Othandizira zolaula Nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa zolaula ndi nthano pamalingaliro oti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe samakakamiza samakhala ololera (wokhala ndi malo, kuchuluka) kapena chizindikiro chodziletsa. Sichoncho. M'malo mwake, osati ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo akatswiri azachipatala adalekerera ndi kusiya, Phunziro la 60 lipoti likupeza zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa zolaula (kulekerera), chizoloŵezi cha zolaula, komanso ngakhale kusiya (zizindikiro zonse ndi zizindikiro zosokoneza bongo).
Tsambali lili ndi mndandanda womwe ukukula wa kafukufuku wowunikiridwa ndi anzawo omwe amafotokoza za omwe amasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chofunika kudziwa: ndi maphunziro owerengeka okha omwe adavutikapo kufunsa za zizindikiritso zakudzichotsa - mwina chifukwa chokana kuti zilipo. Komabe magulu ochepa ofufuza omwe ndi adafunsidwa za zomwe zimayambitsa kudzipatula zimatsimikizira kuti alipo ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Ngakhale kuti kupezanso oonera zolaula nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mantha ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zakuchoka kwawo atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, chowonadi ndichakuti, zizindikiro zodzipha siziyenera kukhalapo kuti munthu wina adziwe kuti ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo. Choyamba, mupeza chilankhulo "Ngakhale kulekerera kapena kuchoka n'kofunikira kapena kokwanira kuti apeze matenda ..."Mu DSM-IV-TR ndi DSM-5. Chachiwiri, chiwerewere chobwerezabwereza chimanena kuti "zowonongeka" zimayambitsa mavuto aakulu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti munthu asamawonongeke. kudalira thupi ndi ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa umasintha. Chidule cha zolemba za 2015 zolembazi zimapereka ndondomeko yeniyeni (Katswiri wa sayansi ya zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kukonzanso):
Mfundo yofunikira pazomweyi ndikuti kuchotsa sikutanthauza kuti thupi limachokera ku chinthu china. M'malo mwake, chitsanzochi chimasintha kuchoka pambali yolakwika chifukwa cha zomwe tatchulazi. Maganizo osokoneza maganizo monga nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, matenda a dysphoria, ndi kukhumudwa ndi zizindikiro za kuchotsa muzolowera [43,45]. Ochita kafukufuku amene amatsutsa malingaliro a khalidwe lakumwa nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza kapena samvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku, kusokoneza kusuta ndi kuchotsa mankhwala [46,47].
Ponena kuti zizindikiritso zakubwezeretsa ziyenera kukhalapo kuti zidziwike kuti ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo, omwe amachita zolaula (kuphatikiza ma PhD ambiri) amalakwitsa kusokoneza kudalira thupi ndi osokoneza. Mawu awa siofanana. Pro-porn PhD ndi pulofesa wakale ku Concordia Jim Pfaus adapanga cholakwika chomwechi mu nkhani ya 2016 yomwe YBOP idadzudzula: Yankho la YBOP kwa Jim Pfaus "Khulupirirani wasayansi: kuledzera kugonana ndi nthano"January, 2016)
Izi zinati, kufufuza zolaula pa intaneti komanso ambiri odzimva Onetsani kuti anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amawona achire ndi / kapena kulolerana - zomwe zimakhalanso zochitika za kudalira thupi. Ndipotu, anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amalakalaka kwambiri zizindikiro za kuchotsa, zomwe zimakumbukira zochotsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo: kusowa tulo, nkhawa, kusakwiya, kusinthasintha maganizo, kupweteka mutu, kupuma, kusautsika, kutopa, kukhumudwa, ndi kufooka, komanso kutaya mwadzidzidzi kwa libido zomwe anyamata amachitcha 'flatline' (Zikuwoneka kuti ndizopadera kusiyanitsa ndi zolaula).
Chizindikiro china chakuthupi kudalira ofotokozedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikulephera kupeza njira kapena kukhala ndi katswiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Thandizo lamphamvu limachokera zopitilira 40 zomwe zimagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula / zolaula zamavuto azakugonana ndikugonana (A fZosintha za 7 zilibe mndandanda zovuta, pamene ophunzira adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikuchiza matenda osayenera a kugonana).
Kafukufuku wolembedwa pofika tsiku lofalitsa
Phunziro #1: Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo Ndi Amuna Amodzi Akugonana ndi Zolaula (2012) - Imakambirana kulolerana komanso kudzipereka
Mofananamo, kulekerera kungakhalenso ndi zolaula. Pambuyo pa kuonera zolaula kwa nthawi yaitali, mayankho okondweretsa zolaula amachepetsa; zomwe zimasokonezedwa ndi zolaula zimatha ndipo zimatha kutaya nthawi yaitali (Zillman, 1989). Choncho, zomwe poyamba zinayambitsa yankho lachisangalalo sikuti zimapangitsa kuti azisangalala ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, chimene chinamuukitsa munthu poyamba sichikhoza kuwadzutsa m'kupita kwa nthawi kwa chizoloŵezi chawo. Chifukwa chakuti sakhutira kapena amakhumudwa kale, anthu omwe amaonera zolaula nthawi zambiri amafufuza mitundu yambiri yolaula kuti apeze zotsatira zofanana.
Mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi choonera zolaula chingayambe ndi zithunzi zosaoneka zolaula koma zowonongeka ndipo zingapite patsogolo kumasewera olimbikitsa kugonana. Pamene kukangana kumachepetsa ndi ntchito iliyonse, munthu wosokonezeka akhoza kupita ku mitundu yowonjezereka ya zithunzi zogonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Pamene chiukitsiro chimachepetsanso, chithunzicho chikupitirizabe kuphatikizapo zithunzi zozizwitsa, zokhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zillman (1989) akunena kuti zolaula zowonjezereka zimatha kukonda zolaula zomwe ziri ndi mitundu yocheperako yokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, chiwawa), ndipo ingasinthe malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Ngakhale kuti chitsanzo ichi chimaimira zomwe munthu angayembekezere kuziwona ndi chizoloŵezi choononga zolaula, sikuti onse ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatha kuledzera.
Zizindikiro zolepheretsa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zingaphatikizepo kupsinjika maganizo, kukwiya, nkhawa, kuganiza mozama, komanso kukhumba kwambiri zolaula. Chifukwa cha zizindikirozi, nthawi zambiri zimatha kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa wina aliyense komanso ubwenzi wakewo.
PHUNZIRO # 2 - Zotsatira za Zolaula Gwiritsani ntchito (2017) - Kafukufukuyu adafunsa ngati ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti amakhala ndi nkhawa atalephera kulowa zolaula pa intaneti (chizindikiro chochotsera): 24% adakumana ndi nkhawa. Gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa omwe anali nawo anali atakumana ndi mavuto chifukwa chogonana kwawo. Zolemba:
Cholinga cha phunziro lino ndi kupeza kufanana kwa sayansi ndi kulingalira kwa mtundu wa chakudya cha anthu a ku Spain, nthawi yomwe amagwiritsira ntchito mowa, kusokoneza komwe kumakhudza munthu ndi momwe nkhawa imakhudzidwira ngati sikutheka kupeza kwa izo. Phunziroli liri ndi chitsanzo cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Spain (N = 2.408). Kafukufuku wina wa 8 wapangidwa kudzera pa nsanja ya pa Intaneti yomwe imapereka uphungu komanso uphungu pa zotsatira za zolaula. Pofuna kufalitsa uthenga pakati pa anthu a ku Spain, kufufuza kumeneku kunalimbikitsidwa kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi ma TV.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti munthu mmodzi pa atatu alionse adakumana ndi zotsatira zolakwika m'banja, m'magulu, ku maphunziro kapena kuntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, 33% anathera maola oposa 5 okhudzana ndi kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga mphotho ndipo 24% anali ndi zizindikiro zodetsa nkhaŵa ngati sakanakhoza kulumikizana.
Phunziro #3: Kodi simukugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pogonana pogwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chogonana? - Kafukufuku wamtsogolo (woperekedwa pa Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse Lonse 4 wa Mayendedwe Otsatira fezire 20-22, 2017) womwe unafunsa za kulolera ndi kusiya. Imapezeka mu “zolaula.”
Anna Ševčíková1, Lukas Blinka1 ndi Veronika Soukalová1
University of 1Masaryk, Brno, Czech Republic
Chiyambi ndi zolinga:
Pali kutsutsana koyipa ngati khalidwe loyendetsa kugonana liyenera kumveka ngati mtundu wa chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe (Karila, Wéry, Weistein et al., 2014). Phunziro labwino lapamwambali likuwongolera kulingalira momwe ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti yogonana (OUISP) yosagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwe ntchito ingapangidwe ndi lingaliro la kuledzera pakati pa anthu omwe anali kuchipatala chifukwa cha OUISP.
Njira:
Tinayankha mafunso ozama ndi otsogolera a 21 a zaka za 22-54 (Mage = 34.24 zaka). Pogwiritsa ntchito kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, zizindikiro za kuchipatala za OUISP zidasanthuledwa ndi zizoloŵezi za chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe, zomwe zimaganizira kwambiri za kulekerera ndi zizindikiro zotsalira (Griffiths, 2001).
Results:
Khalidwe lalikulu lomwe linali lovuta linali loletsa zolaula pa Intaneti (OOPU). Kumanga kulekerera kwa OOPU kunadziwonetsera ngati nthawi yowonjezera yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolaula zojambula zolaula komanso pofufuza zowonongeka zatsopano komanso zowonongeka m'magulu osasokonekera. Zizindikiro zolekerera zinadziwonetsera okha pa msinkhu wa maganizo ndipo zinatenga mawonekedwe ofunafuna zinthu zina zogonana. Ophunzira khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu adakwaniritsa zovuta zonse.
Zotsatira:
Phunziroli likuwonetsa phindu lokhazikitsa khalidwe labwino
Phunziro #4: Kukula kwa Zovuta Zolaula Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pulogalamu (PPCS) (2017) - Pepala ili linayesa ndikuyesa mafunsofunso yamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe amapangidwa pambuyo pamafunso omwe amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi ziyeso zakale zam'mbuyomu, izi pazofunsidwa pazinthu 18 zidayesa kulekerera ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso 6 otsatirawa:
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Funso lirilonse linaperekedwa kuyambira limodzi mpaka asanu ndi awiri pa sikelo ya Likert: 1- Sangatero, 2- Kawirikawiri, 3- Nthawi ndi nthawi, 4- Nthawi zina, 5- Nthawi zambiri, 6- Nthawi zambiri, Nthawi Zonse. Mzere womwe uli pansipa udawagawa ochita zolaula m'magulu atatu kutengera kuchuluka kwawo: "Nonprobelmatic," "low low," and "kotsing." Mzere wachikasu suwonetsa mavuto, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "Ochepa" komanso "Ovuta" ogwiritsa zolaula adafotokoza zonse za kulolera komanso kusiya. Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu adafunsiradi za kukwera (kulekerera) ndi kusiya - ndipo onsewa amanenedwa ndi ena ogwiritsa zolaula. Mapeto a kutsutsana.
