Anthu okonda zolaula nthawi zambiri amanena kuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula ndi nthano chabe ponena kuti anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso sakumana ndi kulekerera (chizolowezi, kukwera) kapena zizindikiro zosiya kugonana. Sizili choncho. Ndipotu, sikuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi madokotala okha amanena kuti kulekerera ndi kusiya kugonana, koma maphunziro oposa 60 amanena kuti zomwe zapezeka zikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kulekerera), chizolowezi choonera zolaula, komanso zizindikiro zosiya kugonana (zizindikiro zonse zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi).
Tsamba ili lili ndi mndandanda womwe ukukulirakulira wa maphunziro omwe anzawo adawunika omwe amafotokoza za zizindikiro za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chofunika kudziwa: ndi maphunziro ochepa okha omwe adavutika kufunsa za zizindikiro za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula - mwina chifukwa cha kukana komwe kwafala kuti kulipo. Komabe magulu ochepa ofufuza omwe adafunsa za zizindikiro za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatsimikizira kuti zilipo mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Ngakhale kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe akuchira nthawi zambiri amadabwa ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zawo zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula , zoona zake n'zakuti, zizindikiro zosiya siziyenera kukhalapo kuti munthu apezeke ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Choyamba, mupeza kuti mawu akuti " kulekerera kapena kusiya kugonana sikofunikira kapena kokwanira kuti munthu adziwe ngati ali ndi vuto la kugonana ... " mu DSM-IV-TR ndi DSM-5. Chachiwiri, kafukufuku wobwerezabwereza wa zachiwerewere amanena kuti zizolowezi "zenizeni" zimayambitsa zizindikiro zazikulu zosiya kugonana zomwe zimawopseza moyo molakwika zimagwirizanitsa kudalira thupi ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi . Chidule cha ndemanga iyi ya 2015 ya mabuku chimapereka kufotokozera kwaukadaulo ( Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update ):
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa gawoli ndi yakuti kusiya mankhwala sikukhudza zotsatira za thupi kuchokera ku chinthu china. M'malo mwake, chitsanzochi chimayesa kusiya mankhwala kudzera mu zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha njira yomwe ili pamwambapa. Malingaliro olakwika monga nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, dysphoria, ndi kukwiya ndi zizindikiro za kusiya mankhwala mu chitsanzo ichi cha chizolowezi [ 43 , 45 ]. Ofufuza omwe amatsutsa lingaliro la makhalidwe omwe ali osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza kapena kusamvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku, kusokoneza kusiya mankhwala ndi kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi [ 46 , 47 ].
Ponena kuti zizindikiro zosiya kugonana ziyenera kukhalapo kuti adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana, olimbikitsa zolaula (kuphatikizapo ma PhD ambiri) amapanga cholakwika cha munthu watsopano posokoneza kudalira thupi ndi chizolowezi . Mawu awa si ofanana. PhD wolimbikitsa zolaula komanso pulofesa wakale ku Concordia Jim Pfaus adapanga cholakwika chomwecho mu nkhani ya 2016 yomwe YBOP idatsutsa: Yankho la YBOP ku " Khulupirirani wasayansi: chizolowezi chogonana ndi nthano " Januwale, 2016 )
Komabe, kafukufuku wa zolaula pa intaneti ndi malipoti ambiri odziwonetsa okha zimasonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ena amakumana ndi vuto la kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso/kapena kulolerana - zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala chizindikiro cha kudalira thupi. Ndipotu, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amanena kuti zizindikiro zazikulu zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo , zomwe zimawakumbutsa za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo: kusowa tulo, nkhawa, kukwiya, kusintha kwa maganizo, mutu, kusakhazikika, kusaganizira bwino, kutopa, kuvutika maganizo, komanso kufooka kwa anthu, komanso kutaya mwadzidzidzi chilakolako cha kugonana chomwe anyamata amachitcha kuti 'flatline' (chomwe chimawoneka kuti ndi chosiyana ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula).
Chizindikiro china cha kudalira thupi chomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adanena ndi kulephera kupeza chilakolako chogonana kapena kukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chithandizo chodalirika chimachokera ku maphunziro opitilira 40 omwe amalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula/chizolowezi chogonana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana ( maphunziro 7 oyamba pamndandandawu akuwonetsa chifukwa chake , pomwe ophunzira adachotsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikuchiritsa zovuta zogonana).
Kafukufuku wolembedwa pofika tsiku lofalitsa
PHUNZIRO #1: Chithandizo cha Kapangidwe ka Nyumba Ndi Banja Likulimbana ndi Chizolowezi cha Zolaula (2012) - Likukambirana za kulekerera ndi kusiya
Mofananamo, kulekerera kungakhalenso ndi zolaula. Pambuyo pa kuonera zolaula kwa nthawi yaitali, mayankho okondweretsa zolaula amachepetsa; zomwe zimasokonezedwa ndi zolaula zimatha ndipo zimatha kutaya nthawi yaitali (Zillman, 1989). Choncho, zomwe poyamba zinayambitsa yankho lachisangalalo sikuti zimapangitsa kuti azisangalala ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, chimene chinamuukitsa munthu poyamba sichikhoza kuwadzutsa m'kupita kwa nthawi kwa chizoloŵezi chawo. Chifukwa chakuti sakhutira kapena amakhumudwa kale, anthu omwe amaonera zolaula nthawi zambiri amafufuza mitundu yambiri yolaula kuti apeze zotsatira zofanana.
Mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi choonera zolaula chingayambe ndi zithunzi zosaoneka zolaula koma zowonongeka ndipo zingapite patsogolo kumasewera olimbikitsa kugonana. Pamene kukangana kumachepetsa ndi ntchito iliyonse, munthu wosokonezeka akhoza kupita ku mitundu yowonjezereka ya zithunzi zogonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Pamene chiukitsiro chimachepetsanso, chithunzicho chikupitirizabe kuphatikizapo zithunzi zozizwitsa, zokhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zillman (1989) akunena kuti zolaula zowonjezereka zimatha kukonda zolaula zomwe ziri ndi mitundu yocheperako yokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, chiwawa), ndipo ingasinthe malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Ngakhale kuti chitsanzo ichi chimaimira zomwe munthu angayembekezere kuziwona ndi chizoloŵezi choononga zolaula, sikuti onse ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatha kuledzera.
Zizindikiro zolepheretsa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zingaphatikizepo kupsinjika maganizo, kukwiya, nkhawa, kuganiza mozama, komanso kukhumba kwambiri zolaula. Chifukwa cha zizindikirozi, nthawi zambiri zimatha kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa wina aliyense komanso ubwenzi wakewo.
PHUNZIRO #2 - Zotsatira za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula (2017) - Kafukufukuyu adafunsa ngati ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti adakumana ndi nkhawa akalephera kupeza zolaula pa intaneti (chizindikiro chosiya): 24% adakumana ndi nkhawa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ophunzirawo adakumana ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zidutswa:
Cholinga cha phunziro lino ndi kupeza kufanana kwa sayansi ndi kulingalira kwa mtundu wa chakudya cha anthu a ku Spain, nthawi yomwe amagwiritsira ntchito mowa, kusokoneza komwe kumakhudza munthu ndi momwe nkhawa imakhudzidwira ngati sikutheka kupeza kwa izo. Phunziroli liri ndi chitsanzo cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Spain (N = 2.408). Kafukufuku wina wa 8 wapangidwa kudzera pa nsanja ya pa Intaneti yomwe imapereka uphungu komanso uphungu pa zotsatira za zolaula. Pofuna kufalitsa uthenga pakati pa anthu a ku Spain, kufufuza kumeneku kunalimbikitsidwa kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi ma TV.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti munthu mmodzi pa atatu alionse adakumana ndi zotsatira zolakwika m'banja, m'magulu, ku maphunziro kapena kuntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, 33% anathera maola oposa 5 okhudzana ndi kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga mphotho ndipo 24% anali ndi zizindikiro zodetsa nkhaŵa ngati sakanakhoza kulumikizana.
PHUNZIRO #3: Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso pazifukwa zogonana ngati chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso? - Kafukufuku yemwe akubwera (womwe waperekedwa pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa 4th International Conference on Behavioral Addictions February 20–22, 2017) womwe udafunsa za kulekerera ndi kusiya. Unapezeka mwa "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula."
Anna Ševčíková1, Lukas Blinka1 ndi Veronika Soukalová1
University of 1Masaryk, Brno, Czech Republic
Chiyambi ndi zolinga:
Pali kutsutsana koyipa ngati khalidwe loyendetsa kugonana liyenera kumveka ngati mtundu wa chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe (Karila, Wéry, Weistein et al., 2014). Phunziro labwino lapamwambali likuwongolera kulingalira momwe ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti yogonana (OUISP) yosagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwe ntchito ingapangidwe ndi lingaliro la kuledzera pakati pa anthu omwe anali kuchipatala chifukwa cha OUISP.
Njira:
Tinachita mafunso ozama ndi ophunzira 21 azaka zapakati pa 22-54 (Mage = zaka 34.24). Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa mitu, zizindikiro zachipatala za OUISP zinasanthulidwa ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi cha khalidwe, makamaka makamaka pa zizindikiro za kulekerera ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Griffiths, 2001).
Results:
Khalidwe lalikulu lomwe linali vuto linali kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (OOPU). Kukulitsa kulekerera kwa OOPU kunadziwonetsera ngati nthawi yochulukirapo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mawebusayiti a zolaula komanso kufunafuna zinthu zatsopano komanso zogonana mkati mwa magulu osasinthika. Zizindikiro zosiya kugonana zinadziwonekera pamlingo wamaganizo ndipo zinatenga mawonekedwe ofufuza zinthu zina zogonana. Ophunzira khumi ndi asanu adakwaniritsa zonse zomwe zinali mu chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Zotsatira:
Phunziroli likuwonetsa phindu lokhazikitsa khalidwe labwino
PHUNZIRO #4: Kukula kwa Vuto la Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula (PPCS) (2017) - Pepala ili linapanga ndikuyesa mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe adapangidwa motsatira mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi mayeso am'mbuyomu okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mafunso 18 awa adayesa kulekerera ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso 6 otsatirawa:
----
Funso lirilonse linaperekedwa kuyambira limodzi mpaka asanu ndi awiri pa sikelo ya Likert: 1- Sangatero, 2- Kawirikawiri, 3- Nthawi ndi nthawi, 4- Nthawi zina, 5- Nthawi zambiri, 6- Nthawi zambiri, Nthawi Zonse. Mzere womwe uli pansipa udawagawa ochita zolaula m'magulu atatu kutengera kuchuluka kwawo: "Nonprobelmatic," "low low," and "kotsing." Mzere wachikasu suwonetsa mavuto, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "Ochepa" komanso "Ovuta" ogwiritsa zolaula adafotokoza zonse za kulolera komanso kusiya. Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu adafunsiradi za kukwera (kulekerera) ndi kusiya - ndipo onsewa amanenedwa ndi ena ogwiritsa zolaula. Mapeto a kutsutsana.
