Zithunzi zolaula Zochita Zachilengedwe (PCES): Zothandiza kapena Osati?

PCES imabweretsa zotsatira zodziŵika bwino zodziyerekezera ndi zotsatira zozidziŵitsa zokha za zolaula

Zosintha: Mu chiwonetsero cha 2018 cha NCOSE - Kafukufuku wa Zolaula: Zoona Kapena Zongopeka? - Gary Wilson akuwonetsa chowonadi cha maphunziro 5 omwe ofalitsa nkhani amatchula kuti athandizire zomwe amanena kuti chizolowezi cha zolaula sichilipo kapena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikopindulitsa kwambiri. PCES ikutsutsidwa kuyambira 36:00 mpaka 43:20.

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Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe amadziwika kuti Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES) . Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wagwiritsa ntchito izi, ndi pepala lomwe linapanga PCES ( Hald & Malamuth , 2008 ) molimba mtima linanena kuti " Achinyamata aku Denmark amakhulupirira kuti zolaula zakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pamiyoyo yawo ."

Phunziroli limangotengera zolaula "zomwe mumadziona nokha". Izi zili ngati kufunsa nsomba momwe amaganizira zamadzi, kapena ngati kufunsa wina momwe moyo wake wasinthira ndikukula ku Minnesota. Zowonadi, kufunsa achikulire pazokhudza zolaula sikusiyana ndikulowa mu bar ku 10pm ndikufunsa onse omwe akuyang'anira momwe mowa umakhudzira Lachisanu usiku. Kuchita motero sikungalepheretse zolaula. Mosiyana ndi izi, kuyerekezera malipoti a ogwiritsa ntchito ndi malipoti a osagwiritsa ntchito kapena kutsatira anthu omwe adasiya zolaula zitha kuchita zambiri kuwululira zomwe zolaula zimachitika.

Poyang'ana m'maso, zotsatira zake zoti achinyamata aku Denmark amakonda zolaula sizodabwitsa (ngakhale kuti poyang'anitsitsa, zina mwa zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu ndizokayikitsa kwambiri). Kafukufukuyu adatulutsidwa mu 2007, ndipo detayo idasonkhanitsidwa zaka khumi zapitazo, mu 2003—asanawonere makanema olaula pamasamba a pa intaneti , asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, komanso asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja. Malipoti a zizindikiro zazikulu zokhudzana ndi zolaula (makamaka pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito achinyamata) akhala akuwonekera kwambiri kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazi. Zaka khumi zapitazo, n'zotheka kuti achinyamata aku Denmark omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sankazindikira mavuto ambiri. Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zikanatha kuonedwa ngati njira yolandirira maliseche, kapena ngati njira yabwino kwambiri.

Pamene kupeza kuti achichepere akuwona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawoneka kopindulitsa sikunali koyenera m'nthawi yake, sitinadandaule kuwerenga phunziro lonse kapena kuyang'ana mafunso a PCES-kufikira atagwiritsidwa ntchito kafukufuku waposachedwa. Tikayang'ana pa PCES tidasowa chonena. Zikuwoneka ngati zochepa koma chidwi cha omwe adapanga kuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula "ndichabwino," ndipo zina mwazimenezi ndizosakhulupirika. Taganizirani izi:

1. Choyamba, kafukufukuyu, "adapeza kuti amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso kumabweretsa zotsatira zabwino zochepa mpaka zochepa komanso zotsatirapo zochepa, ngati zilipo, zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula motere."

  • Mwanjira ina, Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunapindulitsa nthaŵi zonse ndi zochepa, ngati zilipo, zosokoneza.

2. Komanso, "Pambuyo poti zinthu zonse zalembedwa mu equation, zinthu zitatu zokhudzana ndi kugonana zinathandiza kwambiri pa zotsatira zabwino : Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula, kuona zithunzi zolaula kukhala zenizeni komanso maliseche ambiri."

  • Mwanjira ina, zolaula zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito, zenizeni mumakhulupirira kuti zilipo, ndipo pamene mumangokhalira kuseweretsa maliseche, zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino m'madera onse a moyo wanu. Palibe nthabwala.
  • Pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ofufuzawo akuganiza, ngati muli ndi zaka 30 zomwe mumatsegula zolaula nthawi 5 patsiku, zolaula zimathandizira kwambiri pamoyo wanu.
  • Mwa njira, zotsatira za PCES zenizeni osati kuthandizira mawu akuti kuona zolaula ngati zenizeni ndi zopindulitsa. Mosiyana ndi momwe mungathe kuwonera kuchokera mu kufufuza kwakukulu kwa deta yophunzira pansipa izi.

3. Chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti, "Lipotilo la zotsatira zabwino zonse za kumwa mowa nthawi zambiri limapezeka kuti likugwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zovuta. "

  • kotero, zolaula zovuta kwambiri zimawona zotsatira zake zabwino m'moyo wanu. Zindikirani zaka zakubadwa za 15: Penyani zolaula kwambiri, zachiwawa zomwe mungapeze kuti inunso mutha kupeza madalitso ambiri.
  • Tawonani kuti ochita kafukufuku sanena kuti pali bell curve, pomwe zochuluka kwambiri zitha kukhala zowononga poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Apeza kuti, "Zambiri zimakhala zabwino nthawi zonse." Chodabwitsa, ayi?
  • Pamenepo, ma PCES "apeza" kuti osati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumabweretsa zotsatira zovulaza!

Kodi zinthu zitatu—zovuta kwambiri pa zolaula, mumaganiza kuti ndi zenizeni ( sic ) , komanso mukamaseweretsa maliseche kwambiri—zingakhale bwanji zogwirizana ndi ubwino waukulu?

Choyamba, palibe kwina kulikonse m'chilengedwe komwe "Zambiri nthawi zonse zimakhala zabwino". Chakudya chochuluka, madzi ambiri, mpweya wambiri, mavitamini ambiri, mchere wambiri, dzuwa lochuluka, kugona kwambiri, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri .... pamabwera nthawi muzinthu zonse zomwe zambiri zimayambitsa zotsatirapo zoyipa, kapena ngakhale imfa. Ndiye kodi chilimbikitso chimodzichi chingakhale bwanji chosiyana kwambiri? Sichingathe.

Chachiwiri, ngati zonse zomwe munayamba mwazidziwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, simukudziwa momwe zikukukhudzirani mpaka mutasiya (ndipo kawirikawiri sizingakhale miyezi ingapo).

Chachitatu, mafunso a PCES, ndi momwe amawerengedwera, akukonzekera kuti apeze kuti "zambiri zimakhala bwino nthawi zonse."

Mwachidule, PCES nthawi zonse imapeza kuti zolaula zambiri zimagwirizana ndimaphunziro apamwamba m'magulu ake onse a 5 oyesa zabwino m'moyo wamunthu: 1) Moyo Wogonana, 2) Maganizo Okhudzana Ndi Kugonana, 3) Kudziwa Zokhudza Kugonana, 4) Kuzindikira / Maganizo Aakazi, 5) Moyo Wonse. Zotsatira zosakhulupirikazi zikutsutsana ndi pafupifupi kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta zowonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo:

Funso: lomwe likupereka chithunzi cholondola kwambiri: (1) mazana a maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, (2) kapena funso limodzi lolakwika (PCES) lomwe limawona kuti "kusagwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndizolakwika kwa inu?

Tiyeni tiwone momwe PCES imapangira zotsatira zake zamatsenga.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso a PCES kumoyo

Dziyerekezeni nokha ngati achinyamata ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano. Mwawona mitundu yonse ya zolaula zomwe zingaganizidwe mu makanema apamwamba, ndipo mitundu ya vanila siikukupatsaninso mphamvu. Mukukumananso ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zomwe zafotokozedwa kwambiri: kutayika kwa kukopeka ndi anzanu enieni, kuchedwa kugonana kapena kuchedwa kugonana ndi anzanu enieni, kukwera kufika pa zokonda zolaula zosokoneza, komanso mwina nkhawa yosagwirizana ndi anthu komanso kusowa chilimbikitso. Koma simunasiye kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mudziwe, kapena kukayikira , ngati zizindikirozo zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwanu zolaula.

Potengera momwe zinthu ziliri, kodi mutha kukhala ndi zochepa zochepa pa PCES? Sitikuganiza choncho. 7 ndiye mapikidwe apamwamba pafunso lililonse. Mwa mafunso 47 a PCES, 27 (ambiri) ndi "abwino." Izi zimachitika chifukwa ochita kafukufuku amaganiza kuti "chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kugonana" chitha kukhala chabwino. Chifukwa chake, mafunso 7 "owonjezera" odziwa zakugonana alibe anzawo. Ili ndi lingaliro losangalatsa, monga tawonera ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula akunena kuti awona ndikuphunzira zinthu zolaula zomwe amalakalaka atayiwala.

