Kufufuza kwa "Deta sizimagwirizana ndi kugonana monga mankhwala" (Prause et al., 2017)

Introduction

Nicole Prause akunenanso kuti kalata ina kwa mkonziyo ndi "yotsutsa" kukhalapo kwa chizolowezi chogonana ndi chizolowezi chogonana ("Vuto la khalidwe logonana lokakamiza" mu ICD-11 yomwe ikubwera ). Komabe sizikutero. Nkhaniyi ya mawu 240 ( Prause et al. , 2017) ikunena kuti palibe maphunziro ochirikiza zomwe akunena, kupereka chiganizo chimodzi chokha, chosavuta kutsutsa ngati "umboni" wake wokha wotsutsa chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana.

Kalata iyi yolembedwa ndi Prause mu Lancet , yosainidwa ndi anzawo anayi (Erick Janssen, Janniko Georgiadis, Peter Finn ndi James Pfaus), inali yankho la kalata ina yayifupi: Kodi khalidwe logonana mopitirira muyeso ndi vuto loledzera? ( Potenza et. al., 2017) , lolembedwa ndi Marc Potenza, Mateusz Gola, Valerie Voon, Ariel Kor ndi Shane Kraus. (Zonsezi zalembedwanso pansipa mokwanira.)

Mwa njira, atatu mwa anthu anayi omwe Prause adasaina nawo mu Lancet adapereka mayina awo kwa Salt Lake Tribune Op-Ed yake yoyambirira ya 2016 yomwe idaukira Fight The New Drug ndi malingaliro ake pa zolaula za pa intaneti. Op-Ed ya Salt Lake Tribune ya mawu 600 inali yodzaza ndi mawu osachirikizidwa omwe adapangidwa kuti asokere anthu wamba. Ndipo olemba ake, Prause ndi abwenzi, adalephera kuchirikiza lingaliro limodzi. Op-Ed idatchula mapepala anayi okha - palibe omwe anali ndi chochita ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula, zotsatira za zolaula paubwenzi, kapena mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zolaula. Akatswiri angapo adayankha ndi kuthetseratu Prause Op-Ed: Op-Ed: Ndani kwenikweni akunenetsa sayansi pa zolaula? (2016) . Mosiyana ndi "akatswiri a ubongo" a Op-Ed yoyamba, olemba mayankho adatchula maphunziro mazana angapo ndi ndemanga zingapo za mabuku omwe adathandizira mawu awo.

Dokotala mmodzi yekha mu Lancet yemwe akusowa mu Salt Lake Tribune Op-Ed (Peter Finn) adalemba limodzi nkhani yofalitsa nkhani ya 2014 ndi Prause ndi David Ley (wolemba buku lakuti The Myth of Sex Addiction ), lotchedwa The Emperor Has No Clothes: A Review of the 'Pornography Addiction' Model (2014) . Pepalali silinali ndemanga yeniyeni, ndipo, ngakhale kuti zingakhale zovuta kukhulupirira, palibe chilichonse mu pepala la Ley/Prause/Finn chomwe chili cholondola kapena chothandizidwa ndi mawu omwe ali mu pepalali. Zotsatirazi ndi kusanthula kwakutali kwambiri kwa pepalali komwe kumapita mzere ndi mzere, kutchula ndi kutchula, kuwulula zinthu zambiri zomwe Ley/Prause/Finn adaphatikiza mu "ndemanga" yawo: The Emperor Has No Clothes: A Fractured Fairytale Posing As A Review. Mbali yake yodabwitsa kwambiri ndi yakuti idasiya kafukufuku aliyense yemwe adanenapo za zotsatira zoyipa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kapena adapeza chizolowezi cha zolaula - koma adadzitcha "ndemanga!"

Zosintha (Epulo, 2019): Pofuna kuletsa kutsutsa kwa YBOP, olemba ochepa adapanga gulu (kuphatikiza olemba anayi mwa asanu pa Prause et al., 2017 - Nicole Prause, Erick Janssen, Janniko Georgiadis, Peter Finn) kuti aba chizindikiro cha YBOP ndikupanga tsamba labodza komanso maakaunti a pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti . Onani tsamba ili kuti mudziwe zambiri: Kuphwanya Malamulo Odziwika Bwino Omwe Amachitidwa Ndi Okana Zolaula (www.realyourbrainonporn.com).

Poyang'ana khama la Prause la Lancet , tiyenera kunena kuti palibe m'modzi mwa asanu omwe adasaina mu 2017 omwe adasindikiza kafukufuku wokhudza "zolaula kapena anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana. " Komanso, ena omwe adasaina kalata ya Prause ya Lancet ali ndi mbiri yotsutsa kwambiri lingaliro la zolaula ndi chizolowezi chogonana (motero akuwonetsa tsankho lalikulu). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, aliyense mwa olemba anzake asanu a Potenza et al. 2017 (omwe adalemba kalata yoyamba pankhaniyi mu Lancet) adasindikiza maphunziro angapo okhudzana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana mokakamiza (kuphatikizapo maphunziro ofunikira a ubongo pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana). Funso: nchifukwa chiyani munthu amene sanagwire ntchito ndi bungwe lophunzitsa kwa zaka zingapo, komanso amene amachita zinthu zonyoza komanso kuzunza omwe amati zolaula zingakhale zoledzeretsa, amapatsidwa mwayi chifukwa cha mabodza ake osachirikizidwa? Pazochitika zosayembekezereka, ndemanga 19 za maphunziro okayikitsa a Prause zasindikizidwa m'mabuku owunikidwa ndi anzawo:

Pomaliza, musanyalanyaze mfundo zabodza za Prause et al (pansipa) ndikupita mwachindunji ku sayansi yodziwika bwino pankhaniyi. Nayi mndandanda wa ndemanga 30 za mabuku ofotokoza za ubongo ndi ndemanga pa CSBD ndi akatswiri ena apamwamba a sayansi ya ubongo padziko lonse lapansi. Zonse zimathandizira chitsanzo cha chizolowezi. Kapenanso, onani mndandanda uwu wa kafukufuku aliyense wokhudzana ndi ubongo wofalitsidwa pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana (opitirira zaka 50 mpaka pano) . Amapereka chithandizo champhamvu pa chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chifukwa zomwe apeza zikugwirizana ndi zomwe apeza mu maphunziro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mosiyana ndi zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe Prause et al. amanena ). Pomaliza, taganizirani maphunziro opitilira 60 omwe amafotokoza zomwe zapezeka zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kulekerera), kuzolowera zolaula, komanso zizindikiro zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito. Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi - motero zikuwonetsa zabodza za Prause et al. kuti kulekerera kapena kusiya sikunanenedwe m'mapepala owunikidwa ndi anzawo.

Nazi zilembo zomwe zikupezeka mu Lancet :

Kalata ya Potenza ndi yankho loyankhidwa

Kodi kugonana koopsa kwambiri ndi matenda osokoneza bongo? (Potenza et al., 2017)

Marc N Potenza , Mateusz Gola , Valerie Voon , Ariel Kor , Shane W Kraus

Lofalitsidwa: Seputembala, 2017

Mu Ndemanga yawo mu The Lancet Psychiatry , John B Saunders ndi anzake 1 adafotokoza bwino mkangano womwe ulipo pakali pano wokhudza kuganizira ndi kugawa matenda a kutchova juga ndi masewera ngati matenda osokoneza bongo, omwe adachitika panthawi yopangidwa kwa DSM-5 2 komanso poyembekezera ICD-11. 3 Matenda a khalidwe logonana lokakamiza akuganiziridwa ngati matenda oletsa kukhudzidwa ndi kukhudzidwa kwa ICD-11. 3 Komabe, tikukhulupirira kuti mfundo zomwe Saunders ndi anzake amagwiritsa ntchito 1 zingagwirenso ntchito ku matenda okakamiza kugonana. Matenda a khalidwe lokakamiza kugonana (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matenda oopsa) adaganiziridwa kuti aphatikizidwe mu DSM-5 koma pamapeto pake adachotsedwa, ngakhale kuti adapangidwa ndi miyezo yovomerezeka komanso mayeso oyesera. 2 Kuchotsedwa kumeneku kwalepheretsa zoyesayesa zopewera, kufufuza, ndi chithandizo, ndipo kwasiya asing'anga opanda chidziwitso chovomerezeka cha matenda okakamiza kugonana.