PHUNZIRO #5: Kukula ndi Kutsimikizira kwa Mulingo wa Kugonana kwa Bergen-Yale Ndi Chitsanzo Chachikulu Cha Dziko Lonse (2018) . Pepala ili linapanga ndikuyesa mafunso a "kugonana" omwe adapangidwa motsatira mafunso okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Monga momwe olemba adafotokozera, mafunso am'mbuyomu sanatchule zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi:
Maphunziro ambiri ambuyomu adadalira zitsanzo zazing'ono zachipatala. Phunziroli likupereka njira yatsopano yowunika kugonana - Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) -yizikidwe pazinthu zowonongeka (ie, ulesi / chilakolako, kusintha kwa maganizo, kulekerera, kuchotsa, nkhondo, mavuto, ndi kubwerera / kutayika ya ulamuliro).
Olembawo akufutukula pazigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimayambitsidwa, kuphatikizapo kulekerera ndi kuchotsa.
BYSAS idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zoledzera zomwe Brown (1993) , Griffiths (2005) , ndi American Psychiatric Association (2013) adaziyika pamodzi ndi luso lotha kusintha maganizo, kusintha kwa malingaliro, kulolerana, zizindikiro zosiya kugonana, mikangano ndi kubwereranso/kutayika kwa ulamuliro…. Pokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana, zizindikiro izi zingakhale: kulimba mtima/kulakalaka —kuganizira kwambiri za kugonana kapena kufuna kugonana, kusintha kwa malingaliro — kugonana mopitirira muyeso komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kwa malingaliro, kulolerana — kuchuluka kwa kugonana pakapita nthawi, kusiya — zizindikiro zosasangalatsa zamaganizo/zakuthupi pamene simukuchita zogonana, mikangano —mavuto pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha kugonana mopitirira muyeso, kubwereranso — kubwerera ku machitidwe akale pambuyo pa nthawi yokhala ndi kudziletsa/kudziletsa, ndi mavuto — thanzi lofooka komanso thanzi labwino lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha khalidwe logonana loledzera.
Zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi "chiwerewere" zomwe zimawonedwa mu nkhanizo zinali kusweka mtima / kukhumba komanso kulolerana, koma mbali zina, kuphatikiza kusiya, zikuwonekeranso pang'ono:
Chisomo / chilakolako ndi kulekerera zinali zovomerezeka mobwerezabwereza mu gulu lapamwamba kuposa zinthu zina, ndipo zinthu izi zinali ndi katundu wolemera kwambiri. Izi zimawoneka zomveka ngati izi zimasonyeza zizindikiro zochepa (mwachitsanzo, funso lokhudza kupsinjika maganizo: anthu amalephera kukwiya kwambiri, ndiye akukonzekera kudzipha). Izi zingawonetsenso kusiyana pakati pa chizoloŵezi ndi kuledzeretsa (kawirikawiri kumawonetsedwa pamasewero a masewera a masewera) -momwe zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso cholimba, chilakolako, kulekerera, ndi kusinthika kwa maganizo zimatsatiridwa kuti ziwonetsere kugwirizana, pamene zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito kugwidwa, kubwereranso ndi kukangana kwambiri kuledzera. Kufotokozeranso kwina kungakhale kuti kulimba, kukhumba, ndi kulekerera kungakhale kofunika kwambiri komanso kolemekezeka mu zizolowezi zamakhalidwe kusiyana ndi kuchotsa ndi kubwerera.
Kafukufukuyu, pamodzi ndi kafukufuku wa 2017 wapitawo womwe unapanga ndikutsimikizira " Kuchuluka kwa Zolaula Zovuta ," akutsutsa zomwe zimanenedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula ndi kugonana sakumana ndi zizindikiro zolekerera kapena zosiya kugonana.
PHUNZIRO #6: Makhalidwe osokoneza bongo omwe amachokera ku ukadaulo ndi osiyanasiyana: Mawonekedwe a netiweki (2018) - Kafukufuku adawunika momwe mitundu inayi ya chizolowezi chaukadaulo imagwirizanirana: intaneti, foni yam'manja, masewera, kugonana pa intaneti. Anapeza kuti chilichonse ndi chizolowezi chosiyana, koma zonse zinayi zinali ndi zizindikiro zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito - kuphatikiza chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti . Zidule:
Pofuna kuyesa lingaliro la spectrum ndikukhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana pa khalidwe lililonse lothandizidwa ndi ukadaulo, wolemba woyamba ndi womaliza adalumikiza chinthu chilichonse cha sikelo ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi za "chizolowezi": kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, kusintha kwa malingaliro, kulephera kudziletsa, kuganizira kwambiri, kusiya, ndi zotsatira zake machitidwe osokoneza bongo othandizidwa ndi ukadaulo adafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zochokera mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (kope la 5) ndi chitsanzo cha chizolowezi: Intaneti, foni yam'manja, masewera, ndi kugonana pa intaneti.
Mphepete mwa zinthu zomwe zili pakati pa zinthuzi nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi zizindikiro zomwezo kudzera mu zizindikiro za chizolowezi cha intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, zizindikiro za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti zinali zogwirizana ndi zizindikiro za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa zinthu zina zonse (chizolowezi cha masewera, chizolowezi cha mafoni a m'manja, ndi chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti) ndipo zotsatirapo zoyipa za chizolowezi cha intaneti zinali zogwirizananso ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa za matenda ena onse.