Phunziro #5: Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kutsimikizirika kwa Bergen-Yale Kugonjetsa Kugonana Kwachidule Ndi Mkulu Waukulu wa Zitsanzo (2018). Pepala ili linayesa ndikuyesa mafunso okhudzana ndi "chiwerewere" chomwe chimayesedwa pambuyo pamafunso okhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Monga momwe alembawo amafotokozera, mafunsofunsidwe am'mbuyomu sanachotse zinthu zazikuluzikulu izi:
Maphunziro ambiri ambuyomu adadalira zitsanzo zazing'ono zachipatala. Phunziroli likupereka njira yatsopano yowunika kugonana - Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) -yizikidwe pazinthu zowonongeka (ie, ulesi / chilakolako, kusintha kwa maganizo, kulekerera, kuchotsa, nkhondo, mavuto, ndi kubwerera / kutayika ya ulamuliro).
Olembawo akufutukula pazigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimayambitsidwa, kuphatikizapo kulekerera ndi kuchotsa.
Bungwe la BYSAS linapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimayesedwa Brown (1993), Griffiths (2005)ndipo Association of Psychiatric Association (2013) kuphatikiza kugona, kusintha masinthidwe, kulolerana, zizindikiro zochotsa, mikangano ndi kubwereranso / kuwonongeka kwa ulamuliro…. Pankhani yakugonana, izi zingakhale: kulimba / kukhumba-Kudandaula ndi kugonana kapena kugonana, kusinthika kwa maganizo-Kugonana kwakukulu kumachititsa kusintha kwa maganizo, kulolerana-Kuchuluka kwa kugonana pa nthawi, achire-zosangalatsa zamaganizo / zakuthupi pamene sanagonane, mikanganoMavuto osiyana-siyana chifukwa cha kugonana, kubwereranso- kubwerera kumbuyo zakale pambuyo pa nthawi ndi kudziletsa / kulamulira, ndi mavuto-Kukhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso umoyo wabwino chifukwa chokhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana.
Zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi "chiwerewere" zomwe zimawonedwa mu nkhanizo zinali kusweka mtima / kukhumba komanso kulolerana, koma mbali zina, kuphatikiza kusiya, zikuwonekeranso pang'ono:
Chisomo / chilakolako ndi kulekerera zinali zovomerezeka mobwerezabwereza mu gulu lapamwamba kuposa zinthu zina, ndipo zinthu izi zinali ndi katundu wolemera kwambiri. Izi zimawoneka zomveka ngati izi zimasonyeza zizindikiro zochepa (mwachitsanzo, funso lokhudza kupsinjika maganizo: anthu amalephera kukwiya kwambiri, ndiye akukonzekera kudzipha). Izi zingawonetsenso kusiyana pakati pa chizoloŵezi ndi kuledzeretsa (kawirikawiri kumawonetsedwa pamasewero a masewera a masewera) -momwe zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso cholimba, chilakolako, kulekerera, ndi kusinthika kwa maganizo zimatsatiridwa kuti ziwonetsere kugwirizana, pamene zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito kugwidwa, kubwereranso ndi kukangana kwambiri kuledzera. Kufotokozeranso kwina kungakhale kuti kulimba, kukhumba, ndi kulekerera kungakhale kofunika kwambiri komanso kolemekezeka mu zizolowezi zamakhalidwe kusiyana ndi kuchotsa ndi kubwerera.
Phunziroli, pamodzi ndi kafukufuku wapitawu wa 2017 yemwe adapanga zomwe zidayambitsa "Zovuta Kuonera Zolaula Kugwiritsa Ntchito, ”Limakana zomwe anthu amakonda kunena kuti okonda zolaula komanso zachiwerewere sizikhala ndi kulekerera kapena kusiya kudziletsa.
Phunziro #6: Zizolowezi zolimbana ndi makanema ndizochitika zambiri zofanana ndi izi: Maonekedwe a maukonde (2018) - Kafukufuku adayesa kuchuluka pakati pa mitundu inayi yaukadaulo waukadaulo: intaneti, foni yamakono, masewera a masewera, cybersex. Tinazindikira kuti aliyense ali ndi chizolowezi chosiyana, komabe zinayi zonse zimakhudzana ndi kusiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex. Zolemba:
Poyesa kuganiza kwa magulu osiyanasiyana komanso kukhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi zoyendetsera zamakinale, wolemba woyamba ndi wotsiriza analumikiza chinthu chilichonse ndi zizindikiro izi: "Kugwiritsa ntchito, kusinthasintha, kusokonezeka, kutaya, ndi zotsatira zamakono zamakono-njira zamakono zoledzera zinafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zochokera kwa Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (5th ed.) Ndi njira yowonongeka: Internet, smartphone, maseŵera, ndi pa Intaneti.
Pakati pa-nthawi zam'mbali nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsa zizindikiro zomwezo kudzera mu zizoloŵezi za intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti achire Zizindikiro zinali zogwirizana ndi achire zizindikiro za zovuta zina zonse (kusewera pamaseŵera, mafilimu osokoneza bongo, ndi kuwononga kwa pa Intaneti) komanso zoipa zotsatira Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti molakwika kunagwirizananso ndi zovuta zotsatira za zina zonse.