Kafukufuku wokhudza ubongo wa matenda okhudzitsa kugonana kwa anthu apanga zotsatira zokhudzana ndi tsankho la chidwi, mphamvu ya chilimbikitso, ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumasonyeza kufanana kwakukulu ndi zizolowezi. 4 Matenda okhudzitsa kugonana kwa anthu akulimbikitsidwa ngati matenda oletsa chilakolako mu ICD-11, mogwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe akuperekedwa akuti chilakolako, kupitiriza kuchita zinthu mosasamala kanthu za zotsatirapo zoyipa, kuchita zinthu mokakamiza, ndi kuchepa kwa ulamuliro zimayimira zizindikiro zazikulu za matenda oletsa chilakolako. 5 Lingaliro ili likhoza kukhala loyenera pa matenda ena a DSM-IV oletsa chilakolako, makamaka kutchova njuga. Komabe, zinthu izi zakhala zikuonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pa zizolowezi, ndipo pakusintha kuchokera ku DSM-IV kupita ku DSM-5, gulu la Impulse Control Disorders Not Wherewhere Classified linasinthidwa, ndipo kutchova njuga kwa anthu akulimbikitsidwa kunasinthidwa dzina ndikusinthidwanso kukhala matenda osokoneza bongo. 2 Pakadali pano, tsamba lolemba la ICD-11 beta limalemba matenda oletsa chilakolako, ndipo limaphatikizapo matenda oletsa chilakolako chogonana, pyromania, kleptomania, ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. 3

Pali zabwino ndi zoyipa zonse pankhani yogawa matenda osokoneza bongo ngati vuto lolamulira maganizo. Kumbali imodzi, kuphatikizidwa kwa matenda osokoneza bongo mu ICD-11 kungathandize kuti matenda amisala azichitika, kuchiritsidwa, komanso kuphunzira anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli azichitika mosasinthasintha. Kumbali ina, kugawa matenda osokoneza bongo ngati vuto lolamulira maganizo m'malo mwa vuto losokoneza maganizo kungakhudze chithandizo ndi maphunziro mwa kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa chithandizo, maphunziro a chithandizo, komanso kafukufuku. Matenda osokoneza maganizo akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana bwino ndi matenda osokoneza bongo omwe si a mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe aperekedwa pa ICD-11, mogwirizana ndi mawu ochepa okhudza chizolowezi chogonana omwe aperekedwa pakali pano pa vuto losokoneza maganizo pa tsamba lawebusayiti la ICD-11. 3 Timakhulupirira kuti kugawa matenda osokoneza maganizo ngati vuto losokoneza maganizo kumagwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa ndipo kungapindulitse madokotala, ofufuza, ndi anthu omwe akuvutika komanso omwe akukhudzidwa ndi matendawa.

Maumboni :

    1. Kutchova njuga kwambiri ndi masewera: mavuto osokoneza bongo? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4: 433-435 Adasankhidwa
    2. Association of Psychiatric Association. Buku lodziŵitsa komanso lowerengera la matenda a maganizo (DSM-5). Association of Psychiatric Association Publishing, Arlington; 2013. Google Scholar
    3. WHO. Ndondomeko ya beta ya ICD-11. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en (yofikira July 18, 2017).
    4. Kodi khalidwe loyenera la kugonana liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloledwetsa? Chizoloŵezi. 2016; 111: 2097-2106 Adasankhidwa
    5. Kuwonetsa kusokoneza maganizo ndi "zizoloŵezi za khalidwe" mu ICD-11. World Psychiatry. 2014; 13: 125-127 Adasankhidwa

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ndikuzama, + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ndikugwirizana ndi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ndikuti tithandizireni kuti tipeze ndalama zambiri?

Deta sizimagwirizana ndi kugonana monga addictive (Prause et al., 2017)

Nicole Prause , Erick Janssen , Janniko Georgiadis , Peter Finn , James Pfaus

Lofalitsidwa: Disembala, 2017

Marc Potenza ndi anzake 1 adalimbikitsa kugawa "khalidwe logonana mopitirira muyeso" ngati vuto loledzera mu ICD-11. Kugonana kuli ndi zinthu zomwe zimakonda komanso zokhumba zomwe zimafanana ndi machitidwe ena ambiri olimbikitsa. 2 Komabe, maphunziro oyesera sathandizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chizolowezi monga kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito, kuvutika kuwongolera zilakolako, zotsatira zoyipa, vuto la kusowa kwa mphotho, vuto la kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kulekerera, kapena kukulitsa mphamvu zabwino zakumapeto. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chizolowezi cha mitsempha ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuyankha kwa ma neuron a glutamate omwe amalumikizana ndi ma nucleus accumbens. Kusintha kumeneku kungakhudze kukhudzidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa njira ya mesocorticolimbic dopamine, monga momwe zimawonetsedwera ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo chilakolako choyambitsidwa ndi cue ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mokakamiza. 3 Mpaka pano, kafukufuku wokhudza zotsatira za kugonana pa ntchito ya glutamate ndi kusintha kwake njira za dopamine ndi kochepa.

Kugonana ndi mphotho yayikulu, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera akunja. Kuchita nawo zogonana kumalumikizidwa bwino ndi thanzi komanso kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo. Kugonana sikulola kusonkhezeredwa kwapadera. Kafukufuku m'derali sanafufuzebe machitidwe enieni ogonana omwe ali ndi anthu ogwirizana. Ntchito yoyesera yakhala yocheperako pa zizindikiro zogonana, kapena mphotho yachiwiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi. Kafukufuku wochulukirapo akufunika, koma deta yokhudza kugonana kobwerezabwereza kapena kopitirira muyeso sikuthandizira kuti izi ziphatikizidwe ngati chizolowezi. Komanso, deta siyokwanira kusiyanitsa pakati pa zitsanzo zokakamiza ndi zosakakamiza. Pali njira zina zambiri, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zosalimbikitsa bwino. 4 Potenza ndi anzake 5 adanenanso kuti miyezo yoledzera sinakwaniritsidwe pa machitidwe ogonana: tikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loyambirira ili.

Zothandizira:

    1. Kodi kugonana koopsa kwambiri ndi matenda osokoneza bongo? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4: 663-664 Adasankhidwa
    2. Kugonana kwa zosangalatsa: kaphatikizidwe ka ubongo wa anthu ndi nyama. Nat Rev Urol. 2012; 9: 486-498 Adasankhidwa
    3. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga matenda omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33: 166-180 Adasankhidwa
    4. Kugonana kwa amuna okhaokha: kuganizira mozama komanso kulongosola kwa "kudziletsa". Chidutswa Chogonana Behav. 2017; DOI:10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8<
    5. Kodi khalidwe loyenera la kugonana liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloledwetsa? Chizoloŵezi. 2016; 111: 2097-2106 Adasankhidwa

Kusokoneza chiganizo chokhacho chiri ndi chirichonse Prause et al. 2017 ankayenera kupereka

Khama la Prause la Lancet lili ndi chiganizo chimodzi chokha (ndipo palibe mawu ochirikiza) otsutsa ndemanga ya Potenza et al . (Pothandizira Potenza et al ., taganizirani ndemanga/ndemanga 25 izi zomwe zikunena kuti CSBD iyenera kugawidwa m'gulu la "makhalidwe osokoneza bongo" mu ICD-11 yatsopano ya WHO.) Prause et al . akupereka zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimatchedwa " zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chizolowezi " zomwe olemba ake amanena kuti maphunziro sanapezebe mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula kapena kugonana:

PRUSE ET AL : Komabe, maphunziro oyesera sathandizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga kukwera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuvutika kuwongolera zilakolako, zotsatirapo zoyipa, matenda osowa mphotho, matenda odzipatula omwe amaphatikizapo kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kulekerera, kapena kukhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zomwe zingachitike mochedwa.

Zowona:

  1. Zinthu zitatu mwa zisanu ndi ziwiri za Prause sizilandiridwa ngati "zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukonda": Kuperewera kwa mphotho, kukulitsa kuthekera kwakanthawi mochedwa, ndi kusiya. M'malo mwake, komabe, kafukufuku wanena kuti onse omwe amasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe ali ndi vuto lopeza zolaula. Zina zomwe amati ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukonda ("kuthekera kokulirapo mochedwa") zidayesedwa mu Otsutsa kwambiri Nicole Prause EEG. Mapepala asanu ndi awiri owunikiridwa ndi anzawo amavomereza kuti a Prause apeza kuwerengera kotsika kwa EEG (m'munsi Zomwe zingachitike mochedwa) zimatanthawuza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi zolaula za vanila (zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti akhoza kukhala osokoneza bongo). M'malo mwake, kusanthula kwamapepala a Prause kuvomereza kuti adapeza kukhumudwa / chizolowezi mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi (mogwirizana ndi mtundu wa zosokoneza bongo): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
  2. Chifukwa chake, mosiyana ndi zomwe a Prause adanena, asanu ndi mmodzi mwa asanu ndi awiri omwe amatchedwa "zinthu zosokoneza bongo" ndi wapezeka m'maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso / kapena omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana - ndipo wachisanu ndi chiwiri amakhala pokhapokha pazonena zake zokayikitsa (kuti ndi "kiyi") komanso wake kusanthula kutsutsana.