PHUNZIRO #7: Kufalikira, Makhalidwe ndi Zotsatira Zomwe Mumadziona Ngati Mukugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula mwa Ophunzira a ku Yunivesite ya ku Poland: Kafukufuku Wosiyanasiyana (2019) . Kafukufukuyu adafotokoza zonse zomwe otsutsa amanena kuti palibe: kulekerera/chizolowezi, kukwera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito, kufunikira mitundu yoopsa kwambiri kuti ikondweretse kugonana, zizindikiro zosiya kugonana mukasiya, mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zolaula, chizolowezi chogonana, ndi zina zambiri. Zidutswa zingapo zokhudzana ndi kulekerera/chizolowezi/kukwera:
Zowonongeka zomwe zimawonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuphatikizapo: kufunikira kwa kukakamiza kwa nthawi yaitali (12.0%) ndi zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi kugonana (17.6%) kuti zifike poyerekeza, komanso kuchepa kwa kukhutitsidwa kugonana (24.5%) ...
Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira kungagwirizane ndi kuthetsa chilakolako chogonana monga momwe kuwonetsedwera ndi chosowa chokakamiza kwambiri komanso zofuna zowonongeka zowonongeka kuti zikafike poyerekeza ndi zakuthupi, komanso zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana ....
Kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zolaula komwe kumachitika panthawi yomwe anthu amaonera zolaula kunanenedwa: kusintha kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu watsopano wa zinthu zodziwika bwino (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chilakolako chogonana (60.9%) komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoopsa kwambiri (zachiwawa) (32.0%). Izi zidanenedwa kawirikawiri ndi akazi omwe amadziona kuti ndi odabwitsa poyerekeza ndi omwe amadziona kuti ndi osadziwa zambiri.
kafukufukuyu akupeza kuti kufunika kokhala ndi zolaula zowonongeka kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kunenekedwa ndi amuna akudzifotokoza okha kuti ndi achiwawa.
Zowonjezera zizindikiro za kulekerera / kukula: akusowa ma tebulo ambiri ndikuwonetsa zolaula kunja kwa nyumba:
Ophunzira ambiri adavomereza kuti adagwiritsa ntchito njira zachinsinsi (76.5%, n = 3256) ndi mawindo angapo (51.5%, n = 2190) akamaonera zolaula pa intaneti. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunja kwa nyumba kunalengezedwa ndi 33.0% ( n = 1404).
Zakale kwambiri za ntchito yoyamba zokhudzana ndi mavuto aakulu ndi kuledzeretsa (izi mwachindunji zimasonyeza kulekerera-chizolowezi-kuchuluka):
Zaka zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zolaula zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira zowononga za zolaula kwa achinyamata - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe amawonekera pa zaka 12 kapena pansipa. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza pamtanda sikulola kulolera kafukufuku, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti ubwana wothandizana ndi zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali ....
Kafukufukuyu adanenanso za zizindikiro zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo , ngakhale kwa anthu omwe si osokoneza bongo (chizindikiro chotsimikizika cha kusintha kwa ubongo chifukwa cha chizolowezi):
Pakati pa omwe adafunsidwa omwe adadzinenera kuti ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (n = 4260), 51.0% adavomereza kuti anayesa kamodzi kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito popanda kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa amuna ndi akazi . 72.2% ya omwe adayesa kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula adawonetsa kuti adakumana ndi zotsatirapo chimodzi, ndipo zomwe zimawonedwa kwambiri zidaphatikizapo maloto ogonana (53.5%), kukwiya (26.4%), kusokonezeka kwa chidwi (26.0%), ndi kusungulumwa (22.2%) (Gome 2).
Kuwongolera kunena kuti zikhalidwe zomwe zakhalapo kale ndizofunikira kwenikweni, osati kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, phunzirolo linapeza kuti makhalidwe a umunthu sanali okhudzana ndi zotsatira:
Kupatulapo zina, palibe khalidwe lililonse la umunthu, lomwe linadzinenera lokha mu kafukufukuyu, lomwe linasiyanitsa magawo omwe adaphunziridwa a zolaula. Zomwe zapezekazi zikuthandizira lingaliro lakuti kupeza ndi kuwona zolaula pakadali pano ndi nkhani zazikulu kwambiri kuti zisatchule makhalidwe aliwonse a anthu ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, pali mfundo yosangalatsa yokhudza ogula omwe adanena kuti akufunikira kuwona zolaula zochulukirapo. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonekera pafupipafupi kumatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kufooka kwa chidwi komwe kumabweretsa kufunikira kowona zinthu zowopsa kwambiri kuti zifike pachilakolako chofanana cha kugonana.
PHUNZIRO #8: Kudziletsa Kapena Kuvomereza? Mndandanda wa Zochitika za Amuna Pochitapo Kanthu Pothana ndi Mavuto Omwe Amadziona Ngati Ali ndi Zolaula (2019) - Pepalali likunena za milandu isanu ndi umodzi ya amuna omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula pamene ankachita pulogalamu yochitapo kanthu yoganizira (kusinkhasinkha, zolemba za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kulembetsa sabata iliyonse). Anthu onse akuwoneka kuti akupindula ndi kusinkhasinkha. Mogwirizana ndi mndandanda uwu wa maphunziro, atatu adafotokoza za kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito (chizolowezi) ndi chimodzi chidafotokoza zizindikiro zosiya. (Osati pansipa - ena awiri adanenedwa kuti ndi oyambitsa zolaula.)