Phunziro #7: Kukula, Zitsanzo ndi Zotsatira Zodzikonda Zomwe Zilipo Zomwe Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito ku Polish University Ophunzira: Phunziro Lachigawo (2019). Kafukufukuyu anafotokoza zonse zomwe azinayi amanena kuti palibe: kulekerera / kuzoloŵera, kugwedezeka kwa ntchito, kusowa mitundu yowopsya kuti adziwe chilakolako chogonana, zizindikiro zochotsa chiwerewere pamene akusiya, mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana, zolaula, ndi zina. Zina zochepa zokhudzana ndi kulekerera / chikhalidwe / kukula:
Zowonongeka zomwe zimawonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuphatikizapo: kufunikira kwa kukakamiza kwa nthawi yaitali (12.0%) ndi zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi kugonana (17.6%) kuti zifike poyerekeza, komanso kuchepa kwa kukhutitsidwa kugonana (24.5%) ...
Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira kungagwirizane ndi kuthetsa chilakolako chogonana monga momwe kuwonetsedwera ndi chosowa chokakamiza kwambiri komanso zofuna zowonongeka zowonongeka kuti zikafike poyerekeza ndi zakuthupi, komanso zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana ....
Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochitika nthawi zinalembedwa kuti: Kusintha kwa mtundu wina wazinthu zosiyana (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana (60.9%) ndipo zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoopsa kwambiri (32.0%). Ambiriwa amadziwika kawirikawiri ndi akazi omwe akudziyesa kuti ndi okhudzidwa poyerekezera ndi omwe amawaganizira kuti ndi osafunikira
kafukufukuyu akupeza kuti kufunika kokhala ndi zolaula zowonongeka kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kunenekedwa ndi amuna akudzifotokoza okha kuti ndi achiwawa.
Zowonjezera zizindikiro za kulekerera / kukula: akusowa ma tebulo ambiri ndikuwonetsa zolaula kunja kwa nyumba:
Ambiri mwa ophunzira adavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo (76.5%, n = 3256) ndi mawindo ambiri (51.5%, n = 2190) pofufuza zolaula pa intaneti. Kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunja komwe kunalengezedwa ndi 33.0% (n = 1404).
Zakale kwambiri za ntchito yoyamba zokhudzana ndi mavuto aakulu ndi kuledzeretsa (izi mwachindunji zimasonyeza kulekerera-chizolowezi-kuchuluka):
Zaka zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zolaula zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira zowononga za zolaula kwa achinyamata - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe amawonekera pa zaka 12 kapena pansipa. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza pamtanda sikulola kulolera kafukufuku, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti ubwana wothandizana ndi zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali ....
Kafukufukuyu akuti zizindikiro za kuchotsa, ngakhale osachita zomwezo (chizindikiro chotsimikizika chakusintha kwokhudzana ndi bongo):
Ena mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa omwe adadziwonetsa kuti ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (n = 4260), 51.0% adavomereza kuti ayesetse kuyesera kuyigwiritsa ntchito popanda kuphatikiza pafupipafupi za zoyesayesa izi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. 72.2% ya omwe akuyesera kusiya zolaula amawonetsa zomwe zinachitikira bwino, ndipo kawirikawiri ankawonetsa maloto olakwika (53.5%), osayenerera (26.4%), kusamala chisokonezo (26.0%), ndi kuzindikira kusungulumwa (22.2%) (Table 2).
Kuwongolera kunena kuti zikhalidwe zomwe zakhalapo kale ndizofunikira kwenikweni, osati kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, phunzirolo linapeza kuti makhalidwe a umunthu sanali okhudzana ndi zotsatira:
Kupatula zina, palibe umunthu wa zomwe zidadziwike mu kafukufukuyu, zomwe zidasiyanitsa magawo omwe amaphunziridwa zolaula. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti kupeza ndi kuwonera zolaula kuli nkhani zomwe sizachilendo kutchula malingaliro aliwonse a ogwiritsira ntchito. Komabe, tawonetseratu zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ogulitsa omwe adawonetsa kuti akufunika kuona zolaula zoopsa kwambiri. Monga tawonetsera, kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza zakuthupi kungathe kugwirizanitsa ndi chilakolako chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakufunika kuwona zinthu zowonjezereka kuti zikhale zofanana zogonana.
Phunziro #8: Kusadziletsa kapena Kuvomereza? Mndandanda Wazomwe Amakumana Nazo Amuna Ali Ndi Njira Zowunikira Zoyeserera Zolaula Zoyeserera (2019) - Pepalali limanenanso za milandu isanu ndi umodzi ya amuna omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula pomwe amapanga pulogalamu yolingalira yolingalira (kusinkhasinkha, mitengo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ndi cheke cha sabata). Maphunziro onse adawoneka kuti amapindula ndikamasinkhasinkha. Zoyeneranso ndi mndandandandawu, 3 amafotokoza kukwera kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito (kakhazikiko) ndi chimodzi chofotokozera za kuchoka. (Osati pansipa - ena awiri omwe adanenedwa kuti ali ndi zolaula za ED.)
Kuchotsera pamilandu yomwe ikunena zodzichotsera:
Zowonjezera (22, P_akeh_a):
Perry adadziona kuti sangathe kuyendetsa bwino zolaula komanso kuti kuonera zolaula ndi njira yokhayo yomwe angathe kuthana ndi kudziwongolera zakukhosi, makamaka mkwiyo. Adanenanso zakupsa kwa abwenzi komanso abale ake ngati atapewa zolaula kwakanthawi, zomwe adanenanso kuti ndi nthawi ya masabata a 1 kapena 2.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi 3 milandu yofotokozera kukwera kapena malo:
Preston (34, M_aori)
Preston adadziwika yekha ndi SPPPU chifukwa anali ndi nkhawa ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amakhala ndikuwonera komanso kuyang'ana zolaula. Kwa iye, zolaula zinali zitakulirakulira kuposa zokonda zake ndikufika pamlingo pomwe zolaula ndizofunika kwambiri pamoyo wake. Adanenanso kuti amaonera zolaula kwa maola angapo patsiku, kupanga ndikukhazikitsa miyambo ina yowonera pamadongosolo ake owonera (mwachitsanzo, kukonza chipinda chake, kuyatsa, ndi mpando m'njira yodziwika bwino komanso isanawonedwe, kukonza mbiri ya asakatuli atayang'ana, ndikuyeretsa atatha kuwona momwemo) , ndikuwononga nthawi yambiri kuti asunge anthu omwe ali pa intaneti pagulu lodziwika bwino pa zolaula pa PornHub, tsamba lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lolaula ...
Patrick (40, P_akeh_a)
Patrick adadzipereka kuchita kafukufukuyu pompano chifukwa anali ndi chidwi ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yake yoonera zolaula, komanso momwe anawonera. Patrick pafupipafupi ankawonera zolaula kwa maola angapo nthawi kusiya mwana wake wakhanda osayang'aniridwa muchipinda chochezera ndi / kapena kuonera TV…
Peter (29, P_akeh_a)
Peter anali ndi nkhawa ndi mtundu wa zolaula zomwe amadya. Anakopeka ndi zolaula zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikufanane ndi machitidwe akugwiriridwa. Tadawonetsa zochitika zenizeni komanso zodziwikiratu, zomwe zidamuwonetsa zomwe adakumana nazo powonera. Peter adawona kuti zomwe amakonda muma zolaula ndizosemphana ndi malamulo omwe amakhazikitsako ...
Phunziro #9: Zizindikiro ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex mu okalamba (2019) - Mu Spanish, kupatula okhawo. Avereji ya zaka zapakati pa 65 anali ndi zopezeka 24% yanenedwa Zizindikiro zochotsa pakakhala kulephera kupeza zolaula (nkhawa, kusakwiya, kukhumudwa, ndi zina zambiri). Kuchokera kuzinthu zowoneka:
Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha ntchitoyi chinali pawiri: 1) kuwunika kufalikira kwa achikulire omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotukula kapena kuwonetsa mbiri ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka cybersex ndi 2) kuti apange mbiri yazizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimadziwikiratu m'derali. Ochita nawo 538 (amuna a 77%) azaka zopitilira 60 (M = 65.3) adamaliza mndandanda wazikhalidwe zakugonana pa intaneti. 73.2% adati amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi cholinga chogonana. Mwa iwo, 80.4% adachita izi mosangalala pomwe 20% idawonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pachiwopsezo. Zina mwazizindikiro zazikulu, zomwe zidafala kwambiri ndikulingalira zakusokonezedwa (50% ya omwe akutenga nawo mbali), kugwiritsa ntchito maola 5 pa sabata pa intaneti pazogonana (50%), kuzindikira kuti atha kuchita izi mopitirira muyeso (51%) kapena kupezeka kwa zisonyezo zakusiya (nkhawa, kukwiya, kukhumudwa, ndi zina zambiri) (24%). Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kuwona zochitika zogonana pa intaneti pagulu lachete ndipo nthawi zambiri kunja kwa njira iliyonse yolimbikitsira thanzi logonana pa intaneti.
Phunziro #10: Kuunikira kwa Zithunzi Zamavuto pa intaneti: Kuyerekeza Masikelo Atatu ndi Njira Zosakanikirana (2020) - Kafukufuku waposachedwa waku China akufanizira zolondola za mafunso atatu okonda zolaula. Anafunsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula 3 ndi othandizira, ndikuwunika maphunziro 33. Zotsatira zoyenera:
- 27 mwa anthu 33 omwe atafunsidwa mafunso adatchulapo zizindikiro zosiya.
- 15 mwa 33 omwe atafunsidwa adatchulapo kukwera kwambiri.
Zithunzi za omwe adafunsidwa amafufuza magawo asanu ndi limodzi amafunsidwe azolaula omwe adayesa kulolerana ndi kusiya (PPCS):
Cholondola kwambiri pamafunso atatu anali "PPCS" chomwe chimapangidwa pambuyo pamafunso okhudzana ndi zinthu zosokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi mafunso ena awiri, komanso mayeso osokoneza bongo am'mbuyomu, a PPCS imayesa kulolerana & kuchotsa. Chowonera pofotokoza kufunikira koyesa kulolerana ndi kuchoka:
Katundu wolimbikira kwambiri wama psychometric komanso kutsimikizika kwapamwamba kwa PPCS kungakhale chifukwa chakuti adapangidwa motsatira malingaliro a Griffiths a zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zamaganizidwe (monga, mosiyana ndi PPUS ndi s-IAT-kugonana). PPCS ili ndi zolemba mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo imawunikiranso magawo ena a zinthu zomwe zingawagonjetse [11]. Makamaka, kulolerana ndikuchotsa ndizofunikira kwambiri pazovuta za IPU zomwe sizimayesedwa ndi PPUS ndi s-IAT-sex;
Ofunsidwa akuwona kusiya monga chinthu wamba komanso chofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula:
Ikhozanso kuchepetsedwa kuchokera Chithunzi 1 kuti onse odzipereka komanso othandizira adatsimikiza za kutsutsana, kubwereranso ndipo achire mu IPU (kutsata mafotokozedwe); nthawi yomweyo, adazindikira kusinthika kwa mawonekedwe, kubwereranso ndipo achire monga zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zovuta (kukhazikitsa chofunikira).
Phunziro #11: Zizindikiro za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Zovuta Panjira Ya Mankhwala Kuganizira Ndi Kuthandiza Amuna Omwe Salingalire: Njira Yapa Network (2020) - Kafukufuku amafotokoza zakusiya komanso kulekerera ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. M'malo mwake, kusiya ndi kulolerana ndizofunikira kwambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha intaneti cha amuna 4,253 ( M m'badwo = Zaka 38.33, SD = 12.40) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mawonekedwe a PPU m'magulu osiyana a 2: gulu lothandizira ( n = 509) ndi gulu loti asalandire mankhwala (n = 3,684).
Mawonekedwe apadziko lonse lapansi sanasiyane kwambiri pakati pa chithandizo chomwe anthu amawaganizira ndi magulu omwe sanawaganizire. Magulu awiri azizindikiro adadziwika m'magulu onse awiri, ndi tsango loyamba kuphatikizira malovu, kusintha kwa malingaliro, ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi ndipo tsango lachiwiri kuphatikiza mikangano, kusiya, kuyambiranso, ndi kulolerana. M'mayanjidwe onse a magulu, kuseketsa, kulekerera, kusiya, ndi mikangano zimawoneka ngati zizindikiro zapakati, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi chizindikiro chachikulu kwambiri. Komabe, kusinthika kwa machitidwe kunali ndi malo ofunika kwambiri mu gulu lowerengera chithandizo komanso njira yofalikira mu mgwirizano wamagulu osaganizira.
Phunziro #12: Zoyenera Kuchita Zazithunzi Zolaula Zoyeserera (PPCS-18) pagulu komanso zitsanzo zazing'ono ku China ndi ku Hungary (2020)
M'masamba atatu omwe amachokera, kuchotsera anali njira yayikulu kwambiri, pomwe kulekerera kunalinso njira yayikulu mu netiweki ya anthu wamba. Pothandizira izi, kuchotsera anthu kunadziwika ndi kulosera kwakukulu pamaneti onse (Amuna ammudzi wachi China: 76.8%, Amuna achi China achichepere: 68.8%, ndi amuna am'mudzi achi Hungary: 64.2%).
Kuyerekeza kwa Centrality kunawonetsa kuti zisonyezo zazikuluzikulu zazachidziwitso zinali kuchotsa komanso kulolerana, koma chokhacho chokha chomwe chinali njira yayikulu pamasamba onse am'deralo.
Zogwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu (Gola & Potenza, 2016; Young et al., 2000), zovuta kwambiri zamankhwala amisala komanso zizolowezi zina zogonana zogwirizana ndi zambiri za PPCS. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti kungakhale kulangiza kuganizira zolakalaka, thanzi lam'mutu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza pakuwunika ndi kuzindikira PPU (Brand, Rumpf et al., 2020).
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyerekezera kwapakati pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za PPCS-18 kunawonetsa kuchotsedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamasamu onse atatu. Malinga ndi mphamvu, kuyandikana, komanso pakati paubwino pakati pa otenga nawo mbali, kulekerera kunathandizanso, kukhala kwachiwiri kungochoka. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchotsa ndi kulolerana ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu ochepa. Kulekerera ndikuchoka pamagulu kumayesedwa ngati zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kusuta (Himmelsbach, 1941). Maganizo onga kulolera ndi kuchotsa ayenera kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la kafukufuku wamtsogolo mu PPU (de Alarcón et al., 2019; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Griffiths (2005) adatinso zizindikilo zolekerera ndi kusiya ziyenera kupezeka pamakhalidwe aliwonse omwe angawoneke kuti ndi osokoneza bongo. Zomwe tikuwona zikuthandizira lingaliro loti madera ochotsa ndi kulolerana ndikofunikira kwambiri PPU. Kugwirizana ndi malingaliro a Reid (Reid, 2016), umboni wololera ndi kuchoka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana atha kukhala chinthu chofunikira pakuwonetsa machitidwe azakugonana ngati osokoneza bongo.
Phunziro #13: Matenda Atatu Omwe Amapezeka Povuta Kugonana (PH); Kodi Ndi Njira Ziti Zomwe Zimaneneratu Makhalidwe Ofuna Thandizo? (2020) - Kuchokera pamapeto:
Zotsatira zazikulu za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti "Zoyipa Zoyipa", zomwe zimakhala ndi zisonyezo zisanu ndi chimodzi, zikuwonetseratu zakusowa thandizo kwa PH. Pachifukwa ichi, tikufuna kutchula "Kubwerera" (kukhala wamanjenje komanso wosakhazikika) ndi "Kutaya chisangalalo". Kufunika kwa zizindikirozi posiyanitsa PH ndi zinthu zina kwalingaliridwa [23,28] koma sichinakhazikitsidwepo kafukufuku wamphamvu
Ngakhale zoperewera zomwe zatchulidwazi, tikuganiza kuti kafukufukuyu amathandizira pakupanga kafukufuku wa PH ndikuwunikanso malingaliro atsopano (ovuta) okhudzana ndi chiwerewere pagulu. Timatsindika izi kafukufuku wathu adawonetsa kuti "Kubwezeretsa" ndi "Kutaya chisangalalo", monga gawo la "Zoyipa", zitha kukhala zizindikilo zofunikira za PH (zovuta zogonana). Mbali inayi, "Orgasm frequency", monga gawo la "Chilakolako Chagonana" (kwa akazi) kapena ngati covariate (ya amuna), sanawonetse mphamvu yakusankha kusiyanitsa PH ndi zina. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti pakakhala zovuta zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere, chidwi chikuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa "Kusiya", "Kutaya chisangalalo", ndi zina "Zoyipa" za chiwerewere, osati mochuluka pakuchuluka kwachiwerewere kapena "pagonana kwambiri" [60] chifukwa makamaka ndi "Zoyipa" zomwe zimakhudzana ndikukumana ndi chiwerewere ngati zovuta.
Phunziro #14: Zochitika Pazithunzi "Zobwezeretsanso": Kuwunika Kwenikweni Kwa Magazini Oletsa kudziletsa Pa Msonkhano Wolaula Wapa zolaula (2021) - Pepala labwino kwambiri limasanthula zokumana nazo zoposa 100 ndikuwonetsa zomwe anthu akukumana nawo pamisonkhano. Imatsutsana ndi mabodza ambiri okhudza mayendedwe obwezeretsa (monga zamkhutu kuti onse ndi achipembedzo, kapena okhwimitsa kwambiri zosunga umuna, ndi zina zambiri). Mapepala amafotokoza kulekerera komanso kusiya kwa amuna omwe akufuna kusiya zolaula. Zowonjezera zofunikira:
Vuto lina lodziyesa lokha lokhudzana ndi zolaula limagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kulephera kuwongolera, kutanganidwa, kulakalaka, kugwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yothanirana ndi mavuto, kusiya, kulolerana, nkhawa yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito, ndikupitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale zitakhala zovuta (mwachitsanzo, Bőthe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014).
Kupewa zolaula kunkawoneka kuti kumakhala kovuta makamaka chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwazikhalidwe komanso zachilengedwe, ndikuwonetsa zochitika ngati zosokoneza (mwachitsanzo, zizindikilo zofananira, kusiya, komanso kutaya mphamvu / kubwereranso) pakudziletsa (Brand et al., 2019; Fernandez et al., 2020).
Mamembala ena anena kuti adakumanapo ndi zovuta zomwe zidachitika pakudziletsa. Ena adamasulira izi zoyipa panthawi yakusala ngati gawo limodzi losiya. Zinthu zoyipa kapena zakuthupi zomwe zimamasuliridwa kuti ndizotheka (zotheka) "kusiya" zimaphatikizapo kukhumudwa, kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, nkhawa, "ubongo wa ubongo," kutopa, kupweteka mutu, kusowa tulo, kupumula, kusungulumwa, kukhumudwa, kukwiya, kupsinjika, komanso kuchepa kwa chidwi. Mamembala ena samangonena kuti zomwe zachitika ndikudzichotsa pamalopo koma amangoyambitsa zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa, monga zovuta pamoyo wawo (mwachitsanzo, “Ndimakhala wokwiya msanga masiku atatu apitawa ndipo sindikudziwa ngati zikuyenda kukhumudwa kapena kusiya ”[046, 30s]). Mamembala ena amaganiza kuti chifukwa kale anali kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti athetse nkhawa, izi zimamveka mwamphamvu pakudziletsa (mwachitsanzo, "Gawo lina la ine limadabwa ngati izi ndizolimba kwambiri chifukwa chobwezeretsanso" [032, zaka 28]). Makamaka, omwe ali ndi zaka za 18-29 wazaka zakubadwa anali ndi mwayi wofotokoza zakusavomerezeka pakudziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka, ndipo zaka 40 ndi kupitilira apo sizimatha kunena za "kudzipatula" pakudziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena azaka ziwiri. Mosasamala kanthu komwe kumayambitsa kukhumudwitsidwa kumeneku (mwachitsanzo, kusiya, zovuta m'moyo, kapena kukulitsa malingaliro omwe adalipo kale), zimawoneka ngati zovuta kwa mamembala kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika pakudziletsa osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti adzichiritse. .
Phunziro #15: Matenda Atatu Omwe Amapezeka Povuta Kugonana; Kodi Ndi Njira Ziti Zomwe Zimaneneratu Khalidwe Lofunafuna Thandizo? (2020) - Kulekerera komanso kusiya zizindikilo zinali zokhudzana ndi "vuto lachiwerewere" (kugonana / zolaula), komabe chilakolako chogonana sichinali kwenikweni.
Zomwe zimayambitsa Zotsatira zoyipa ndikuwonetseratu kuti adzafunika thandizo, ndi Zotsatira Zoyipa monga wolosera wofunikira kwambiri kwa amayi ndi abambo. Izi zidaphatikizaponso, mwa zina, zizindikiritso zakutha ndikutaya chisangalalo.