Owerenga ayenera kudzifunsa chifukwa chake Prause et al. angayese kuwasokeretsa.

Tisanapereke chithandizo chovomerezeka cha "zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chizolowezi" zomwe Prause et al . adati sizinalipo, tiyeni tiwone mwachidule zomwe akatswiri odziwa za chizolowezi amakhulupirira kuti ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chizolowezi:

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chizolowezi kwafotokozedwa ndi George F. Koob ndi Nora D. Volkow mu ndemanga yawo yofunika kwambiri: Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction (2016) . Koob ndi Mtsogoleri wa National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), ndipo Volkow ndi mkulu wa National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

Pepalali likufotokoza kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso khalidwe, komanso momwe kumaonekera m'makhalidwe: 1) Kuzindikira , 2) Kuchepetsa chidwi , 3) Ma circuits osagwira ntchito bwino (kusaganizira bwino), 4) Kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo la nkhawa . Kusintha konseku kwa ubongo kwapezeka pakati pa maphunziro ambiri a mitsempha omwe alembedwa patsamba lino :

  1. Zofufuza zapoti kulimbikitsa owonetsa zithunzi zolaula / ogonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
  2. Kuyesedwa kudzera mu maphunziro a ubongo wa cue-reactivity kapena zolakalaka zamphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito.
  3. Zofufuza zapoti deensitization kapena chizoloŵezi cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / oloŵerera kugonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Zikuwonetsa ngati kuchepa kwa mphotho kumvetsetsa (zosakhala zosangalatsa), chizoloŵezi cha zolaula (kumapeto kwa ubongo), kulekerera (kukula kwa mitundu yatsopano).
  4. Zofukufuku zomwe zimanena kuti ntchito yosauka ikuyenda bwino (chinyengo) kapena kusinthidwa ntchito yoyendetsa zolaula m'magwiritsa ntchito zolaula / ogonana ndi anthu ogonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Amawonetsera ngati zofooketsa, zilakolako, kusakhoza kulamulira ntchito, kusaganiza bwino.
  5. Zofufuza zosonyeza a matenda osayenerera owonetsa zithunzi zolaula / ogonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
  6. Imawonekera ngati kupsinjika kakang'ono komwe kumayambitsa kulakalaka ndikubwezeretsanso chifukwa imayendetsa mayendedwe amphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, kusiya chizolowezi chakugonana kumapangitsa kuti ubongo ukhale wopanikizika komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikiritso zambiri zodziwika, monga kuda nkhawa, kuzimiririka komanso kusinthasintha.

Monga momwe tikuonera Prause et al. , 2017, adasankha ndi kufotokoza molakwika zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi kuti apange kalata "yovomerezeka" yolumikizirana nayo pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso yotumizira atolankhani imelo.

Thandizo lamphamvu kwa "zinthu zofunika kwambiri zosokoneza bongo" Prause et al. adanena kuti palibe

M'chigawo chino timapereka chithandizo champhamvu kwa "zinthu zofunika kwambiri zosokoneza bongo" zomwe Pembedzero zabodza sizinachitike.

PRUSE ET AL : Komabe, maphunziro oyesera sathandizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga kukwera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuvutika kuwongolera zilakolako, zotsatirapo zoyipa, matenda osowa mphotho, matenda odzipatula omwe amaphatikizapo kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kulekerera, kapena kukhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zomwe zingachitike mochedwa.

1) "kuchuluka kwa ntchito" ndi "kulolerana"

Prause et al . molakwika amalemba "kulekerera" ndi "kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito" ngati zinthu zosiyana za chizolowezi. Kulekerera, komwe kumafuna kulimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti munthu akwaniritse chilakolako chomwecho kumatchedwanso chizolowezi (kuyankha pang'ono ndi pang'ono ku mankhwala kapena chilimbikitso). Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kulekerera/chizolowezi kumawonekera ngati kufunikira milingo yambiri kuti munthu akwaniritse zomwezo. Uku ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kulekerera/chizolowezi kumabweretsa kutopa ndi mtundu wa zolaula kapena mtundu wamakono: kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu nthawi zambiri kumachitika pofika pamitundu yatsopano kapena yoopsa kwambiri ya zolaula.

Ngakhale pali umboni wochuluka wazachipatala komanso nkhani zodziwika bwino wosonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amalekerera zolaula, kodi pali maphunziro aliwonse? Ndipotu, maphunziro opitilira 50 awonetsa kuti anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri - zonsezi sizikudziwika bwino ndi Prause ndi olemba anzake omwe amamukonda. Apa tikupereka zitsanzo zingapo za kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuleza mtima/kulekerera kuchokera pamndandanda wa maphunziro 50 awa :

Chimodzi mwa maphunziro oyamba kufunsa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwachindunji za kukwera kwa chiwerengero: " Zochita zogonana pa intaneti: Kafukufuku wofufuza za njira zovuta komanso zopanda vuto zogwiritsira ntchito mwa chitsanzo cha amuna" (2016) . Kafukufukuyu akunena za kukwera kwa chiwerengero, popeza 49% ya amuna adanenanso kuti amaonera zolaula zomwe sizinali zosangalatsa kwa iwo kale kapena zomwe kale ankaziona ngati zonyansa. Chidule:

Anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi alionse amatchulidwa nthawi zina pofunafuna kugonana kapena kugwira nawo ntchito za OSA zomwe poyamba sizinali zosangalatsa kwa iwo kapena kuti zimaganizira zonyansa.

“Chitsanzo Cha Kulamulira Kawiri: Udindo Wa Kuletsa Kugonana & Chisangalalo Pakukondana Ndi Khalidwe,” 2007. Indiana University Press, Mkonzi: Erick Janssen, tsamba 197-222. Mu kuyesera kogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za pavidiyo (zamtundu womwe unagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayesero am'mbuyomu), 50% ya anyamatawa sanathe kudzuka kapena kuchita chigololo ndi zolaula (zaka zapakati zinali 29). Ofufuza odabwa adapeza kuti vuto la kugonana kwa amunawa linali,

zokhudzana ndi maonekedwe akuluakulu ndi zochitika zogonana.

Amuna omwe ali ndi vuto la erectile anali atakhala nthawi yochuluka m'zipinda ndi malo osambira omwe zithunzi zolaula zinali "ponseponse," komanso "kusewera mosalekeza." Ofufuzawo anati:

Kukambirana ndi nkhaniyi kunalimbikitsa lingaliro lathu kuti ena mwa iwo anali ndi chidwi chokwanira kufooka kwawoneka kuti zakhala zikuchititsa kuti anthu azikhala ochepa kwambiri pa "vanilla kugonana" komanso kuti chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha zachikhalidwe ndi zosiyana, nthawi zina kuphatikizapo kusowa kwachindunji mitundu ya zokakamiza kuti awutse.

Nanga bwanji kafukufuku wofufuza ubongo? “ Kapangidwe ka mvula ya B ndi Kulumikizana Kogwira Ntchito Kogwirizana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula: Ubongo pa Zolaula” ( Kü hn & Gallinat, 2014). Kafukufuku wa Max Planck Institute wa fMRI adapeza kuti palibe imvi mu dongosolo la mphotho (dorsal striatum) yogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimadyedwa. Inapezanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumagwirizana ndi kuyambitsa kochepa kwa gawo la mphotho pamene akuonera zithunzi zogonana mwachidule. Ofufuza adaganiza kuti zomwe adapeza zikuwonetsa kufooka, komanso mwina kulekerera, komwe ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chilimbikitso chachikulu kuti munthu akwaniritse mulingo womwewo wa chisangalalo. Wolemba wamkulu Simone Kühn adati izi za kafukufuku wake:

Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula nthawi zonse kumachepetsa mphoto. ... Choncho ife tikuganiza kuti maphunziro omwe ali ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula amafunika kulimbikitsanso kuti mulandire mphoto yomweyo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapeza pa kugwirizanitsa ntchito kwa statum kupita kumadera ena a ubongo: kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula kunapezeka kuti kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa kulankhulana pakati pa gawo la mphotho ndi kampani ya prefrontal cortex.