Kuchotsera pamilandu yomwe ikunena zodzichotsera:
Zowonjezera (22, P_akeh_a):
Perry ankaona kuti alibe mphamvu pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo kuonera zolaula ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe angathanirane ndi kulamulira malingaliro, makamaka mkwiyo . Ananena kuti anakwiyira anzake ndi abale ake ngati atasiya zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe adazitcha nthawi ya sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi 3 milandu yofotokozera kukwera kapena malo:
Preston (34, M_aori)
Preston anadzizindikiritsa yekha ndi SPPPU chifukwa ankada nkhawa ndi nthawi yomwe amathera akuonera ndi kuganizira za zolaula. Kwa iye, zolaula zinali zitakula kwambiri kuposa zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndipo zinafika pamlingo womwe zolaula zinali zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake. Ananena kuti amaonera zolaula kwa maola ambiri patsiku , kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa miyambo yeniyeni yowonera nthawi yake yowonera (monga, kukonza chipinda chake, magetsi, ndi mpando mwanjira inayake komanso mwadongosolo asanawonere, kuchotsa mbiri ya msakatuli wake atawonera, ndikuyeretsa atawonera mwanjira yofanana), ndikuwononga nthawi yambiri kuti asunge umunthu wake pa intaneti m'gulu lodziwika bwino la zolaula pa intaneti pa PornHub, tsamba lalikulu kwambiri la zolaula pa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi…
Patrick (40, P_akeh_a)
Patrick anadzipereka pa kafukufukuyu chifukwa anali ndi nkhawa ndi nthawi yomwe ankaonera zolaula, komanso momwe ankaonera. Patrick nthawi zonse ankaonera zolaula kwa maola angapo nthawi imodzi akusiya mwana wake wamwamuna wosayang'aniridwa m'chipinda chochezera kuti azisewera kapena kuonera wailesi yakanema…
Peter (29, P_akeh_a)
Peter anali ndi nkhawa ndi mtundu wa zithunzi zolaula zomwe ankaonera. Anakopeka ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe zinkaoneka ngati zochita zogwiririra . Pamene ankaonetsa zochitikazo moona mtima komanso moona mtima, ankanena kuti ankasangalala kwambiri akamazionera. Peter ankaona kuti zomwe amakonda pa zithunzi zolaula zinali kuphwanya miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino yomwe anali nayo...
PHUNZIRO #9: Zizindikiro za chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti mwa akuluakulu (2019) - Mu Chisipanishi, kupatulapo chidule. Avereji ya zaka inali 65. Muli zomwe zapezeka zomwe zimathandizira bwino njira yogwiritsira ntchito chizolowezi, kuphatikizapo 24% ya zizindikiro zomwe zanenedwa za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (nkhawa, kukwiya, kukhumudwa, ndi zina zotero). Kuchokera mu chidule:
Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha ntchitoyi chinali kawiri: 1) kusanthula kufalikira kwa okalamba omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotenga kapena kuwonetsa mbiri ya matenda a kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi 2) kupanga mbiri ya zizindikiro zomwe zimawadziwika mwa anthuwa. Ophunzira 538 (amuna 77%) azaka zopitilira 60 (M = 65.3) adamaliza mndandanda wa ziyeso za khalidwe la kugonana pa intaneti. 73.2% adati amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi cholinga chogonana. Pakati pawo, 80.4% adachita izi mosangalala pomwe 20% adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chiopsezo. Pakati pa zizindikiro zazikulu, zomwe zidadziwika kwambiri zinali kuwona kusokonezedwa (50% ya omwe adachita nawo), kuthera maola opitilira 5 pa sabata pa intaneti pazogonana (50%), kuzindikira kuti akhoza kuchita izi mopitirira muyeso (51%) kapena kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro zosiya (nkhawa, kukwiya, kukhumudwa, ndi zina zotero) (24%) . Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsa kufunika kowonera zochitika zogonana zoopsa pa intaneti mu gulu lopanda phokoso ndipo nthawi zambiri kunja kwa njira iliyonse yolimbikitsira thanzi la kugonana pa intaneti.
PHUNZIRO #10: Kuwunika Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Pa Intaneti Movuta: Kuyerekeza Masikelo Atatu ndi Njira Zosakanikirana (2020) - Kafukufuku waposachedwa waku China akuyerekeza kulondola kwa mafunso atatu otchuka okhudzana ndi zizolowezi zolaula. Anafunsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula 33 ndi akatswiri azachipatala, ndipo anayesa maphunziro 970. Zotsatira zoyenera:
- 27 mwa anthu 33 omwe atafunsidwa mafunso adatchulapo zizindikiro zosiya.
- 15 mwa 33 omwe atafunsidwa adatchulapo kukwera kwambiri.
Zithunzi za omwe adafunsidwa amafufuza magawo asanu ndi limodzi amafunsidwe azolaula omwe adayesa kulolerana ndi kusiya (PPCS):
Mafunso olondola kwambiri mwa mafunso atatuwa anali "PPCS" yomwe imapangidwa motsatira mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi mafunso ena awiri, ndi mayeso am'mbuyomu okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, PPCS imayesa kulekerera ndi kusiya . Chidule chofotokoza kufunika koyesa kulekerera ndi kusiya:
Makhalidwe olimba a psychometric komanso kulondola kwakukulu kwa PPCS kungakhale chifukwa chakuti yapangidwa mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha Griffiths cha zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi cha chizolowezi (monga, mosiyana ndi PPUS ndi s-IAT-sex). PPCS ili ndi dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri la chiphunzitso, ndipo imayesa zigawo zambiri za chizolowezi [ 11 ]. Makamaka, kulekerera ndi kusiya ndi magawo ofunikira a IPU yovuta yomwe siiyesedwa ndi PPUS ndi s-IAT-sex ;
Ofunsidwa mafunsowo amaona kuti kusiya kugonana ndi chinthu chofala komanso chofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika:
Zingathenso kuganiziridwa kuchokera ku Chithunzi 1 kuti odzipereka ndi akatswiri onse adagogomezera kufunika kwa mikangano, kubwereranso ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu IPU (kutengera kuchuluka kwa kutchulidwa); nthawi yomweyo, adawona kusintha kwa malingaliro, kubwerera ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kutengera kufunikira kwa mlingo).