Mulimonsemo, kodi wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula yemwe wafotokozedwa pamwambapa angapeze bwanji mafunso awa "abwino"?

14. ____ Kodi mwawonjezera chidziwitso chanu chokhudza kugonana kwa kumatako? “Inde! = 7 “

15. ____ Kodi yakhudza bwino momwe mumaonera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha? “Ndikuganiza choncho. Anthu otchuka pa zolaula ndi otchuka kwambiri. = 6 “

28. ____ Ponseponse, kodi chakhala chowonjezera chabwino pa moyo wanu wogonana? “Inde, sindimadziseweretsa maliseche popanda izo. = 7 “

45. ____ Kodi mwakhala omasuka kwambiri pankhani yogonana? “Ndithudi. = 7 “

Nawa ena mwa mafunso 20 "osalimbikitsa":

2. ____ Kodi mwalephera kulolera kugonana? “Mukuseka? Ndimaonera kugonana kwa maola ambiri sabata iliyonse. = 1 “

25. ____ Kodi moyo wanu wachepa? “Sindingathe kuganiza za moyo wopanda zolaula zanga, choncho ayi. = 1 “

40. ____ Kodi mwakumana ndi mavuto pa moyo wanu wogonana? “Ayi, ndine namwali. = 1 “

46. ​​____ Kawirikawiri, yakupatsani nkhawa yokhudza momwe mungachitire zinthu mukamagonana nokha (monga nthawi yodziseweretsa maliseche)? “Mukuseka? Ayi ndithu. = 1 “

Ofufuzawo adagawa mayankho a ogwiritsa ntchito m'magulu angapo: 1) Moyo Wogonana, 2) Maganizo Pankhani ya Kugonana, 3) Chidziwitso Chogonana, 4) Kuzindikira/Maganizo Pa Akazi, 5) Moyo Wonse. Mosiyana ndi gulu la Chidziwitso Chogonana, magulu ena anayi anali ndi mafunso "abwino" ndi "oipa". Pa magulu awa, ofufuzawo adanenanso ngati avareji yabwino inali yokwera kuposa avareji yoipa. Ndipotu, amatipatsa kusiyana pakati pa avareji ya mafunso "abwino" ndi "oipa" m'magulu anayi, popanda kutiwonetsa avareji yeniyeni ya achinyamata aku Denmark. Mwanjira ina, monga momwe timadziwira, mayankho a mafunso "abwino" akanakhala ofunda, koma ziwerengero za mafunso "oipa" zomwe zinali zogwirizana zinali zochepa kwambiri kotero kuti kufalikira pakati pawo kunali kwakukulu mokwanira kupereka chithunzi cholakwika kuti aku Denmark anali ndi malingaliro abwino pa zolaula, pomwe, kwenikweni, mwina sanamve kuti zolaula zinali zopindulitsa, koma sanawone zambiri poyikirapo mwayi pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake ( Onani PCES yonse )

Ngati izi sizikumveka, onani kufotokozera pansipa—koperekedwa ndi pulofesa wamkulu yemwe nthawi zambiri amafufuza kafukufuku wa zamaganizo. Iye akunenanso kuti, mosiyana ndi lingaliro la ofufuza kuti amuna amaona zotsatira zoyipa zochepa kuchokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa akazi, amuna kwenikweni adanenanso za zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri kuposa akazi m'magawo awiri: Moyo Wogonana ndi Moyo Wonse. Ofufuzawo sakambirana zomwe apezazi, zomwe mwachionekere sizinakhudze malingaliro awo okhudza zolaula. Komabe timapeza zosangalatsa chifukwa m'zaka zapitazi amuna ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachangu akhala akunena kwambiri za mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wosasangalatsa.

Kuwonjezera pa zovuta zamakono zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, apa pali ena mwa mavuto omwe amakhudzidwa nawo pa PCES:

  1. Kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, kuwonongeka kwa maubwenzi, ndi moyo wosagonana wokhalapo, ali ndi phazi lofanana mu PCES ndi kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza kugonana komanso maganizo okhudzana ndi kugonana.
  2. Amuna ambiri akhala akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuyambira pa msinkhu (kapena ngakhale kale) koma sanagonanepo. Sangathe kudziwa momwe zakhudzira malingaliro awo a amuna kapena akazi kapena moyo wawo wogonana. Poyerekeza ndi chiyani? Kwa anyamatawa, mafunso ambiri a PCES ndi ofanana ndikufunsa kuti zikhala bwanji lanu mwana wa mayi anakhudza moyo wanu.
  3. Ambiri samazindikira kuti ndi zizindikilo ziti zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolaula zawo mpaka miyezi ingapo atasiya kuzigwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale atakhala nazo matenda (kuchedwa kuthamangitsidwa, erectile kukanika, zokonda zachiwerewere, kutaya chidwi ndi anthu enieni, nkhaŵa yaikulu yopanda chidziwitso, mavutokapena maganizo), ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa omwe angagwiritse ntchito zolaula pa intaneti makamaka atapatsidwa mawu osamveka omwe PCES imagwiritsa ntchito: "kuvulaza" "moyo wabwino."