Kafukufuku wina wofufuza ubongo “ Zachilendo, kukhazikika maganizo ndi chidwi chofuna kupeza mphotho zogonana ” (2015). Kafukufuku wa fMRI wa ku Cambridge University akufotokoza za chizolowezi chachikulu cha kugonana mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso. Chidule:

Zoyeserera zolaula pa intaneti ndizochulukirapo ndipo zikukula, ndipo izi zitha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa ntchito kwa anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, amuna athanzi omwe amawona mobwerezabwereza kanema wofananako amapezeka kuti amakonda chizolowezicho ndikupeza chotsitsimutsa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azigonana pang'onopang'ono, osakhudzidwa komanso osakhudzidwa (Koukounas ndi Over, 2000). … Timayesa kuyesera zomwe zimawoneka kuchipatala kuti Khalidwe Lokakamiza Kugonana limadziwika ndi kufunafuna zachilendo, zikhalidwe komanso chizolowezi chogonana mwa amuna.

Kuchokera m'nkhani yotsatirayi:

Kuzolowera komweku kumachitika mwa amuna athanzi omwe amawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza makanema omwewo. Koma akawonera kanema watsopano, chidwi ndi chidwi chimabwerera pamlingo woyambirira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuti apewe chizolowezi, wokonda zachiwerewere ayenera kufunafuna kupezeka kwazithunzi zatsopano. Mwanjira ina, chizolowezi chitha kuyendetsa kusaka kwa zithunzi zatsopano.

"Zomwe tapeza ndizofunikira makamaka pankhani yolaula," akuwonjezera Dr Voon. "Sizikudziwika bwinobwino chomwe chimayambitsa chizolowezi chogonana koyambirira ndipo zikuwoneka kuti anthu ena amakonda kwambiri chizolowezi kuposa ena, koma kupezeka kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere zopezeka pa intaneti kumathandiza kudyetsa chizolowezi chawo, kuzipangitsa kukhala zowonjezereka komanso zovuta kuthawa. ”

Nanga bwanji za kafukufuku wa EEG wa Prause, womwe unapeza chizolowezi? Kusintha kwa Zomwe Zingatheke Posachedwa Pogwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zogonana mu Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mavuto ndi Zowongolera Zosagwirizana ndi "Zolaula Zolaula" ( Prause et al. , 2015) . Poyerekeza ndi zowongolera "anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto olamulira kuonera zolaula" anali ndi mayankho ochepa muubongo akamaonera zithunzi za vanilla porn kwa sekondi imodzi. Wolemba wamkulu akuti zotsatirazi "zikutsutsa chizolowezi cha zolaula." Mwachidule, ndi wasayansi wovomerezeka uti amene anganene kuti kafukufuku wawo wokhawo wolakwika wathetsa gawo lodziwika bwino la kafukufuku?

Zoonadi, zomwe Prause et al. 2015 adapeza zikugwirizana bwino ndi Kühn & Gallina t (2014) , zomwe zidapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo poyankha zithunzi za zolaula za vanila. Zomwe Prause et al . adapeza zikugwirizananso ndi Banca et al. 2015 , zomwe zidanena kuti kuwerenga kochepa kwa EEG kumatanthauza kuti anthu omwe adatenga nawo mbali sankasamala kwambiri zithunzizo kuposa zowongolera. Mwachidule, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri analibe chidwi ndi zithunzi zosasinthika za zolaula za vanila. Anali otopa (ozolowera kapena osowa chidwi). Onani ndemanga yayikulu ya YBOP iyi . Mapepala osachepera 9 omwe adawunikidwa ndi anzawo amavomereza kuti Prause et al. 2015 adapezadi desensitization/habituation mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri (zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chizolowezi): Ndemanga zowunikidwa ndi anzawo za Prause et al ., 2015

Kafukufuku amene anafotokoza za kulekerera ndi kusiya (zinthu ziwiri zomwe Prause's Lancet analemba zabodza kuti palibe kafukufuku amene ananenapo): "Kukula kwa Mavuto Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula (PPCS)" (2017) - Pepalali linapanga ndikuyesa mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe adapangidwa motsatira mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mafunso a mafunso 18 awa adayesa kulekerera ndi kusiya ndi mafunso 6 otsatirawa:

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Funso lirilonse lidalandidwa kuyambira limodzi mpaka asanu ndi awiri pa sikelo ya Likert: 1- Palibe, 2- Kawirikawiri, 3- Nthawi zina, 4- Nthawi zina, 5- Nthawi zambiri, 6- Nthawi zambiri, 7- Nthawi Zonse. Girafu yomwe ili pansipa yaika ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'magulu atatu kutengera kuchuluka kwawo: "Opanda vuto," "Wotsika pang'ono," ndi "Wowopsa." Zotsatira pansipa zikuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ambiri amakhala ndi kulolerana komanso kusiya

Mwachidule, phunziroli linafunsa za kukula (kulekerera) ndi kuchotsa - ndipo zonsezi zimafotokozedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Kafukufuku wamkulu kwambiri ( n = 6463) wa achinyamata amatsutsa kwambiri zomwe Prause et al. amanena - Kufalikira, Mapangidwe ndi Zotsatira Zomwe Zimadziona Zokhudza Zithunzi Zolaula Kugwiritsa Ntchito kwa Ophunzira a Yunivesite ya ku Poland: Kafukufuku Wosiyanasiyana (2019) . Unanenanso chilichonse chomwe Prause akunena kuti palibe: kulekerera/chizolowezi, kukwera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito, kufunikira mitundu yoopsa kwambiri kuti ikondweretse kugonana, zizindikiro zosiya kugonana mukasiya, mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula, chizolowezi cha zolaula, ndi zina zambiri. Zidutswa zingapo zokhudzana ndi kulekerera/chizolowezi/kukula:

Zowonongeka zomwe zimawonetsa kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuphatikizapo: kufunikira kwa kukakamiza kwa nthawi yaitali (12.0%) ndi zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi kugonana (17.6%) kuti zifike poyerekeza, komanso kuchepa kwa kukhutitsidwa kugonana (24.5%) ...

Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira kungagwirizane ndi kuthetsa chilakolako chogonana monga momwe kuwonetsedwera ndi chosowa chokakamiza kwambiri komanso zofuna zowonongeka zowonongeka kuti zikafike poyerekeza ndi zakuthupi, komanso zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana ....

Kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komwe kumachitika panthawi yomwe akuwonetserako kunanenedwa: kusinthana ndi mtundu wamtundu wazinthu zowoneka bwino (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi malingaliro akugonana (60.9%) ndikufunika kugwiritsa ntchito zina zinthu zowopsa (zachiwawa) (32.0%). Izi zimakonda kudziwitsidwa nthawi zambiri zazikazi zomwe zimadziwona ngati zachinyengo poyerekeza ndi iwo omwe amadziona ngati osazindikira

kafukufukuyu akupeza kuti kufunika kokhala ndi zolaula zowonongeka kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kunenekedwa ndi amuna akudzifotokoza okha kuti ndi achiwawa.

Zowonjezera zizindikiro za kulekerera / kukula: akusowa ma tebulo ambiri ndikuwonetsa zolaula kunja kwa nyumba:

Ophunzira ambiri adavomereza kuti adagwiritsa ntchito njira zachinsinsi (76.5%, n = 3256) ndi mawindo angapo (51.5%, n = 2190) akamaonera zolaula pa intaneti. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunja kwa nyumba kunalengezedwa ndi 33.0% ( n = 1404).

Zakale kwambiri za ntchito yoyamba zokhudzana ndi mavuto aakulu ndi kuledzeretsa (izi mwachindunji zimasonyeza kulekerera-chizolowezi-kuchuluka):

Zaka zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zolaula zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira zowononga za zolaula kwa achinyamata - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe amawonekera pa zaka 12 kapena pansipa. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza pamtanda sikulola kulolera kafukufuku, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti ubwana wothandizana ndi zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali ....

Zizolowezi zoledzera zinali zapamwamba, ngakhale kuti zinali "kudzizindikira":

Kugwiritsira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kudzidzimitsa yekha kunayesedwa ndi 10.7% ndi 15.5%, motsatira.

Phunzirolo linanena kuti zizindikiro zowononga, ngakhale kuti sizinali zovuta (chizindikiro chenichenicho cha ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere):

Mwa omwe adafunsidwa omwe adadzinenera kuti ndiogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakalipano (n = 4260), 51.0% adavomereza kuti adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi osagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. 72.2% ya omwe akuyesera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula adawonetsa zomwe zachitika kamodzi, ndipo zomwe zimawonedwa nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo maloto osokonekera (53.5%), kusakwiya (26.4%), kusokoneza chidwi (26.0%), ndi malingaliro kusungulumwa (22.2%) (Table 2).