PHUNZIRO #11: Zizindikiro za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Zovuta mu Chitsanzo cha Chithandizo Choganizira ndi Kuchiza Amuna Osaganizira: Njira Yolumikizirana (2020) - Kafukufukuyu akufotokoza za kusiya ndi kulekerera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ndipotu, kusiya ndi kulekerera zinali zigawo zazikulu za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika.
Chitsanzo chachikulu cha pa intaneti cha amuna 4,253 ( zaka za M = zaka 38.33, SD = 12.40) chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza kapangidwe ka zizindikiro za PPU m'magulu awiri osiyana: gulu lothandizidwa ( n = 509) ndi gulu lothandizidwa lomwe silinaganizidwe ( n = 3,684).
Kapangidwe ka zizindikiro padziko lonse lapansi sikunasiyane kwambiri pakati pa chithandizo chomwe chikuganiziridwa ndi magulu omwe sanaganizidwepo. Magulu awiri a zizindikiro adapezeka m'magulu onse awiri, pomwe gulu loyamba likuphatikizapo luso, kusintha kwa malingaliro, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ndipo gulu lachiwiri likuphatikiza mikangano, kusiya, kubwereranso, ndi kulekerera. Mu maukonde a magulu onse awiri, luso, kulekerera, kusiya, ndi mikangano zidawoneka ngati zizindikiro zazikulu, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kunali chizindikiro cha m'mphepete kwambiri . Komabe, kusintha kwa malingaliro kunali ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri mu netiweki ya gulu lochiritsira lomwe likuganiziridwa komanso malo ofunikira kwambiri mu netiweki ya gulu lochiritsira lomwe silikuganiziridwa.
Phunziro #12: Zoyenera Kuchita Zazithunzi Zolaula Zoyeserera (PPCS-18) pagulu komanso zitsanzo zazing'ono ku China ndi ku Hungary (2020)
Mu ma network atatu a zitsanzo, kuchotsera kunali malo ofunikira kwambiri, pomwe kulekerera kunalinso malo ofunikira kwambiri mu network ya anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ang'onoang'ono. Pothandizira kuyerekezera kumeneku, kuchotsera kunali kodziwika bwino m'ma network onse (amuna aku China: 76.8%, amuna aku China osakhudzidwa ndi matenda ang'onoang'ono: 68.8%, ndi amuna aku Hungary: 64.2%).
Kuyerekeza kwa Centrality kunawonetsa kuti zisonyezo zazikuluzikulu zazachidziwitso zinali kuchotsa komanso kulolerana, koma chokhacho chokha chomwe chinali njira yayikulu pamasamba onse am'deralo.
Zogwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu (Gola & Potenza, 2016; Young et al., 2000), zovuta kwambiri zamankhwala amisala komanso zizolowezi zina zogonana zogwirizana ndi zambiri za PPCS. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti kungakhale kulangiza kuganizira zolakalaka, thanzi lam'mutu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza pakuwunika ndi kuzindikira PPU (Brand, Rumpf et al., 2020).
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyerekezera kwa centralization mu zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za PPCS-18 kunawonetsa kuti kusiya ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'masampulu onse atatu. Malinga ndi mphamvu, kuyandikana, ndi pakati pa zotsatira za centralization pakati pa omwe adatenga nawo mbali m'chipatala, kulolerana nako kunathandizanso kwambiri, kukhala kwachiwiri pambuyo pa kusiya. Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti kusiya ndi kulolerana ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu omwe sanalandire chithandizo. Kulekerera ndi kusiya zimaonedwa ngati zofunikira pathupi zokhudzana ndi zizolowezi (Himmelsbach, 1941). Malingaliro monga kulolerana ndi kusiya ayenera kukhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri la kafukufuku wamtsogolo mu PPU (de Alarcón et al., 2019; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Griffiths (2005) adanenanso kuti zizindikiro za kulolerana ndi kusiya ziyenera kukhalapo kuti khalidwe lililonse liwoneke ngati loledzera. Kusanthula kwathu kuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti madera olekanitsa ndi kulolerana ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa PPU. Mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a Reid (Reid, 2016), umboni wa kulolerana ndi kusiya mwa odwala omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zogonana zokakamiza ukhoza kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pofotokoza machitidwe ogonana osagwira ntchito ngati osokoneza bongo.
PHUNZIRO #13: Kuzindikira Zinthu Zitatu Zokhudza Kugonana Kovuta (PH); Ndi Zifukwa Ziti Zomwe Zimaneneratu Khalidwe Lofunafuna Thandizo? (2020) - Kuchokera kumapeto:
Zotsatira zazikulu za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti chinthu cha "Zotsatira Zoyipa", chomwe chili ndi zizindikiro zisanu ndi chimodzi, chimaneneratu kwambiri kufunika kwa thandizo la PH. Pa chinthu ichi, tikufuna kutchula makamaka "Kusiya" (kukhala wamanjenje ndi wosakhazikika) ndi "Kutaya chisangalalo ". Kufunika kwa zizindikiro izi pakusiyanitsa PH ndi matenda ena kwaganiziridwa [ 23 , 28 ] koma sikunakhazikitsidwe kale ndi kafukufuku wofufuza.