Mwanjira ina, banja lanu likhoza kuwonongedwa ndipo mutha kukhala ndi matenda a ED, koma kuchuluka kwanu kwa PCES kumatha kuwonetsa kuti zolaula zakhala zabwino kwa inu. M'malo mwake, ngati muli m'gulu la anthu omwe sanathenso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kuchuluka kwanu kwa PCES kungatanthauze kuti kusagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawononga moyo wanu chifukwa mungodziwa za machitidwe ogonana a vanila. Monga munthu wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula atanena atawona PCES:

"Inde, ndasiya maphunziro awo kuyunivesite, ndidakumana ndi zovuta zina, sindinakhalepo ndi bwenzi, ndasiya anzanga, ndili ndi ngongole, ndili ndi ED ndipo sindinagonanepo m'moyo weniweni. Koma osachepera ndimadziwa zamanyazi zomwe zimachitika ndipo ndikufuna kuthamanga m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, zolaula zalimbikitsa moyo wanga. ”

Mnyamata wina:

"Ndikudziwa kuyika chimbudzi mu anus mwaluso, koma ana anga akukhala m'tawuni ina chifukwa cha zomwe wakale adapeza pakompyuta yathu."

Limbikitsani ofufuza kufunsa mafunso ofunika

Kodi maphunzirowa ali kuti akufunsa gulu lomwe liri pangozi (anyamata) mafunso omwe angawulule mitundu ya zizindikiro zomwe akuzidziwitsa kwambiri lero? Monga,

  • “Kodi ungachite maliseche mpaka pachimake? popanda Zolaula pa Intaneti? ”
  • “Kodi wayamba kuonera zolaula kuyambira pa Intaneti?”
  • "Kodi ukadali wokhoza kuthana ndi zolaula za pa intaneti zomwe udayamba nazo?"
  • “Kodi wafikira kuonera zolaula za pa Intaneti zomwe zimakusowetsa mtendere?”
  • “Kodi wayamba kukayikira za kugonana kwako utangoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti?”
  • "Mukayerekezera zomwe mumachita mukamagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi zomwe mumachita ndi mnzanu weniweni, kodi mumawona zovuta zake?"
  • "Mukayerekezera kuthekera kwanu pachimake panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndikutha kwanu kufika pachimake ndi mnzanu weniweni kodi mumawona zovuta zomwe zachitika ndi izi?"

Mwamwayi, kafukufuku wochokera kwa akatswiri a za ubongo akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha chizolowezi . Zotsatira za maphunziro a ubongo awa ( ndi maphunziro omwe akubwera ) zikugwirizana ndi "maphunziro a ubongo" opitilira 280 pa intaneti , ambiri mwa iwo akuphatikizaponso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Mosiyana ndi "zotsatira" za PCES, maphunziro opitilira 80 agwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kuchepetsa kukhutira ndi kugonana. Zikuonekeratu kuti ngakhale mafunso angati aluso apangidwa kuti alimbikitse anthu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi "kwabwino," ngati ogwiritsa ntchito akunena za mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana, zizindikiro zina zazikulu, ndi zizolowezi zomwe zimathetsa akasiya zolaula, mafunso oterewa ndi osakwanira m'njira zofunika kwambiri. Kwa ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachangu masiku ano, zolaula zikuwonetsa " zopanda kugonana ."

Mkangano pakati pa akuluakulu ndi chikumbutso chabwino chakuti kusinthasintha sikutanthauza kuti munthu ali ndi vuto la khalidwe labwino . Ndi sitepe yochepa kwambiri pakati pa "kusinthasintha" ndi tanthauzo lakuti khalidwe lofala ndi "labwinobwino," kapena "lathanzi." Komabe "zabwinobwino" kwenikweni zimatanthauza mkati mwa magawo a magwiridwe antchito abwino . Ziribe kanthu kuti ndi anthu angati omwe akuchita khalidwe kapena momwe amalikondera, ngati lingayambitse matenda, ofufuza ovomerezeka azachipatala sangatchule zotsatira zake kuti "zabwinobwino." Taganizirani kusuta fodya m'zaka za m'ma 1960. Masiku ano, akatswiri a urology akunena kuti achinyamata ambiri omwe ali ndi ED, matenda omwe ambiri opereka chithandizo chamankhwala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kale akugwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso pa intaneti.