Ndikhoza kupereka maphunziro ena 45 onena za chizolowezi choonera zolaula nthawi zonse komanso kukwera kwa mitundu yoopsa komanso yachilendo, koma Prause et al. adziwika kale kuti ndi chiyani - nkhani zabodza zomwe zimaoneka ngati kalata yopita kwa mkonzi.

2) "zoyipa"

Popeza maphunziro ambiri agwirizanitsa chizolowezi chogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zotsatirapo zoipa zambiri, buku la Prause la Lancet limati palibe kafukufuku amene wanenapo zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zikuwonetsa kalatayo ngati chinyengo.

Izi zabodza zabodza chifukwa cha mazana a maphunziro omwe amafufuza zoyeserera zakugonana, zambiri zomwe zidagwiritsa ntchito chimodzi mwazinthu zotsatirazi zolaula. Choyambirira cha chizolowezi chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa "chimapitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale zitakhala zovuta." Ichi ndichifukwa chake kutsatira mafunso onse amafunsidwa za zoyipa zokhudzana ndi CSB (maulalo ndi maphunziro a Google scholar):

  1. Zosokoneza Zolaula Gwiritsani Zowonjezera (PPUS),
  2. Kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula (CPC),
  3. Zithunzi zolaula Zogwiritsira Ntchito Inventory (CPUI),
  4. Zotsatira Zoganizira ndi Zomwe Zimayendera (CBOSB),
  5. Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere (SCS),
  6. Mchitidwe Wosagonana ndi Osachita Zogonana (HBI),
  7. Mafilimu Ofuna Kuonera Zolaula (PCQ),
  8. Kugonana kwa Mchitidwe Wopweteka (HBCS)
  9. Kugonana kwa HIV pa Intaneti (IAT-sex)
  10. Zosokoneza Zolaula Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pulogalamu (PPCS)

Ngakhale kupatula nkhani ya chiopsezo cha chizolowezi choledzera, kuchuluka kwa umboni wovomerezeka kumalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zotsatira zoyipa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro opitilira 70 amalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kukhutitsidwa kochepa kwa kugonana ndi ubale . Monga momwe tikudziwira, maphunziro onse okhudza amuna anena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhutitsidwa kochepa kwa kugonana kapena ubale. Zolaula ndi mavuto ogonana? Mndandandawu uli ndi maphunziro 35 ogwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula/chizolowezi cholaula ndi mavuto ogonana komanso kuchepetsa chilakolako chogonana.

Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudza thanzi la maganizo ndi la maganizo? Kafukufuku wopitilira 65 amagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi thanzi la maganizo ndi la maganizo losauka komanso zotsatirapo zoipa zamaganizo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudza zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe? Onani maphunziro a munthu aliyense payekha: maphunziro opitilira 35 amagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi "malingaliro osalingana" kwa akazi ndi malingaliro osankhana amuna kapena akazi . Kapena ganizirani chidule ichi kuchokera ku meta-analysis iyi ya 2016 - Media and Sexualization: State of Empirical Research, 1995–2015 . Chidule:

Mabuku 109 omwe anali ndi maphunziro 135 adawunikidwanso . Zomwe zapezekazi zapereka umboni wokhazikika wakuti kuwonetsedwa m'ma laboratories komanso kuwonetsedwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa zomwe zili mkatizi kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kusakhutira kwa thupi, kudziona ngati wopanda pake, kuthandizira kwambiri zikhulupiriro zachigololo komanso zikhulupiriro zotsutsana ndi kugonana, komanso kulekerera kwambiri nkhanza zogonana kwa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsedwa m'mayesero a zomwe zili mkatizi kumapangitsa akazi ndi amuna kukhala ndi malingaliro ochepa pa luso la akazi, makhalidwe abwino, ndi umunthu.

Nanga bwanji za nkhanza zogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula? Kusanthula kwina: Kusanthula kwa Meta-Kusanthula kwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Zochitika Zenizeni za Nkhanza Zogonana mu Maphunziro a Anthu Onse (2015) . Chidule:

Maphunziro a 22 ochokera ku mayiko osiyanasiyana a 7 adasanthuledwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwawa cha kugonana ku United States ndi padziko lonse, pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komanso m'maphunziro osiyana siyana. Mabungwe anali amphamvu kwambiri pa mawu kuposa kugonana kwachiwerewere, ngakhale onse awiri anali ofunika. Zotsatira zake zimasonyeza kuti zachiwawa zingakhale zovuta kwambiri.

Bwanji za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi achinyamata? Onani mndandanda wa pa maphunziro a achinyamata a 250, kapena ndemanga izi zazinthu: ndemanga # 1, ndemanga2, ndemanga # 3, ndemanga # 4, ndemanga # 5, ndemanga # 6, ndemanga # 7, ndemanga # 8, ndemanga # 9, ndemanga # 10, ndemanga # 11, ndemanga # 12, ndemanga # 13. Kuyambira pamapeto a 2012 kafukufuku wa kafukufuku - Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Achinyamata: Kupenda kafukufuku:

Pamodzi, kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti achinyamata omwe amaonera zolaula akhoza kukhala ndi malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zogonana zosafunikira. Pakati pa zomwe zapezeka, kuchuluka kwa malingaliro ogonana olekerera, kuganizira kwambiri za kugonana, ndi kuyesa koyambirira kwa kugonana kwagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi…. Komabe, zomwe zapezeka nthawi zonse zawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata komwe kukuwonetsa zachiwawa ndi kuchuluka kwa machitidwe ankhanza ogonana. Mabukuwa akuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata ndi malingaliro awo. Atsikana akunena kuti amadziona kuti ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi akazi omwe amawaonera muzithunzi zolaula, pomwe anyamata amaopa kuti sangakhale aukali kapena osatha kuchita ngati amuna omwe ali m'ma TV awa. Achinyamata amanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zolaula kumachepa pamene kudzidalira kwawo ndi chitukuko chawo cha anthu chikuwonjezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, makamaka zomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti, ali ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa mgwirizano wa anthu, kuchuluka kwa mavuto a khalidwe, kuchuluka kwa machitidwe osayenera, kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za kukhumudwa, komanso kuchepa kwa mgwirizano wamaganizo ndi osamalira.

3) "zovuta kuwongolera zokopa"

Kunena kuti palibe kafukufuku yemwe wanena kuti "zovuta kuthana nazo" ndi zabodza monga zomwe zanenedwa kale zokhudzana ndi zoyipa. Mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi zolaula komanso zogonana omwe atchulidwa pansi pa # 2 amawunika ngati anthu ali ndi vuto kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kapena zikhalidwe zawo zogonana. Apanso, "kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale zili ndi zoyipa" ndichizindikiro chazomwe munthu amachita - ndipo amayesedwa ndi mafunso amafunso. Tikupereka zitsanzo zochepa kuchokera pamndandanda wapamwambowu wa zida zolaula.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti (CPUI) –

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Zolaula Zovuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito Scale (PPUS) -

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Kukakamiza Kugonana (SCS) -

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Mndandanda wa Khalidwe la Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) –

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Palibe chifukwa chodzaza gawo lino ndi mafunso a CSB. Mukupeza lingaliro - zomwe Prause et al ananena kuti palibe kafukufuku amene adanenapo za "kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito" ndi zopanda pake komanso chipongwe ku magazini ya Lancet yomwe inafalitsa kalata yawo.

4) "kuchepa kwa mphotho"

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS) si chinthu chomwe anthu ambiri amavomerezana nacho pa nkhani ya chizolowezi. Prause ndi anzake adayika RDS pamndandanda wawo kuti apereke lingaliro lolakwika lakuti ndi chizolowezi chomwe sichinanenedwe. Ngakhale kuti palibe mgwirizano wa akatswiri pankhani ya RDS, yawunikidwa ( zambiri pansipa).

Monga momwe katswiri wina Kenneth Blum adanenera , "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" imafotokozedwa ngati chizindikiro chochepa cha dopamine chomwe chimachitika chifukwa cha majini, mwina chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ma dopamine receptors. Malinga ndi lingaliro la Blum, RDS imadziwonetsa ngati munthu sasangalala kwambiri (anhedonia) kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi dopamine yogwira ntchito bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe ali ndi RDS amatha kulipira dopamine yochepa (chisangalalo chochepa) mwa kudya mopitirira muyeso (zakudya zopanda pake, kugonana ndi juga) ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, motero amakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala oledzera.