Ngakhale zopinga zomwe zatchulidwa, tikuganiza kuti kafukufukuyu akuthandizira pa kafukufuku wa PH komanso kufufuza malingaliro atsopano pa khalidwe (lovuta) la hypersexual m'gulu la anthu. Tikugogomezera kuti kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kuti "Kudzipatula" ndi "Kutaya chisangalalo", monga gawo la "Zotsatira Zoyipa", zitha kukhala zizindikiro zofunika za PH (vuto la hypersexual). Kumbali ina, "Kuchuluka kwa Orgasm", monga gawo la "Chilakolako Chogonana" (kwa akazi) kapena monga covariate (kwa amuna), sikunasonyeze mphamvu yosiyanitsa PH ndi matenda ena. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti pakukumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi hypersexual, chidwi chiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa "Kudzipatula", "Kutaya chisangalalo", ndi "Zotsatira Zina Zoyipa" za hypersexual, osati kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwa kugonana kapena "chilakolako chogonana kwambiri" [ 60 ] chifukwa makamaka ndi "Zotsatira Zoyipa" zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukumana ndi hypersexual ngati vuto.
PHUNZIRO #14: Zochitika Zokhudza "Kuyambiranso" Zolaula: Kusanthula Kwabwino kwa Ma Journal Odziletsa pa Msonkhano Wodziletsa pa Zolaula pa Intaneti (2021 ) - Pepala labwino kwambiri limafufuza zochitika zoposa 100 zoyambiranso ndikuwonetsa zomwe anthu akukumana nazo pamisonkhano yobwezeretsa. Limatsutsana ndi mabodza ambiri okhudza ma forum obwezeretsa (monga zopanda pake kuti onse ndi achipembedzo, kapena okonda kwambiri kusunga umuna, ndi zina zotero). Pepala limafotokoza za kulekerera ndi zizindikiro zosiya kugonana mwa amuna omwe akuyesera kusiya zolaula. Zidutswa zofunikira:
Vuto limodzi lalikulu lomwe munthu amaona kuti ndi lokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula limakhudza zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi. Zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kulephera kudziletsa, kuganizira kwambiri, kulakalaka, kugwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yolakwika yothanirana ndi vutoli, kusiya, kulekerera, kuvutika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, kulephera kugwira ntchito, komanso kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa (monga, Bőthe et al., 2018 ; Kor et al., 2014 ).
Kupewa zolaula kunaonedwa kuti n'kovuta makamaka chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika komanso zachilengedwe, komanso kuwonekera kwa zinthu zonga chizolowezi (monga zizindikiro zonga kusiya, chilakolako, ndi kulephera kudziletsa/kubwereranso) panthawi yodziletsa (Brand et al., 2019 ; Fernandez et al., 2020 ).
Ena mwa mamembala adanena kuti adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu panthawi yodziletsa. Ena adatanthauzira izi ngati gawo la kudziletsa . Zizindikiro zoyipa kapena zakuthupi zomwe zidatanthauzidwa kuti (zotheka) ndi "zizindikiro zodziletsa" monga kupsinjika maganizo, kusintha kwa malingaliro, nkhawa, "chifunga cha ubongo," kutopa, mutu, kusowa tulo, kusakhazikika, kusungulumwa, kukhumudwa, kukwiya, kupsinjika, komanso kuchepa kwa chilimbikitso. Mamembala ena sananene kuti vuto loipa limabwera chifukwa cha kusiya koma adafotokoza zina zomwe zingayambitse malingaliro oipa, monga zochitika zoyipa m'moyo (monga, "Ndimadzimva ndikukwiya mosavuta masiku atatu apitawa ndipo sindikudziwa ngati ndi kukhumudwa kuntchito kapena kudziletsa" [046, 30s]). Mamembala ena adaganiza kuti chifukwa kale anali kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti athetse mavuto oipa amalingaliro, malingaliro awa anali kumveka kwambiri panthawi yodziletsa (monga, " Gawo langa limadabwa ngati malingaliro awa ndi amphamvu chifukwa cha kuyambiranso " [032, zaka 28]). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, anthu azaka zapakati pa 18-29 anali ndi mwayi waukulu wonena za zotsatirapo zoipa panthawi yodziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka, ndipo anthu azaka 40 ndi kupitirira apo anali ndi mwayi wochepa wonena za zizindikiro "zofanana ndi za kusiya" panthawi yodziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka. Mosasamala kanthu za komwe kumachokera malingaliro oipa awa (monga, kusiya, zochitika zoipa m'moyo, kapena kukulirakulira kwa malingaliro omwe analipo kale), zinkaoneka kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa mamembala kuthana ndi zotsatirapo zoipa panthawi yodziletsa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti adzichiritse okha malingaliro oipawa.
Phunziro #15: Matenda Atatu Omwe Amapezeka Povuta Kugonana; Kodi Ndi Njira Ziti Zomwe Zimaneneratu Khalidwe Lofunafuna Thandizo? (2020) - Kulekerera komanso kusiya zizindikilo zinali zokhudzana ndi "vuto lachiwerewere" (kugonana / zolaula), komabe chilakolako chogonana sichinali kwenikweni.