Aliyense amene akufuna kudziwa zotsatira za zolaula angakhale wanzeru kuwerenga mitu yankhani ndi ziganizo zochokera ku zotsatira za mafunso a PCES. Unikani kafukufuku wonse. Kodi ofufuzawo adafunsa mafunso omwe adavumbulutsa zizindikiro zazikulu zomwe ena mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano akunena? Kodi adayerekeza ogwiritsa ntchito ndi omwe kale anali kugwiritsa ntchito, kuti awone zotsatira za kuchotsa kusintha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula? Kodi adafunsa mafunso omwe amangobweretsa, mwachitsanzo, deta yokhudza zolaula? Kodi umboni unasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwunikidwa mosamala? Kodi ofufuza adawunika anthu awo ngati ali ndi chizolowezi, pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso monga s-IAT (short-form Internet Addiction Test) yatsopano yopangidwa ndi gulu la Germany ili?

Chifukwa choti mumazikonda sizimakupindulitsani

Koposa zonse, musamakayikire maphunziro a zolaula kutengera zotsatira zomwe mumadziona nokha. Izi sizingatiuze chilichonse chokhudza zotsatira zabwino komanso zoyipa za zolaula, komabe zimakhala mitu yomveka ngati yasayansi komanso yolimbikitsa, yomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri nthawi zambiri amadalira kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zizindikiro ndi machenjezo. Mwachitsanzo, onani " Kudziyesa Kokha kwa Zochita Zogonana Pa intaneti Zoganizira za Chikoka mu Zitsanzo za Yunivesite ndi Anthu Amdera ." Idagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wafupikitsidwa wa PCES, ndipo, mosadabwitsa, idapeza kuti ophunzirawo adanenanso zabwino kuposa zoyipa kuchokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula.

Kuopsa kwa maphunziro oterewa ndikuti amalimbikitsa malingaliro olakwika akuti "Ngati ndimakonda zolaula mokwanira, zimandipindulitsa." Izi zikugwirizana ndikupanga kafukufuku yemwe amalimbikitsa ana kuti ngati amakonda tirigu wokutidwa ndi shuga ndizabwino kwa iwo.

"Phunziroli ndi lowopsa m'maganizo"

Pulofesa wamkulu pa yunivesite yayikulu, amene kawirikawiri amacheza akufufuza kafukufuku wa maganizo, adakweza nkhawa zathu za njira za PCES:

Vuto lalikulu ndi kafukufukuyu ndilakuti ofufuzawo adaganiza kuti atha kupanga miyeso ya zotsatira "zabwino" ndi "zoipa" mwanjira yoyambirira kutengera mawu a zinthuzo. Izi zidawapangitsa kuti achite kusanthula kwa zinthu pamlingo wa miyeso yawo yabwino ndi yoipa yomwe idatsimikizika kale m'malo mwa mulingo wa zinthuzo. Akadachita kusanthula kwa zinthu pamlingo wa chinthucho, akanapeza kuti zinthu zomwe zimayang'ana dera lomwelo (moyo wogonana, moyo wonse, ndi zina zotero) zonse zidayikidwa pa chinthu chomwecho m'malo mwa zinthu zabwino ndi zoyipa zosiyana. Ngati izi zikadapezeka, izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthuzo zikuwunikira kupitiliza kwa negativity-positive m'malo mosiyanitsa zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa. Ndipo ngati chimenecho chinali chotsatira, sikungatheke kutanthauzira ngati chigoli chapakati chikuwonetsadi zabwino kuposa negativity.

Chifukwa choti mapikidwe otsogola ali pamwambapa (mwachitsanzo> 24 pachinthu cha 8, sikelo ya Likert ya magawo asanu ndi awiri pomwe zambiri zimatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 7 mpaka 8), izi sizitanthauza kuti malikowo akuwonetsa zabwino. Malipoti anu sangalandiridwe motere. Ngati angakwanitse, ndipo tidafunsa gulu la anthu kuti liwonetse nzeru zawo, titha kupeza kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala anzeru kwambiri. Ofufuzawa akuwoneka kuti akudziwa zavutoli, pamene akukambirana za malingaliro a munthu woyamba kapena wachitatu pazomwe atolankhani amathandizira poyambitsa nkhaniyi. Kenako amapitiliza kudziona ndi kudzipangira malipoti pamtengo.

... Kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso a t kuyerekeza njira ndi vuto. Inde, mutha kuwerengera mayeso a t ndikupeza zotsatira monga zomwe zanenedwa mu Table 4. Koma sizikutanthauza kuti zotsatira zake ndizomveka. Mwachitsanzo, tengani kusiyana kwa mfundo 1.15 mu zigoli zapakati pa Life in General kwa amuna. Ofufuzawo sanena za njira zenizeni, koma kusiyana kwapakati , kotero ndiloleni ndipange njira zina. Tiyerekeze kuti chitsanzocho chinali ndi zigoli zapakati pa 24.15 pa sikelo yabwino ya Life in General ndi 23.00 pa sikelo yoyipa ya Life in General (zonsezi ndi zigoli za 4-item, 7-step Likert, kotero zigoli zimatha kusiyana kuyambira 4 mpaka 28). Kuti izi zikhale kusiyana koyenera, zigoli za 23 kapena 24 kapena chilichonse pa sikelo imodzi ziyenera kuyimira kukula kofanana pa sikelo ina. Koma sitikudziwa zimenezo, pazifukwa zomwezo zomwe zigoli pamwamba pa midpoint sizingaganizidwe kuti ndi "zoposa avareji." Komanso, sitikudziwa ngati njirazo zinali 24.15 motsutsana ndi 23.00 kapena china chake chonga 6.15 motsutsana ndi 5.00, zomwe zingafunike kutanthauzira kosiyana.

Mwachidule, ndikanakhala wowunikira pa bukuli, mwina ndikanalikana chifukwa cha njira zosakwanira zowerengera komanso mavuto osiyanasiyana okhudza malingaliro. … N'zosatheka, poganizira mtundu wa deta, kupeza mfundo zomveka.

[Ife tinafunsa mafunso angapo otsatira]

Choyamba, ofufuzawo adapanga sikelo ya Chidziwitso cha Kugonana ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zawo "zabwino zoyipa" chifukwa amaganiza kuti kudziwa zambiri zakugonana nthawi zonse ndi chinthu chabwino. Mosiyana ndi zinthu zina zinayi zomwe zimabweretsa zabwino, palibe mtundu wina wofananira wa Chidziwitso Chagololo. Monga momwe ndingathere, kuwunika kokha komwe adasiya sikelo Yokhudza Kugonana ndi pomwe adachita mayeso pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa za kapangidwe kalikonse (Gulu 4). Izi sizinali zofunikira — panalibe Chidziwitso Cholakwika Chokhudza Kugonana poyerekeza ndi Chidziwitso chazakugonana.

Simunafunse, koma sindingathe kuletsa koma kupereka ndemanga pa sikelo ya Chidziwitso Chogonana. Mwachionekere, zigoli zapamwamba pa sikeloyi zikuwonetsa malingaliro a ophunzira okha pankhani yopeza chidziwitso, zomwe sizikutsimikizira kuti malingaliro awa akuyimira chidziwitso cholondola . Zabwino zonse kwa mwamuna amene akuganiza kuti waphunzira zomwe akazi amakonda poonera zolaula. Chachiwiri, ngakhale ine ndikuganiza kuti kukhala ndi chidziwitso nthawi zambiri kumakhala chinthu chabwino kuposa kusakhala ndi chidziwitso, ndani akudziwa ngati payenera kukhala kufanana koipa ndi sikelo ya Chidziwitso Chogonana chabwino? Ndikhoza ngakhale kuganiza zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, "Ndinawona zinthu zina zomwe ndimalakalaka ndisanazione." "Ndaphunzira zinthu zina zomwe ndimalakalaka ndisanazione." Ofufuzawo adaganiza zambiri za zomwe zili "zabwino," mwina kutengera chikhalidwe cha ku Denmark (monga, kuyesa, kukhala womasuka pa kugonana).

Ponena za funso lanu lokhazikika, ichi ndi lingaliro lofunikira pakuyeza kwamalingaliro, koma lomwe ngakhale akatswiri ambiri alephera kumvetsetsa. Kunena kuti PCES idavomerezedwa ndi kafukufuku wa Hald-Malamuth ndizovuta. Palibe amene angayese kuvomerezeka kwa muyeso wamaganizidwe ndi kafukufuku m'modzi. Kuyesa kutsimikizika kwa muyeso wamaganizidwe kumafunikira zaka zakufufuza kwamapulogalamu okhudzana ndi kafukufuku wambiri. Imeneyi ndi njira yopanda malire, pomwe timaphunzira zochulukirapo pakuyenerera kwa muyeso, koma osakhazikitsa chiwerengero chomaliza cha mayeso am'maganizo (monga "mayeso ndi 90% ovomerezeka").

Kufotokozera kotsimikizika kwa kutsimikizika kwa mayeso amisala ndi nkhani ya 1955 yolembedwa ndi Lee Cronbach ndi Paul Meehl. Werengani ndikumvetsa ndipo mudzadziwa zambiri za kutsimikizika kwa mayeso amisala kuposa akatswiri ambiri amisala: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Cronbach/construct.htm.

Pano pali chidule chachidule cha Cronbach-Meehl: Kunena kuti muyeso wamaganizidwe ali ndi tanthauzo ndikutanthauza kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka pamiyeso kumafanana ndi zina mwanjira yoloseredwa ndi lingaliro lomwe limamanga. Chifukwa chake timayesa kutsimikizika kwa mayeso am'maganizo powapatsa magulu a anthu, kusonkhanitsa zina zomwe malingaliro athu amati ndizofunikira pakupanga komwe akuti akuyimiridwa ndi mayeso, ndikuwunika ngati zomwe zili pamayeso zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedweratu ndi chiphunzitsocho. Zotsatira zakutsimikizika nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakanikirana, zina zimathandizira komanso zina zosatsimikizira, ndichifukwa chimodzi chomwe sitingathe kudziwa kuti mayeso ndi ovomerezeka bwanji. Ndi nkhani yakukondweretsedwa kotsimikizira motsutsana ndi kutsimikizira umboni. Ngakhale zotsatira zitakhala zoipa, sitinganene motsimikiza ngati kuyesa kwamaganizidwe kulibe vuto kapena ngati pali china chake cholakwika ndi lingaliro lomwe lidalosera. Kutsimikizika kwamayeso ndi kuyesa-kuyesa monga momwe zimamvekera mu sayansi.

Mu kafukufuku wa Hald-Malamuth, panalibe kutsimikizira kochepa kwambiri kwa mayeso, ngakhale kuti panali gawo lalitali lokhala ndi mutu wakuti "Kutsimikizira Mafunso Okhudza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula (PCQ)." Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chosavomerezeka cha Hald ndi Malamuth cha zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa kuchokera ku zolaula, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe zimawonedwa, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotsatira zabwino iyenera kugwirizana, monganso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotsatira zoyipa. Matebulo 1 ndi 2 akupereka zotsatira zomwe zimatsimikizira kulosera kumeneku, kotero izi zitha kuonedwa ngati chithandizo china cha PCQ. Ofufuzawo adatinso zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa sizidalirana (kutanthauza kuti ziyenera kulumikiza zero), koma sanena za mgwirizano pakati pa masikelo asanu abwino ndi masikelo anayi oipa mu Matebulo 1 ndi 2. Ndikuganiza kuti akubisa zambiri zosatsimikizira . Amanena kuti chiwerengero cha masikelo onse abwino a PCQ chikugwirizana ndi r = .07 yokha ndi chiwerengero cha masikelo onse oipa a PCQ, koma ndikudabwa chifukwa chake adabisa chidziwitso chokhudzana pakati pa mitundu isanu yosiyanasiyana ya zotsatira zabwino ndi mitundu inayi ya zotsatira zoyipa.

Malipoti a Halim ndi Malamuth, monga momwe ayenera, kuwerengera kokhulupirika kwa mamba awo, ndipo manambalawa ndi abwino kwambiri. Koma kudalirika sizowona. Mlingo ukhoza kukhala wodalirika mwangwiro koma komabe ulibe zoyenera. Kudalirika ndi zowona ndizofunikira zofunikira za kuyesa maganizo, koma ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.