Ndikupangira nkhani yosavuta kumva iyi yolembedwa ndi Marc Lewis: When the Thrill is Gone: Reward Deficiency Syndrome . Lewis akufotokoza vuto lalikulu ndi malingaliro awa:

Ngakhale idakopa, pali zovuta zina ndi mtundu wa RDS. Ndingotchula awiri okha. Tikudziwa kuchokera m'maphunziro ambiri kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa kumadzetsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa dopamine receptor, kapena kutsegula kwa dopamine receptor, chifukwa ma receptors omwe amawotchera amatha kapena kutaya mtima tikangowawombera ndi zinthu zosangalatsa.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, RDS nthawi zonse siili majini, chifukwa imatha kuyambitsidwa ndi njira yokhayo yoledzera. Pamene kuledzera kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa dopamine, kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya mphotho, kumatchedwa desensitization . Monga tafotokozera kale, desensitization imabweretsa kulolerana, komwe ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chilimbikitso chachikulu kuti mukwaniritse mkhalidwe womwewo wapamwamba kapena wosangalatsa. Mosiyana ndi zomwe Prause akunena zokhudza RDS, maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi ozikidwa pa neuroscience apereka zomwe zapezeka zomwe zikugwirizana ndi desensitization kapena chizolowezi: 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8. Ngati tiganiziranso maphunziro ambiri a chizolowezi ndi kukwera omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, ena 40 mwina amagwera pansi pa "desensitization" kapena "kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya mphotho. "

Chiphunzitso chofala cha chizolowezi - chitsanzo cholimbikitsa anthu kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso ndi umboni wochirikiza - chinanyalanyazidwa kotheratu ndi Prause et al. Kusintha kwa mitsempha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu kumaonekera ngati "kufuna" kapena chilakolako chowonjezeka pamene kukonda kapena kusangalala kumachepa . Monga momwe Potenza et al adanenera, maphunziro ambiri a CSB afotokoza zomwe zapezeka mogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cholimbikitsa anthu kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso:

Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku wa matenda a kugonana kwa chizolowezi chogonana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana kwachititsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zokhudzana ndi chilakolako chodziwika bwino, zolimbikitsana, komanso ubongo wokhudzana ndi ubongo zomwe zimaphatikizapo zofanana ndi kuledzeretsa.

Zonsezi pamwambazi zitha kuonedwa ngati chothandizira pa kukhudzidwa mtima. Neuroscience yochokera ku CSB imafanana ndi mtundu uwu: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

5) "kutaya matenda ndikusiya"

Zoona zake n'zakuti, zizindikiro zosiya kusuta sizikufunika kuti munthu adziwe ngati ali ndi chizolowezi chosuta. Choyamba, mupeza kuti mawu akuti " kulekerera kapena kusiya kusuta sikofunikira kapena kokwanira kuti munthu adziwe ngati ali ndi chizolowezi chosuta ... " mu DSM-IV-TR ndi DSM-5. Chachiwiri, kafukufuku wobwerezabwereza wa zachiwerewere amanena kuti zizolowezi "zenizeni" zimayambitsa zizindikiro zoopsa zosiya kusuta zomwe zimaika moyo pachiswe molakwika zimagwirizanitsa kudalira thupi ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezicho . Chidule cha ndemanga iyi ya 2015 ya mabuku chimapereka kufotokozera kwaukadaulo ( Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update ):

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa gawoli ndi yakuti kusiya mankhwala sikukhudza zotsatira za thupi kuchokera ku chinthu china. M'malo mwake, chitsanzochi chimayesa kusiya mankhwala kudzera mu zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha njira yomwe ili pamwambapa. Malingaliro olakwika monga nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, dysphoria, ndi kukwiya ndi zizindikiro za kusiya mankhwala mu chitsanzo ichi cha chizolowezi [ 43 , 45 ]. Ofufuza omwe amatsutsa lingaliro la makhalidwe omwe ali osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza kapena kusamvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku, kusokoneza kusiya mankhwala ndi kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi [ 46 , 47 ].

Ponena kuti zizindikiro zosiya kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ziyenera kukhalapo kuti munthu adziwe ngati ali ndi vuto la chizolowezi, Prause et al. amalakwitsa munthu watsopano posokoneza kudalira thupi ndi chizolowezi . Mawu awa si ofanana (Pfaus adapanga cholakwika chomwecho mu nkhani ya 2016 yomwe YBOP idatsutsa: Yankho la YBOP ku " Khulupirirani wasayansi: chizolowezi chogonana ndi nthano " Januwale, 2016 )

Komabe, kafukufuku wa zolaula pa intaneti ndi malipoti ambiri odziwonetsa okha zimasonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ena amakumana ndi vuto la kusiya kugonana ndi/kapena kulolerana - zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala chizindikiro cha kudalira thupi. Ndipotu, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amanena kuti zizindikiro zazikulu zosiya kugonana , zomwe zimakumbutsa za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo: kusowa tulo, nkhawa, kukwiya, kusintha kwa maganizo, mutu, kusakhazikika, kusaganizira bwino, kutopa, kuvutika maganizo, ndi kufooka kwa anthu, komanso kutaya mwadzidzidzi chilakolako cha kugonana chomwe anyamata amachitcha 'flatline' (chomwe chikuwoneka kuti ndi chosiyana ndi kusiya zolaula). Chizindikiro china cha kudalira thupi chomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amanena ndi kulephera kupeza mphamvu kapena kukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Ponena za kafukufuku, anayi okha ndi omwe adafunsa mwachindunji ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula/okonda kugonana za zizindikiro zosiya kugwiritsa ntchito. Zizindikiro zonse zinayi zomwe zanenedwa kuti zasiya kugwiritsa ntchito: 1 , 2 , 3. 4. Maphunziro atatu mwa atatuwa afotokozedwa pansipa.

Choyamba tiyeni tiganizirenso za kafukufuku amene wafotokozedwa mu gawo la kulekerera/kukwera kwa intaneti pamwambapa, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga ndikuyesa mafunso ovuta okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula . Dziwani kuti umboni wokwanira wa "kulekerera" ndi "kusiya" unapezeka mwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa.

Chachiwiri, pepala la 2018 linanena za The Development and Validation of the Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale With a Large National Sample . Linayang'ananso za kusiya ndi kulekerera. Zigawo zodziwika kwambiri za "chizolowezi chogonana" zomwe zimawonedwa mwa anthuwa zinali kulimba mtima/kukhumba ndi kulekerera, koma zigawo zina, kuphatikizapo kusiya, nazonso zinawonekera.

Zatchulidwa pamwambapa - Kufalikira, Makhalidwe ndi Zotsatira Zomwe Mumadziona Zokhudza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula mwa Ophunzira a ku Yunivesite ya ku Poland: Kafukufuku Wosiyanasiyana (2019) . Kafukufukuyu adafotokoza zonse zomwe Prause akunena kuti palibe: kulekerera/kuzolowera, kukwera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito, kufunikira mitundu yoopsa kwambiri kuti ikondweretse kugonana, zizindikiro zosiya kugonana mukasiya, mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zolaula, chizolowezi chogonana, ndi zina zambiri. Zidutswa zingapo zokhudzana ndi kulekerera/kuzolowera/kukwera:

Kafukufukuyu adanenanso za kusiyiratu chizindikiro pakuchoka, ngakhale osakhala osokoneza bongo (chizindikiro chotsimikizika cha kusintha kwakokhudzana ndi bongo):

Mwa omwe adafunsidwa omwe adadzinenera kuti ndiogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakalipano (n = 4260), 51.0% adavomereza kuti adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi osagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. 72.2% ya omwe akuyesera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula adawonetsa zomwe zachitika kamodzi, ndipo zomwe zimawonedwa nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo maloto osokonekera (53.5%), kusakwiya (26.4%), kusokoneza chidwi (26.0%), ndi malingaliro kusungulumwa (22.2%) (Table 2).

Maphunziro ena omwe amafotokoza umboni wa kusiya kapena kulekerera asonkhanitsidwa pano.

6) "kuthekera kokulirapo mochedwa"

Chifukwa chomwe kalata ya Prause ya Lancet inalembera "mphamvu zabwino zochedwa" ndichifukwa chakuti iye ndi gulu lake adapeza mphamvu zabwino zochedwa mu kafukufuku wake wa 2015 - Prause et al., 2015.

Ma EEG amayesa zochitika zamagetsi, kapena mafunde aubongo, pamutu. "Zowonjezera zabwino zomwe zingachitike mochedwa" ndi kuwerengetsa kwa EEG komwe kumayesedwa nthawi yomweyo chithunzicho chikuwonedwa ndi mutuwo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zingapo zamagetsi zomwe zimayesedwa ndi EEG, ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zimasuliridwe.