Ngakhale zoperewera zomwe zatchulidwazi, tikuganiza kuti kafukufukuyu amathandizira pakupanga kafukufuku wa PH ndikuwunikanso malingaliro atsopano pamavuto azakugonana pakati pa anthu. Timatsindika kuti kafukufuku wathu adawonetsa kuti "Kubwezeretsa" ndi "Kutaya chisangalalo", monga gawo la "Zotsatira Zoyipa", zitha kukhala zizindikilo zofunikira za PH. Mbali inayi, "Orgasm frequency", monga gawo la "Chilakolako Chagonana" (kwa akazi) kapena ngati covariate (ya amuna), sanawonetse mphamvu yakusankha kusiyanitsa PH ndi zina. Zotsatira izi zikusonyeza kuti pakakhala zovuta zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere, chidwi chiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa "Kuchotsa", "Kutaya chisangalalo", ndi zina "Zoyipa" za chiwerewere, osati kwambiri pafupipafupi kapena pa "kugonana kwambiri."[60] chifukwa makamaka ndi "Zoyipa" zomwe zimakhudzana ndikukumana ndi chiwerewere ngati zovuta. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wapano, tikulimbikitsa kuti muphatikize zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi izi mu chida choyezera cha PH.
Umboni wowonjezera wololerana: Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso ndikuchepetsa chilakolako chogonana kunalumikizidwa ndi kufuna thandizo ku "vuto lachiwerewere" la munthu:
Phunziro #16: Chizoloŵezi Chogonana Paintaneti: Kuwunika Koyenera kwa Zizindikiro za Amuna Ofunafuna Chithandizo (2022) -Kuphunzira koyenera pa 23 ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe ali ndi vuto lofuna chithandizo. Anapeza umboni wa kulolerana ndi kusiya. Kuchokera paphunziro:
"Mu kafukufuku wathu, zokumana nazo zazizindikirozi zinali zofala. The kulolerana kumawonetsedwa ngati nthawi yowonjezereka yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamavuto, kukulitsa kufunitsitsa kukankhira malire a zomwe zingaganizidwe kukhala zotetezeka, makamaka monga kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zonyansa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zolaulazi nthawi zina zimafika pamlingo woyandikira kuzinthu za paraphilic. Komabe, otenga nawo mbali pawokha sanadzione ngati opunduka kapena kuti zinthu za paraphilic (mwachitsanzo, kudzutsa chilakolako chogonana chomwe chimangoyang'ana ena osaloleza) chinali zokonda zawo zakugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zochulukirachulukira muzochitazo nthawi zonse zimapitilizidwa ndi nthawi ya kuchepa kwa mphamvu yazinthu zokopa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa chidwi. Izi zimatchedwa kukhutitsidwa kwakanthawi (39). Ponena za zizindikiro za kusiya, zimawonekera monga kupsinjika maganizo pang'ono-mantha, kukwiya, ndipo, nthawi zina, zizindikiro za thupi chifukwa cha somatization."
"Kawirikawiri, zizindikiro zinaphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwamaganizo, monga mantha ndi kulephera kuyang'ana, ndi kukwiya kwakukulu / kukhumudwa, zomwe zinayamba pamene sakanatha kuonera zolaula, sakanatha kupeza chinthu choyenera chogonana, ndipo analibe chinsinsi chodziseweretsa maliseche."
Phunziro #17: Kusiya ndi kulolerana mokhudzana ndi vuto lokakamiza kugonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta - Kafukufuku wolembetsedwa kutengera chitsanzo choyimira dziko ku Poland (2022)
Kuchotsa komanso kulolerana kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta za CSBD ndi PPU. Mwa mitundu ya 21 yazizindikiro zosiya kufufuzidwa, zizindikiro zomwe zimanenedwa nthawi zambiri zinali malingaliro ogonana pafupipafupi omwe anali ovuta kuyimitsa (kwa omwe ali ndi CSBD: 65.2% ndi PPU: 43.3%), kuchuluka kwa kudzutsidwa (37.9%; 29.2%), zovuta kulamulira mlingo wa chilakolako chogonana (57.6%; 31.0%), kukwiya (37.9%; 25.4%), kusintha kwamaganizo pafupipafupi (33.3%; 22.6%), ndi vuto la kugona (36.4%; 24.5%).
Mawuwo
Zosintha zokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa komanso kudzutsidwa kwachidziwitso komwe kunachitika mu kafukufuku wapano kunali kofanana ndi gulu lazizindikiro zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi vuto la kutchova njuga komanso vuto lamasewera pa intaneti mu DSM-5. Phunziroli limapereka umboni woyambira pamutu womwe sunaphunzire bwino, ndipo zomwe zapezeka zitha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakumvetsetsa etiology ndi gulu la CSBD ndi PPU. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulingalira za kufunikira kwachipatala, zofunikira zowunikira komanso tsatanetsatane wa zizindikiro zosiya ndi kulolerana monga gawo la CSBD ndi PPU, komanso zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe, zimafuna kuyesetsa kowonjezereka.
Phunziro #18 [Kafukufuku wokayikitsa] Zotsatira za Masiku a 7-Masiku Odziletsa Kudziletsa - Zizindikiro Zokhudzana ndi Kusiya mu Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Nthawi Zonse: Phunziro Lolamuliridwa Mwachisawawa
Zotsatira zodziletsa zitha kuwonekera pakakhala kuphatikiza kwa PPU [zovuta zolaula] ndi FPU yapamwamba [kukonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula]
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