Kenako Hald ndi Malamuth apereka lipoti la mayeso a malingaliro atatu omwe ali okhudzana ndi chiphunzitso chawo cha zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa za zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa, motero zimakhudza kutsimikizika kwa PCQ. Lingaliro lawo loyamba ndilakuti zotsatira zabwino zomwe zimawonedwa zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimawonedwa. Ndikuchirikiza zomwe ndidalemba kale za kusanthula kumeneku, komwe kwanenedwa mu Gome 4: sizinali zoyenera kuti ofufuza achite mayeso a t poyerekeza njira za zotsatira zabwino zilizonse ndi njira za zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zikugwirizana, chifukwa sitingaganize kuti avereji ya "3" pa sikelo ya zotsatira zabwino ili ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi "3" pa sikelo yofanana ya zotsatira zoyipa. Mwina ophunzirawo anali ofunitsitsa kunena zabwino kuposa zoyipa chifukwa zolaula zimaloledwa ku Denmark. Chifukwa chake mwina "3" pa sikelo ya zotsatira zoyipa ili ngati "4" pa sikelo ya zotsatira zabwino. Sitikudziwa, ndipo palibe njira yodziwira momwe deta idasonkhanitsidwira. Chifukwa chake zotsatira zomwe zanenedwa mu Gome 4 ziyenera kutengedwa ndi mchere wambiri , mwina chosakaniza mchere chonse.

Ndaona kuti olembawo adachita chinyengo mu Gome 4, poyerekeza zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa. M'malo mofotokoza njira za sikelo zabwino ndi zoyipa (monga momwe amachitira pa kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi mu Gome 5), amanena za kusiyana kwapakati kokha . Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwapakati pakati pa zotsatira zabwino ndi zoyipa kwa amuna ndi 1.54. Muyenera kupita ku Gome 5 kuti muwone kuti 1.54 iyi ndi kusiyana pakati pa 2.84 pa zotsatira zabwino zonse kwa amuna ndi 1.30 pa zotsatira zoyipa zonse mwa amuna. Inde, kusiyana kwa 1.54 ndi kofunikira kwambiri komanso kofunikira malinga ndi Cohen's D (koma pokhapokha ngati tikuganiza kuti sikelo yabwino 3 = sikelo yoipa 3). Komabe, tiyeni tiwone mtengo wokwanira wa chiŵerengero cha zotsatira zabwino, 2.84 pa sikelo ya 1-7. Popeza 4 ndi pakati, pakati pa 1 (osati konse) ndi 7 (kwambiri kwambiri), 2.84 si yabwino kwambiri m'lingaliro lenileni.

Lingaliro lachiwiri la ofufuza linali lakuti amuna anganene kuti zotsatira zake ndi zabwino kwambiri komanso zoipa zochepa kuposa akazi . Zotsatira zake zinathandizira kulosera kuti amuna anganene kuti zotsatira zake ndi zabwino kwambiri. Komabe, mosemphana ndi chiphunzitso chawo, amuna nawonso adanenanso kuti zotsatira zake ndi zoipa kwambiri [kuposa akazi] m'magawo awiri: moyo wogonana ndi moyo wonse . Mwina pali vuto ndi kutsimikizika kwa sikelo yawo kapena ndi lingaliro lawo lakuti amuna amaona zotsatira zake ndi zoipa zochepa kuposa akazi. Mukuganiza bwanji?

Pomaliza, ofufuzawo amaganiza moyenera kuti zinthu zakumbuyo zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi zotsatira zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolaula, ndipo zina mwazinthuzi zimagwirizana monga momwe zidanenedweratu. Kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa zotsatira zabwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, r = .51. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nthawi zambiri amanena za zotsatira zabwino kwambiri . Monga momwe ofufuzawo amavomerezera, kupeza kumeneku sikungatiuze momwe kudya zolaula zambiri kumabweretsa zotsatira zabwino poyerekeza ndi kumwa kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu aziganiza bwino komanso azikhulupirira zotsatira zabwino . Mwambiri, ngakhale ofufuzawo sakukambirana izi, Gome 6 likuwonetsanso kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa kumwa ndi zotsatira zoyipa , r = .10. Ndi yaying'ono, koma yofunika kwambiri pa ziwerengero.

Chinthu chimodzi chimene ochita kafukufukuwo analakwitsa (kumbuyo, kwenikweni) ndi chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula ndi zotsatira zabwino. Pulogalamu 6 imasonyeza kuti ndi chibwenzi cholakwika (r = -.25), ndipo izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kulemera kwa beta yolemera (β = -.22) poyesa kufufuza mu Table 7. Kusagwirizana kosayenera kumatanthauza kuti zolaula kwambiri, a Zochepa zogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake. Koma olemba a nkhaniyi akupitirira ndikufotokozera kutanthauzira molakwika (zolakwika), kuti zowona zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira. Oops!

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndemanga izi ndizothandiza. Ndingakhale wokondwa kuyankha mafunso enanso omwe mungakhale nawo. (Kutsindika kuwonjezedwa)