Zinthu zomwe zili ndi Zotsatirapo Zoyipa ndi Zoopsa kwambiri zinaneneratu kuti padzakhala kufunikira thandizo, ndipo Zotsatirapo Zoyipa ndizo chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna. Izi zikuphatikizapo, pakati pa zina, zizindikiro zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kutaya chisangalalo.
Ngakhale zopinga zomwe zatchulidwa, tikuganiza kuti kafukufukuyu akuthandizira pa kafukufuku wa PH komanso kufufuza malingaliro atsopano pa khalidwe (lovuta) la hypersexual m'gulu la anthu. Tikugogomezera kuti kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kuti "Kudzipatula" ndi "Kutaya chisangalalo", monga gawo la "Zotsatira Zoyipa", zitha kukhala zizindikiro zofunika za PH. Kumbali ina, "Kuchuluka kwa Orgasm", monga gawo la "Chilakolako Chogonana" (kwa akazi) kapena monga covariate (kwa amuna), sikunasonyeze mphamvu yakusiyanitsa PH ndi matenda ena. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti pakukumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi hypersexual, chidwi chiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa "Kudzipatula", "Kutaya chisangalalo", ndi "Zotsatira Zina Zoyipa" za hypersexual, osati kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwa kugonana kapena "chilakolako chogonana kwambiri " [ 60 ] chifukwa makamaka ndi "Zotsatira Zoyipa" zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukumana ndi hypersexual ngati vuto. Kutengera kafukufuku wapano, tikupangira kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe zimayang'ana makhalidwe awa mu chida choyezera cha PH.
Umboni wowonjezera wololerana: Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso ndikuchepetsa chilakolako chogonana kunalumikizidwa ndi kufuna thandizo ku "vuto lachiwerewere" la munthu:
PHUNZIRO #16: Kuzolowera Kugonana Pa Intaneti: Kusanthula Kwabwino kwa Zizindikiro mwa Amuna Ofuna Chithandizo (2022) - Kafukufuku Wabwino pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula 23 omwe ali ndi vuto lofuna chithandizo. Ndapeza umboni wa kulekerera ndi kusiya. Kuchokera ku kafukufuku:
"Mu kafukufuku wathu, zomwe tidakumana nazo ndi zizindikirozi zinali zofala. Kulekerera kunaonekera ngati nthawi yowonjezera yoperekedwa ku ntchito yovuta, kufunitsitsa kukweza malire a zomwe zingaganizidwe kuti ndi zotetezeka, makamaka ngati kukhwima kwa zinthu zogonana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthu zogonana nthawi zina zimafika pamlingo wokhala pafupi ndi zinthu zogonana. Komabe, ophunzirawo sanadzione ngati anthu ogonana ndi ...
"Kawirikawiri, zizindikiro zinaphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwamaganizo, monga mantha ndi kulephera kuyang'ana, ndi kukwiya kwakukulu / kukhumudwa, zomwe zinayamba pamene sakanatha kuonera zolaula, sakanatha kupeza chinthu choyenera chogonana, ndipo analibe chinsinsi chodziseweretsa maliseche."
Phunziro #17: Kusiya ndi kulolerana mokhudzana ndi vuto lokakamiza kugonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta - Kafukufuku wolembetsedwa kutengera chitsanzo choyimira dziko ku Poland (2022)
Kusiya ndi kulekerera zonse zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuopsa kwa CSBD ndi PPU . Mwa mitundu 21 ya zizindikiro zosiya zomwe zinafufuzidwa, zizindikiro zomwe zimanenedwa kwambiri zinali malingaliro ogonana omwe anali ovuta kusiya (kwa omwe ali ndi CSBD: 65.2% ndipo omwe anali ndi PPU: 43.3%), kuwonjezeka kwa chilakolako cha kugonana (37.9%; 29.2%), zovuta kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chilakolako chogonana (57.6%; 31.0%), kukwiya (37.9%; 25.4%), kusintha kwa malingaliro pafupipafupi (33.3%; 22.6%), ndi mavuto ogona (36.4%; 24.5%).
Mawuwo
Kusintha kokhudzana ndi malingaliro ndi kukwiya kwa anthu ambiri komwe kwatchulidwa mu kafukufukuyu kunali kofanana ndi gulu la zizindikiro zomwe zili mu matenda odzipatula omwe adaperekedwa chifukwa cha vuto la kutchova juga ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti mu DSM-5. Kafukufukuyu akupereka umboni woyamba pa mutu womwe sunaphunziridwe mokwanira, ndipo zomwe zapezekazi zitha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakumvetsetsa komwe kumayambitsa ndi kugawa kwa CSBD ndi PPU. Nthawi yomweyo, kupeza ziganizo zokhudza kufunika kwachipatala, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa matenda, komanso mawonekedwe atsatanetsatane a zizindikiro zodzipatula komanso kulolerana monga gawo la CSBD ndi PPU, komanso zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe, kumafuna kuyesetsa kwina kofufuza.
Phunziro #18 [Kafukufuku wokayikitsa] Zotsatira za Nthawi Yodziletsa Kuonera Zolaula ya Masiku 7 pa Zizindikiro Zokhudzana ndi Kusiya Kuonera Zolaula mwa Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Zokhazikika: Kafukufuku Wolamulidwa Mwachisawawa
Zotsatira zodziletsa zitha kuwonekera pakakhala kuphatikiza kwa PPU [zovuta zolaula] ndi FPU yapamwamba [kukonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula]