolakwika kwa inu?

Tiyeni tiwone momwe PCES imapangira zotsatira zake zamatsenga.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso a PCES kumoyo

Dziyikeni paudindo wa achinyamata ambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano. Mwawonapo zolaula zamtundu uliwonse zomwe mungaganizire mumakanema apamwamba, ndipo mitundu ya vanila siyikukutsitsimutsani. Mukuvutikanso ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo mwazizindikiro zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwambiri: kutayika kwa zokopa kwa omwe mungakwatirane nawo, kutopa kwa erectile kapena kuchedwa kuthamangitsidwa ndi abwenzi enieni, kuchuluka kwa zosokoneza zolaula, mwinanso kusakhala ndi nkhawa pakati pa anthu komanso kusowa chidwi. Koma simunasiye kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mudziwe, kapena ngakhale akuganiza, kaya zizindikiro zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwanu.

Potengera momwe zinthu ziliri, kodi mutha kukhala ndi zochepa zochepa pa PCES? Sitikuganiza choncho. 7 ndiye mapikidwe apamwamba pafunso lililonse. Mwa mafunso 47 a PCES, 27 (ambiri) ndi "abwino." Izi zimachitika chifukwa ochita kafukufuku amaganiza kuti "chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kugonana" chitha kukhala chabwino. Chifukwa chake, mafunso 7 "owonjezera" odziwa zakugonana alibe anzawo. Ili ndi lingaliro losangalatsa, monga tawonera ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula akunena kuti awona ndikuphunzira zinthu zolaula zomwe amalakalaka atayiwala.

Mulimonsemo, kodi wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula yemwe wafotokozedwa pamwambapa angapeze bwanji mafunso awa "abwino"?

14. ____ Wandiwonjezera pa chidziwitso chanu cha kugonana kwachilendo? “Gahena inde! = 7"

15. ____ Kodi mwakuthupi munakhudza maganizo anu pa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe? "Ndiganiza Choncho. Nyenyezi zolaula ndizotentha. = 6"

28. ____ Padziko lonse, zakhala zowonjezera zabwino ku moyo wanu wa kugonana? "Inde, sindimachita maliseche popanda izi. = 7"

45. ____ Kodi zakuthandizani kuti mukhale achiwerewere? "Mwamtheradi. = 7"

Nawa ena mwa mafunso 20 "osalimbikitsa":

2. ____ Yakupangitsani kukhala osalolera kugonana? "Mukunena zowona? Ndimayang'ana zogonana maola ambiri sabata iliyonse. = 1"

25. ____ Wachepetsa umoyo wanu? "Sindingathe kulingalira moyo wopanda zolaula, ndiye ayi. = 1"

40. ____ Kodi zachititsa mavuto mu moyo wanu wa kugonana? “Ayi, ndine namwali. = 1"

46. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ "Mukunena zowona? Ayi, ayi. = 1"

Ofufuzawo adagawa mayankho a ogwiritsa ntchito m'magulu angapo: 1) Moyo Wogonana, 2) Maganizo Okhudzana ndi Kugonana, 3) Kudziwa Zokhudza Kugonana, 4) Kuzindikira / Maganizo Aakazi, 5) Moyo Wonse. Mosiyana ndi gulu la Chidziwitso cha Kugonana, magulu ena anayiwo anali ndi mafunso onse "abwino" ndi "oyipa". M'magulu awa, ofufuzawo adanenanso ngati chiyerekezo chapamwamba chinali chachikulu kuposa choyipa. M'malo mwake, amatipatsa kusiyana pakati pa mafunso "abwino" ndi "olakwika" m'magulu anayi, osatiwonetsa leni kuchuluka kwa achinyamata aku Dani. Mwanjira ina, kwa onse omwe tikudziwa mayankho amafunso ena "abwino" atha kukhala ofunda, koma mafunso "oyipa" omwe anali nawo anali otsika kwambiri kwakuti kufalikira pakati pawo kunali kokwanira kupereka chithunzi chabodza chomwe a Danes adamva zabwino zokhudzana ndi zolaula, pomwe, mwina sanamve kuti zolaula zinali zopindulitsa, koma sanawone zochulukirapo panjira yogwiritsira ntchito (Onani PCES yonse)

Ngati izi sizikumveka, onani mafotokozedwe apansiwa - amaperekedwa ndi pulofesa wamkulu yemwe nthawi zambiri amayang'anitsitsa kafukufuku wama psychology. Ananenanso kuti, motsutsana ndi malingaliro a ofufuza kuti amuna amazindikira zovuta zoyipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa akazi, amuna amatchuladi apamwamba kwambiri zoipa zotsatira kuposa azimayi m'magawo awiri: Moyo Wogonana ndi Moyo Wonse. Ofufuzawo sakambirana izi, zomwe sizinakhudze malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zolaula. Komabe timawawona kukhala osangalatsa chifukwa m'zaka zapitazi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu akhala akunena zovuta zogonana ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moyo usasangalatse.

Kuwonjezera pa zovuta zamakono zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, apa pali ena mwa mavuto omwe amakhudzidwa nawo pa PCES:

  1. Kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, kuwonongeka kwa maubwenzi, ndi moyo wosagonana wokhalapo, ali ndi phazi lofanana mu PCES ndi kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza kugonana komanso maganizo okhudzana ndi kugonana.
  2. Amuna ambiri akhala akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuyambira pa msinkhu (kapena ngakhale kale) koma sanagonanepo. Sangathe kudziwa momwe zakhudzira malingaliro awo a amuna kapena akazi kapena moyo wawo wogonana. Poyerekeza ndi chiyani? Kwa anyamatawa, mafunso ambiri a PCES ndi ofanana ndikufunsa kuti zikhala bwanji lanu mwana wa mayi anakhudza moyo wanu.
  3. Ambiri samazindikira kuti ndi zizindikilo ziti zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolaula zawo mpaka miyezi ingapo atasiya kuzigwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale atakhala nazo matenda (kuchedwa kuthamangitsidwa, erectile kukanika, zokonda zachiwerewere, kutaya chidwi ndi anthu enieni, nkhaŵa yaikulu yopanda chidziwitso, mavutokapena maganizo), ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa omwe angagwiritse ntchito zolaula pa intaneti makamaka atapatsidwa mawu osamveka omwe PCES imagwiritsa ntchito: "kuvulaza" "moyo wabwino."

Mwanjira ina, banja lanu likhoza kuwonongedwa ndipo mutha kukhala ndi matenda a ED, koma kuchuluka kwanu kwa PCES kumatha kuwonetsa kuti zolaula zakhala zabwino kwa inu. M'malo mwake, ngati muli m'gulu la anthu omwe sanathenso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kuchuluka kwanu kwa PCES kungatanthauze kuti kusagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawononga moyo wanu chifukwa mungodziwa za machitidwe ogonana a vanila. Monga munthu wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula atanena atawona PCES:

"Inde, ndasiya maphunziro awo kuyunivesite, ndidakumana ndi zovuta zina, sindinakhalepo ndi bwenzi, ndasiya anzanga, ndili ndi ngongole, ndili ndi ED ndipo sindinagonanepo m'moyo weniweni. Koma osachepera ndimadziwa zamanyazi zomwe zimachitika ndipo ndikufuna kuthamanga m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, zolaula zalimbikitsa moyo wanga. ”

Mnyamata wina:

"Ndikudziwa kuyika chimbudzi mu anus mwaluso, koma ana anga akukhala m'tawuni ina chifukwa cha zomwe wakale adapeza pakompyuta yathu."

Limbikitsani ofufuza kufunsa mafunso ofunika

Kodi maphunzirowa ali kuti akufunsa gulu lomwe liri pangozi (anyamata) mafunso omwe angawulule mitundu ya zizindikiro zomwe akuzidziwitsa kwambiri lero? Monga,

  • “Kodi ungachite maliseche mpaka pachimake? popanda Zolaula pa Intaneti? ”
  • “Kodi wayamba kuonera zolaula kuyambira pa Intaneti?”
  • "Kodi ukadali wokhoza kuthana ndi zolaula za pa intaneti zomwe udayamba nazo?"
  • “Kodi wafikira kuonera zolaula za pa Intaneti zomwe zimakusowetsa mtendere?”
  • “Kodi wayamba kukayikira za kugonana kwako utangoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti?”
  • "Mukayerekezera zomwe mumachita mukamagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi zomwe mumachita ndi mnzanu weniweni, kodi mumawona zovuta zake?"
  • "Mukayerekezera kuthekera kwanu pachimake panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndikutha kwanu kufika pachimake ndi mnzanu weniweni kodi mumawona zovuta zomwe zachitika ndi izi?"

Mwamwayi, kafukufuku wochokera kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo akuwululidwa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kungachititse kuti ubongo ukhale wosinthika. Zotsatira za maphunziro a ubongo (ndi maphunziro omwe akubwera) ndizofanana ndi 280+ Kuledzera pa intaneti "maphunziro aubongo", zambiri zomwe zimaphatikizaponso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Kutsutsana ndi "zotsatira" za PCES pa maphunziro a 80 adalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamavuto azakugonana ndikuchepetsa kukondana komanso ubale. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ngakhale atafunsidwa mafunso angati kuti akakamize anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi "zabwino," ngati ogwiritsa ntchito amafotokoza zovuta zakugonana, zizindikilo zina zoyipa, komanso zizolowezi zomwe zimatha atasiya zolaula, mafunso oterewa amakhala osakwanira m'njira zofunika. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ambiri masiku ano, zolaula zikuwonetsa "kugonana. "

Nkhondo pakati pa akuluakulu ndi chikumbutso chabwino kuti normative sichitsimikizo cha zachibadwa. Ndi gawo limodzi lalifupi kwambiri pakati pa "normative" ndikutanthauza kuti machitidwe wamba amakhalanso "abwinobwino," kapena "athanzi." Komabe "wabwinobwino" amatanthauza mkati mwa magawo a ntchito yathanzi. Ziribe kanthu kuti ndi anthu angati omwe akuchita kapena amakonda kwambiri, ngati atulutsa matenda, ofufuza zamankhwala ovomerezeka sanganene kuti zotsatirazi ndi "zabwinobwino." Ganizirani za kusuta m'ma 1960. Masiku ano, ma urologist akuti malipoti achichepere achichepere omwe ali ndi ED, matenda omwe ambiri opereka chithandizo chaumoyo ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula akugwirizanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula pa intaneti.

Aliyense amene angafune kuti zolaula zitheke akhoza kukhala wanzeru kuwerengera mopyola pamitu komanso zomaliza potengera zotsatira za mafunso a PCES. Unikani phunziro lonse. Kodi ofufuzawo adafunsa mafunso omwe akadawulula zowawa zomwe ena mwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano akuti? Kodi adayerekezera ogwiritsa ntchito ndi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kale, kuti awone zovuta zakuchotsa zolaula? Kodi adafunsa mafunso omwe amangopanga, mwachitsanzo, zambiri zokhudzana ndi zolaula? Kodi umboniwo unasonkhanitsidwa ndikusanthula moyenera? Kodi ofufuza adasanthula anthu awo kuti aledzere, pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso monga atsopano s-IAT (mawonekedwe afupipafupi a Internet Addiction Test) opangidwa ndi izi Gulu la German?

Chifukwa choti mumazikonda sizimakupindulitsani

Koposa zonse, osakayikira maphunziro azolaula omwe amadziona kuti ndi omwe amadzizindikira. Izi sizingatiuze kalikonse za zotsatira zabwino komanso zoyipa za zolaula, komabe zimapanga mitu yakusayansi, yolimbikitsa, yomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amadalira kuti apitilize kugwiritsabe ntchito ngakhale pali zisonyezo. Onani, mwachitsanzo zaposachedwa kwambiri "Kudziyesa Kudziwa Zochita Zogonana pa Intaneti pa Arousal ku Yunivesite ndi Zigawuni Zomudzi. ” Inagwiritsa ntchito PCES yofupikitsa, ndipo, osadabwitsa, idapeza kuti omwe akutenga nawo mbali awonetsa zabwino kuposa zoyipa zomwe adachita chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Kuopsa kwa maphunziro oterewa ndikuti amalimbikitsa malingaliro olakwika akuti "Ngati ndimakonda zolaula mokwanira, zimandipindulitsa." Izi zikugwirizana ndikupanga kafukufuku yemwe amalimbikitsa ana kuti ngati amakonda tirigu wokutidwa ndi shuga ndizabwino kwa iwo.

"Phunziroli ndi lowopsa m'maganizo"

Pulofesa wamkulu pa yunivesite yayikulu, amene kawirikawiri amacheza akufufuza kafukufuku wa maganizo, adakweza nkhawa zathu za njira za PCES:

Vuto lalikulu ndi phunziroli ndikuti ofufuzawo adaganiza kuti atha kupanga masikelo "abwino" ndi "osalongosoka" m'njira yoyambira kutengera momwe mawuwo aliri. Izi zidawatsogolera kuti azisanthula zinthu pamlingo wazomwe adakhazikitsiratu kale komanso zoyipa m'malo moyerekeza ndi chinthucho. Akadakhala kuti adasanthula chinthu, atha kupeza kuti zinthu zomwe zikuyang'ana kudera lomwelo (moyo wogonana, moyo wamba, ndi zina zambiri) zonse zimanyamula chimodzimodzi m'malo mochita zinthu zabwino komanso zoyipa. Chotsatira ichi chikadapezeka, izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthuzo zikuwunika kupitilira kwachisangalalo-positivity m'malo mongolekanitsa zabwino ndi zoyipa. Ndipo ngati zinali zotsatira zake, sikungakhale kotheka kutanthauzira ngati kuchuluka kwake kumatanthauzadi zabwino kuposa kunyalanyaza.

Chifukwa choti mapikidwe otsogola ali pamwambapa (mwachitsanzo> 24 pachinthu cha 8, sikelo ya Likert ya magawo asanu ndi awiri pomwe zambiri zimatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 7 mpaka 8), izi sizitanthauza kuti malikowo akuwonetsa zabwino. Malipoti anu sangalandiridwe motere. Ngati angakwanitse, ndipo tidafunsa gulu la anthu kuti liwonetse nzeru zawo, titha kupeza kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala anzeru kwambiri. Ofufuzawa akuwoneka kuti akudziwa zavutoli, pamene akukambirana za malingaliro a munthu woyamba kapena wachitatu pazomwe atolankhani amathandizira poyambitsa nkhaniyi. Kenako amapitiliza kudziona ndi kudzipangira malipoti pamtengo.

… Kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso a kuyerekezera njira zake ndizovuta. Zowonadi, mutha kuwerengera ma t-mayeso ndikupeza zotsatira monga zomwe zalembedwa mu Gulu 4. Koma sizitanthauza kuti zotsatirazo zimakhala zomveka. Mwachitsanzo, tengani kusiyana kwa mfundo 1.15 pamiyeso ya Life in General ya amuna. Ofufuza sanena za njira zenizeni, zimangotanthauza kusiyana, ndiye ndiloleni ndipange njira zina. Tiyerekeze kuti zitsanzozo zinali ndi 24.15 pa Life positive in General sikelo ndi 23.00 pa Life negative mu General scale (zonsezi ndi 4-chinthu, sikelo za Likert zisanu ndi ziwiri, kotero zambiri zitha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 7 mpaka 4). Kuti izi zikhale kusiyana kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa 28 kapena 23 kapena chilichonse pamlingo umodzi kuyenera kuyimira mulingo womwewo pamlingo winawo. Koma sitikudziwa izi, pazifukwa zomwezi kuti zigoli pamwamba pa midpoint sizingaganizidwe kuti "zili pamwambapa." Komanso, sitikudziwa ngati njirayi inali 24.15 motsutsana ndi 23.00 kapena chinachake monga 6.15 motsutsana ndi 5.00, zomwe ndithudi ziyenera kutanthauzira mosiyana.

Mwachidule, ndikadakhala wowunikiranso pamanja, ndikadakhala kuti ndikanaikana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero komanso mavuto osiyanasiyana. … Ndizosatheka, potengera mtundu wa zidziwitso, kuti mumve zolimba.

[Ife tinafunsa mafunso angapo otsatira]

Choyamba, ofufuzawo adapanga sikelo ya Chidziwitso cha Kugonana ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zawo "zabwino zoyipa" chifukwa amaganiza kuti kudziwa zambiri zakugonana nthawi zonse ndi chinthu chabwino. Mosiyana ndi zinthu zina zinayi zomwe zimabweretsa zabwino, palibe mtundu wina wofananira wa Chidziwitso Chagololo. Monga momwe ndingathere, kuwunika kokha komwe adasiya sikelo Yokhudza Kugonana ndi pomwe adachita mayeso pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa za kapangidwe kalikonse (Gulu 4). Izi sizinali zofunikira — panalibe Chidziwitso Cholakwika Chokhudza Kugonana poyerekeza ndi Chidziwitso chazakugonana.

Simunapemphe, koma sindingathandize koma kuyankhapo pamlingo wa Chidziwitso cha Kugonana. Mwachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwakukulu pamlingowu kumangowonetsa malingaliro a omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakupeza chidziwitso, zomwe sizotsimikizira kuti malingaliro awa akuyimira chidziwitso cholongosoka. Zabwino zonse kwa mnyamata amene akuganiza kuti waphunzira zomwe akazi amakonda powonera zolaula. Chachiwiri, ngakhale ine ndekha ndikuganiza kuti kukhala ndi chidziwitso nthawi zonse kumakhala chinthu chabwino kuposa kusakhala ndi chidziwitso, ndani akudziwa ngati payenera kukhala analogi yoyipa pazabwino za Chidziwitso cha Kugonana? Nditha kulingalira za zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, "Ndinawona zinthu zina zomwe ndimafuna ndikadapanda kuziwona." "Ndaphunzira zinthu zina zomwe ndikulakalaka ndikadapanda." Ofufuzawa adapanga malingaliro ambiri pazomwe zili "zabwino," mwina pogwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe cha Danish (mwachitsanzo, kuyesera, kukhala wachiwerewere).

Ponena za funso lanu lokhazikika, ichi ndi lingaliro lofunikira pakuyeza kwamalingaliro, koma lomwe ngakhale akatswiri ambiri alephera kumvetsetsa. Kunena kuti PCES idavomerezedwa ndi kafukufuku wa Hald-Malamuth ndizovuta. Palibe amene angayese kuvomerezeka kwa muyeso wamaganizidwe ndi kafukufuku m'modzi. Kuyesa kutsimikizika kwa muyeso wamaganizidwe kumafunikira zaka zakufufuza kwamapulogalamu okhudzana ndi kafukufuku wambiri. Imeneyi ndi njira yopanda malire, pomwe timaphunzira zochulukirapo pakuyenerera kwa muyeso, koma osakhazikitsa chiwerengero chomaliza cha mayeso am'maganizo (monga "mayeso ndi 90% ovomerezeka").

Ndemanga yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi kuyesa maganizo ndi nkhani ya 1955 ndi Lee Cronbach ndi Paul Meehl. Werengani ndikumvetsetsa ndipo mutha kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi maganizo ovomerezeka kuposa akatswiri ambiri a maganizo: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Cronbach/construct.htm.

Pano pali chidule chachidule cha Cronbach-Meehl: Kunena kuti muyeso wamaganizidwe ali ndi tanthauzo ndikutanthauza kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka pamiyeso kumafanana ndi zina mwanjira yoloseredwa ndi lingaliro lomwe limamanga. Chifukwa chake timayesa kutsimikizika kwa mayeso am'maganizo powapatsa magulu a anthu, kusonkhanitsa zina zomwe malingaliro athu amati ndizofunikira pakupanga komwe akuti akuyimiridwa ndi mayeso, ndikuwunika ngati zomwe zili pamayeso zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedweratu ndi chiphunzitsocho. Zotsatira zakutsimikizika nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakanikirana, zina zimathandizira komanso zina zosatsimikizira, ndichifukwa chimodzi chomwe sitingathe kudziwa kuti mayeso ndi ovomerezeka bwanji. Ndi nkhani yakukondweretsedwa kotsimikizira motsutsana ndi kutsimikizira umboni. Ngakhale zotsatira zitakhala zoipa, sitinganene motsimikiza ngati kuyesa kwamaganizidwe kulibe vuto kapena ngati pali china chake cholakwika ndi lingaliro lomwe lidalosera. Kutsimikizika kwamayeso ndi kuyesa-kuyesa monga momwe zimamvekera mu sayansi.

Pakafukufuku wa Hald-Malamuth, panali mayeso ochepa kwambiri, ngakhale panali gawo lalitali lokhala ndi mutu wakuti "Kutsimikizika kwa Mafunso Owonetsera Zolaula (PCQ)." Malinga ndi malingaliro osalongosoka a Hald ndi Malamuth onena za zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zolaula, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomwe zimawoneka kuti ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazotsatira iyenera kulumikizana, monganso mitundu ina ya zoyipa. Masamba 1 ndi 2 akupereka zotsatira zomwe zimatsimikizira kulosera uku, chifukwa chake izi zitha kuwonedwa ngati chithandizo chotsimikizika cha PCQ. Ofufuzawo ananenanso kuti zabwino ndi zoyipa ndizodziyimira pawokha (kutanthauza kuti ziyenera kuphatikiza zero), koma iwo samafotokoza mgwirizano pakati pa zisanu zabwino zowonjezera masikelo ndi miyeso inayi yovulaza mu Matebulo 1 ndi 2. Ndikuganiza kuti akubisa kusokoneza chidziwitso. Amanena kuti ndalama zonse za PCQ zogwirizana ndi r = .07 ndi chiwerengero cha masikelo onse a PCQ, koma ndikudabwa chifukwa chiyani sanatsatire zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu isanu ya zotsatira ndi zotsatirapo zinayi zoyipa .

Malipoti a Halim ndi Malamuth, monga momwe ayenera, kuwerengera kokhulupirika kwa mamba awo, ndipo manambalawa ndi abwino kwambiri. Koma kudalirika sizowona. Mlingo ukhoza kukhala wodalirika mwangwiro koma komabe ulibe zoyenera. Kudalirika ndi zowona ndizofunikira zofunikira za kuyesa maganizo, koma ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.

A Hald ndi Malamuth kenako amafotokoza mayesero amitundu itatu yomwe ikukhudzana ndi lingaliro lawo lakuwona zabwino ndi zoyipa za zolaula motero zimakhudza kutsimikizika kwa PCQ. Lingaliro lawo loyamba ndikuti zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizabwino ndizapamwamba kuposa zoyipa zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizabwino. Ndimayimirira zomwe ndidalemba kale pazowunikirazi, zomwe zalembedwa mu Table 4: zinali zosayenera kuti ofufuzawo ayesere kuyerekezera njira zomwe zingachitike ndi zomwe zingachitike, chifukwa sitingaganize kuti tanthauzo ya "3" pamiyeso yabwino ili ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi "3" pamiyeso yofananira yoyipa. Mwina ophunzira anali okonzeka kunena zabwino kuposa zoyipa chifukwa zolaula zimalekerera ku Denmark. Chifukwa chake mwina "3" pamiyeso yoyipa ili ngati "4" pamiyeso yabwino. Sitikudziwa, ndipo palibe njira yodziwira momwe njira zidasonkhanidwira. Kotero Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Table 4 ziyenera kutengedwa ndi mchere waukulu kwambiri, mwinamwake mchere wonse.

ndawona chomwecho olembawo adaseka mwatsatanetsatane mu Table 4, poyerekeza zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa. Mmalo mwa kulengeza zimatanthawuza zabwino ndi zochepa mamba (monga momwe amachitira zosiyana zogonana mu Table 5), zimangotanthauza kusiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pazabwino zonse ndi zoyipa za amuna ndi 1.54. Muyenera kupita ku Gulu 5 kuti muwone kuti 1.54 ndiye kusiyana pakati pa 2.84 pazabwino zonse kwa amuna ndi 1.30 pazovuta zonse mwa amuna. Zowonadi, kusiyana kwa 1.54 ndikofunikira kwambiri powerengera komanso kwakukulu malinga ndi a Cohen's D (koma pokhapokha titangoganiza kuti mulingo woyenera 3 = cholakwika 3). Komabe, tiyeni tiwone phindu lenileni la zotsatira zabwino, 2.84 pamlingo wa 1-7. Popeza 4 ndiyopakatikati, pakati pakati pa 1 (ayi) ndi 7 (kwakukulu kwambiri), 2.84 siyabwino kwenikweni.

Lingaliro lachiwiri la ofufuza linali loti amuna amatha kunena zoyipa komanso zochepa zoyipa kuposa akazi. Zotsatirazo zinkatsimikizira ulosi wonena za amuna omwe akupereka zotsatira zabwino. Komabe, Posemphana ndi lingaliro lawo, abambo amakhalanso ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri [kuposa akazi] m'madera awiri: moyo wa kugonana ndi moyo wamba. Mwina pali vuto ndi kuwerengera kwa miyeso yawo kapena malingaliro awo kuti anthu amawona zovuta zochepa kuposa akazi. Mukuganiza chiyani?

Potsirizira pake, ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti zifukwa zomwe zimachokera ku zochitika zolaula zingakhale zogwirizana ndi zotsatira za zolaula, ndipo zina mwazifukwazi zimagwirizanitsa. Mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri wa zotsatira zake ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, r = .51. Ogwiritsa ntchito olemera kwambiri amatha kupereka umboni wabwino kwambiri. Monga ofufuza omwe amavomereza, Kupeza kumeneku kophatikizana sikungatiuze kuchuluka kwa momwe kuwonera zolaula kumabweretsa zotsatira zabwino chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zifukwa zomveka komanso kukhulupirira zabwino. Kwa mbiri, ngakhale kuti ochita kafukufuku samakambirana izi, Table 6 imasonyezanso mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsatira zoipa, r = .10. Ndizochepa, koma ndizofunika kwambiri.

Chinthu chimodzi chimene ochita kafukufukuwo analakwitsa (kumbuyo, kwenikweni) ndi chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula ndi zotsatira zabwino. Pulogalamu 6 imasonyeza kuti ndi chibwenzi cholakwika (r = -.25), ndipo izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kulemera kwa beta yolemera (β = -.22) poyesa kufufuza mu Table 7. Kusagwirizana kosayenera kumatanthauza kuti zolaula kwambiri, a Zochepa zogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake. Koma olemba a nkhaniyi akupitirira ndikufotokozera kutanthauzira molakwika (zolakwika), kuti zowona zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira. Oops!

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndemanga izi ndizothandiza. Ndingakhale wokondwa kuyankha mafunso enanso omwe mungakhale nawo. (Kutsindika kuwonjezedwa)