Chomwe chikuvomerezedwa ndichakuti kuwerengera kochepa kwa EEG mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za Prause kumatanthauza kuti sankasamala kwambiri zithunzi za zolaula za vanila kuposa anthu omwe sankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri. Oyambawo anali otopa. Mosataya mtima, Prause ananena molimba mtima kuti " Kachitidwe aka kakuwoneka kosiyana ndi mitundu ya anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ."

Koma kupeza kwa Prause kwa ubongo wochepa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumagwirizana ndi njira yoledzera: imasonyeza kusakhala ndi chilakolako (chizolowezi) ndi kulolerana, komwe ndikofunikira kuti munthu alimbikitsidwe kwambiri kuti akwaniritse chilakolako. Mapepala asanu ndi anayi omwe adawunikidwa ndi anzawo amavomereza kuti Prause et al. , 2015 adapezadi kusakhala ndi chilakolako (chizindikiro cha chizolowezi):

  1. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kuonjezera (2015)
  2. Kuchepetsa LPP zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu owonetsa zithunzi zolaula zingakhale zofanana ndi zowonongeka. Chirichonse chimadalira pa chitsanzo (Commentary on Prause et al., 2015)
  3. Nthenda ya Neurobiology ya Kugonana Kwachinyengo: Sayansi Yoyambira (2016)
  4. Kodi khalidwe loyenera la kugonana liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloledwetsa? (2016)
  5. Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimayambitsa Mavuto Ogonana? Kubwereza ndi Zipatala zapadera (2016)
  6. Njira Zozindikira ndi Zopanda Kumvetsetsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito? (2017)
  7. Njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mwachisawawa (2018)
  8. Kugonjetsa Kwachinyamata pa Intaneti: Zimene Timadziwa ndi Zimene Sitikuzidziwa-Kusanthula Kwambiri (2019)
  9. Kuyambika ndi Kukula kwa Kugonana kwa Pulogalamu ya Kugonana kwa Edzi: Kugonjera Kwaumunthu, Kukhazikitsa Magetsi ndi Neural Mechanism (2019)

Ngakhale Pemphero linali lolondola kuti anthu ake anali Zochepa "Cue-reactivity" m'malo mozoloŵera, iye amanyalanyaza mosamalitsa chithunzi cha "chinyengo": Zofufuza zina za 26 zakhala zikudziwika kuti zowoneka bwino kapena zolakalaka (zolimbikitsa mphamvu) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Kugwirizana kwa sayansi sikudalira zomwe wina akunena zokhudza kafukufuku wosiyana ndi wina aliyense wolepheretsedwa ndi zolakwika zazikulu za njira; kugwirizana kwa sayansi kumadalira kuchuluka kwa umboni (pokhapokha ngati mukutsatira ndondomeko ).

Kuyankha kwa Prause et al., 2017 "kufalitsa kwa glutamate" hering'i yofiira

PRUSE ET AL: Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti munthu asamavutike ndi chizolowezi cha glutamate neurons ndi kuchuluka kwa ma neuron omwe amalumikizana ndi ma nucleus accumbens. Kusintha kumeneku kungakhudze kukhudzidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa njira ya mesocorticolimbic dopamine, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo chilakolako choyambitsidwa ndi cue ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mokakamiza. 3 Mpaka pano, kafukufuku wokhudza zotsatira za kugonana pa ntchito ya glutamate ndi kusintha kwake njira za dopamine ndi wosowa.

N’chifukwa chiyani izi zinaphatikizidwa mu kalata ya Prause? Zaka makumi ambiri za kafukufuku wa nyama zapanga chiphunzitso chofala cha chizolowezi: chitsanzo cha chizolowezi cholimbikitsa anthu kuti azichita zinthu mopitirira muyeso . Kusintha kwa ubongo pakati pa chiphunzitsochi kuli monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa - kuzindikira kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mesocorticolimbic dopamine kudzera mu glutamate neurons. Zimenezo ndi zongopeka, koma YBOP inalemba nkhani yosavuta yokhudza izi mu 2011 (ndi zithunzi zingapo): N’chifukwa Chiyani Ndimaona Zolaula Kukhala Zosangalatsa Kwambiri Kuposa Mnzanga? (2011).

Mwachidule, malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi zokumbukira kuchokera ku ubongo wonse zimatumizidwa ku dongosolo la mphotho ya ubongo kudzera mu njira zotulutsa glutamate. Ndi chizolowezi, njira izi za glutamate zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri, kapena zimakhudzidwa. Njira izi zitha kuganiziridwa ngati Pavlovian conditioning pa turbos. Zikayambitsidwa ndi malingaliro kapena zoyambitsa , njirazi zimaphulika dera la mphotho, ndikuyambitsa zilakolako zovuta kunyalanyaza.

Koma nayi mgwirizano. Pali kale maphunziro a 24 okhudzana ndi ma neuroscience omwe amafotokoza momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito komanso zolakalaka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitsitsimutsa anthu a CSB komanso ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.

Sitifunikira "maphunziro a glutamate", omwe achitika posachedwa m'maphunziro aanthu, ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso ovuta kutanthauzira.

Kuyankha Prause et al., 2017 "kukondoweza kopitilira muyeso" red hering'i

PRUSE ET AL: Kugonana ndi mphotho yayikulu, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Kuchita nawo zogonana kumayenderana bwino ndi thanzi komanso kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo. Kugonana sikulola kulimbikitsidwa kwapadera.

Pembedzero limatipatsa ife zitsamba ziwiri zofiira zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zokambirana zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la chiwerewere.

Red herring #1: " Kugonana kumagwirizana bwino ndi thanzi komanso kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo ".

Ngakhale kuti kugonana nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zabwino za thanzi, izi sizikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, chizolowezi chogonana, chizolowezi chogonana, kapena kuchita zinthu zina zogonana (mawu oti "kugonana" ndi osamveka bwino, si asayansi, ndipo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhani yokhudza zonse mu magazini ya maphunziro).

Choyamba, zambiri mwa zomwe zimatchedwa ubwino wa thanzi zomwe zimanenedwa kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufika pachimake, kudziseweretsa maliseche kapena "kugonana" kwenikweni zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzana kwambiri ndi munthu wina, osati kwenikweni ndi kufika pachimake, komanso osati ndi kudziseweretsa maliseche . Makamaka, kugwirizana komwe kumanenedwa pakati pa zizindikiro zingapo za thanzi ndi kugonana mwina ndi mgwirizano wokha womwe umachokera ku anthu athanzi omwe mwachibadwa amachita zogonana kwambiri komanso kudziseweretsa maliseche. Sizimayambitsa.

Makamaka, ndemanga iyi ya mabuku ( The Relative Health Benefits of Different Sexual Activities, 2010) inapeza kuti kugonana kunali kogwirizana ndi zotsatira zabwino, pomwe kudziseweretsa maliseche sikunali kogwirizana ndi zotsatirapo zabwino. Nthawi zina kudziseweretsa maliseche kunali kogwirizana ndi ubwino wa thanzi - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kudziseweretsa maliseche kwambiri kunali kogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zofooka za thanzi. Mapeto a ndemangayi:

"Mogwirizana ndi njira zambiri, zitsanzo, ndi zochitika, zomwe zimafukufuku zikugwirizana kwambiri powonetsa kuti kugonana komweku (Penile-Vaginal kugonana ndi yankho labwino) kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi, ndipo nthawi zina, zimayambitsa njira zogwirizana ndi ntchito yabwino ya maganizo ndi thupi. "

"Njira zina zogonana (kuphatikizapo pamene Penile-Vaginal Sex isokonezeka, monga momwe zilili ndi kondomu kapena kusokonezeka kutali ndi penile-kumverera kwazimayi) sizimasokonezedwa, kapena nthawi zina (monga kugonana ndi kugonana ndi kugonana) zimagwirizanitsa ndi ntchito yabwino yokhudza maganizo ndi thupi . "

"Mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, maphunziro a kugonana, mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, komanso kufufuza za kugonana ayenera kufotokozera zambiri zokhudza ubwino wa thanzi la Penile-Vaginal, komanso kumawunika kwambiri momwe angayankhire."

Chachiwiri, Prause akunena kuti chizolowezi chogonana sichingakhalepo chifukwa "kugonana" kungakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino. Izi zikufanana ndi kunena kuti kudya zakudya zopanda thanzi sikubweretsa mavuto chifukwa kudya chakudya kumaletsa kusowa zakudya m'thupi komanso imfa. Zotsatira za thanzi zomwe zalembedwa chifukwa chodya kwambiri zakudya zamafuta/shuga zambiri masiku ano zimanena zosiyana. Monga momwe zilili ndi mfundo yakuti 39% ya akuluakulu aku America ndi onenepa kwambiri ndipo 75% kapena kuposerapo ndi onenepa kwambiri . Kuphatikiza apo, mazana a maphunziro a anthu ndi nyama amathandizira mfundo yakuti kudya kwambiri zakudya zopanda thanzi kungasinthe ubongo m'njira zofanana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Red herring #2: “ Kugonana sikulola kuti munthu azichita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi . ”

Anthu ochepa okha ndi omwe angadziwe kuti Prause et al . akuyesera kunyoza lingaliro la zolaula za pa intaneti ngati chinthu cholimbikitsa kwambiri. Popeza olemba anzawo akugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mawu oti "kulimbikitsa kwa supraphysiological," n'zoonekeratu kuti sakudziwa zomwe Nikolaas Tinbergen, yemwe adalandira mphoto ya Nobel , ankatanthauza pamene adapanga mawu oti ' kulimbikitsa kwa supernormal' (kapena supranormal).

Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa ma neurotransmitters, monga dopamine kapena opioid amkati, safunikira kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kosalekeza kupangitsa kusintha kwa ubongo wokhudzana ndi zosokoneza. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo awiri (kutanthauza omwe amakakamiza ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri) - nicotine ndi opiates - amachulukitsa mphotho dopamine ndi 200%. Mulingo wofanana wa dopamine womwe umawoneka mukadzutsa chilakolako chogonana (zogonana komanso zotulutsa mawu zimatulutsa dopamine komanso ma opioid amtundu wopezeka mwachilengedwe).

Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osokoneza bongo amachititsa maselo amitsempha omwewo . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pali gawo laling'ono chabe la kuyanjana kwa mitsempha ndi maselo amitsempha pakati pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mphotho zina zachilengedwe monga chakudya kapena madzi. Mfundo yakuti meth , cocaine, ndi heroin zimayambitsa maselo amitsempha omwewo omwe amachititsa kuti chilakolako chogonana chikhale chokopa kwambiri imathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake amatha kukhala osokoneza bongo kwambiri.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti "kulimbikitsa thupi" sikofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi chizolowezi choledzera. Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zizolowezi za khalidwe ( chizolowezi cha chakudya , kutchova juga , masewera apakanema , chizolowezi cha pa intaneti ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula ) ndi zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimagawana njira zambiri zofanana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi chemistry.

Pomaliza tili ndi mfundo yodziwikiratu: DSM5 ndi ICD-11 zonse zimazindikira zizolowezi zamakhalidwe. DSM5 (2013) ili ndi matenda a chizolowezi cha kutchova juga, pomwe ICD-11 yatsopano (2018) ili ndi matenda a chizolowezi cha kutchova juga komanso chizolowezi cha masewera apakanema, ndipo ili ndi matenda oyenera chizolowezi cha zolaula kapena chizolowezi chogonana: "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder ."

Chachiwiri, olemba Prause ndi ena sadziwa tanthauzo la supernormal stimulus (molakwika akuitcha kuti "supraphysiological stimulation"). Kuti mumvetse bwino, ndikupangira nkhaniyi yochepa yolembedwa ndi pulofesa wa ku Harvard , kapena kufotokozera kodziwika bwino kwa Stuart McMillen . Mwina Prause ndi kampani angatsegule buku, monga Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose lolembedwa ndi Deirdre Barrett . Chidule cha bukuli mu 2010:

Tsopano tili ndi mwayi wokhala ndimayesero okulirapo kuposa moyo, kuyambira maswiti mpaka zolaula mpaka bomba la atomiki, lomwe limapangitsa chidwi chazinthu zanthawi yayitali koma zolimbikira zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zowopsa. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, Niko Tinbergen, yemwe analandila mphotho ya Nobel ku Dutch anapeza kuti mbalame zomwe zimayikira mazira ang'onoang'ono, obiriwira abuluu amamangirira ndi imvi zimakonda kukhala pachimake, chowala bwino cha buluu chamadontho akuda. Gulugufe wamphongo wamphongo wosamba ndi siliva adakopeka kwambiri ndi silinda yoyenda ngati gulugufe wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa kuposa momwe imakhalira ndi mkazi wamoyo weniweni wamtundu wake. Amayi mbalame amakonda kuyesa kudyetsa kamwana kakang'ono kamene kamakhala pamtengo ndi ophunzira a Tinbergen ngati mkamwawo unali wokulirapo komanso wofiyira kuposa wankhuku weniweni. Nsomba yamphongo yamphongo imanyalanyaza yamphongo yeniyeni kuti imenyane ndi dummy ngati pansi pake inali yofiira kwambiri kuposa nsomba zachilengedwe zilizonse. Tinbergen adapanga mawu oti "zopitilira muyeso" pofotokoza izi, zomwe zimakopa zikhalidwe zakale ndipo, modabwitsa, zimakopa kwambiri kuposa zinthu zenizeni. Nyama zimakumana ndi zoyipa zazikulu makamaka pamene oyesera amazipanga. Anthufe titha kupanga zathu: zakumwa zotsekemera kwambiri, ma batala aku France, nyama zokhala ndi maso akulu, ma diatribi onena za adani owopsa.

Cholimbikitsa chachilendo sichimatanthauzidwa ngati yankho lapamwamba kwambiri la thupi . M'malo mwake, chimachokera pa kufananiza pakati pa zomwe nyama idasintha kuti ikhale yokopa ndi mtundu wokokomeza (mwina wopangidwa) wa cholimbikitsa chomwecho chokopa. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zazikazi, zinkavutika kukhala pa moyo wa Tinbergen, zinkawona bwino mazira a pulasitala pomwe mazira awo otuwa, okhala ndi madontho anafa osasamalidwa.

Zolaula za pa intaneti zimaonedwa ngati chinthu cholimbikitsa kwambiri chifukwa zimapereka zinthu zatsopano zogonana. Ndi zolaula za pa intaneti, sizinthu zachilendo zogonana zokha zomwe zimasangalatsa dongosolo lathu la mphotho. Dongosolo la mphotho limalimbikitsanso malingaliro ndi zinthu zina , zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonekera kwambiri kwa owonera:

Mawu ndi zithunzi zolaula zakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Momwemonso kuchulukira kwa mitsempha kuchokera kwa okwatirana atsopano . Komabe, zachilendo za Playboy zomwe zimachitika kamodzi pamwezi zimatha mukangotsegula masamba. Kodi wina anganene kuti Playboy kapena makanema osavuta "odabwitsa" kapena "opanga nkhawa?" Kodi izi zingaphwanye ziyembekezo za mnyamata wodziwa bwino makompyuta wazaka zoposa 12? Palibe chomwe chingafanane ndi "kufufuza ndi kufunafuna" kwa munthu wofufuza zolaula pa Google wokhala ndi ma tabo angapo. Chomwe chimapangitsa zolaula pa intaneti kukhala zapadera ndichakuti mutha kusunga dopamine yanu (ndi chilakolako chogonana) mwa kudina mbewa kapena kudina pazenera.

Zambiri mwa zochitika zomwezi (nkhawa, manyazi, kudabwa, kudabwa) sizimangokweza dopamine yokha , komanso chilichonse chimathanso kuwonjezera mahomoni opsinjika ndi ma neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol). Mankhwala a neurochemical awa amawonjezera chisangalalo pamene akuwonjezera mphamvu za dopamine zomwe zili kale. Makhalidwe ena omwe amasiyanitsa zolaula pa intaneti ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuzilamulira:

  1. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti zolaula zolaula ndizo zovuta zambiri kuposa zolaula zolimbitsa thupi.
  2. Kuwonjezera kukwatira kugonana (ndikupangitsa kuchepa kwa dopamine) munthu akhoza kusintha masewerawo panthawi yomwe amachitira zokondweretsa. Simungathe kuchita zimenezi musanafike 2006 ndi kufika kwake malo osungira chubu.
  3. Mosiyana ndi zithunzi za anthu amaliseche, mavidiyo amalowetsa malingaliro anu, ndipo akhoza kukupangani zolaula, khalidwe, kapena trajectory (makamaka kwa achinyamata).
  4. Zithunzi zimasungidwa mu ubongo wanu, zomwe zimakulolani kukumbukira nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukufuna "kugunda."
  5. Mosiyana ndi zakudya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zilibe malire, palibe zolepheretsa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Njira za ubongo zowonongeka sizimasinthidwa, pokhapokha munthu atatsiriza. Ngakhale apo, wogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kudodometsa ku chinthu china chokondweretsa kuti adzaukitsidwe kachiwiri.
  6. Ndi zakudya ndi mankhwala omwe amatha kuwonjezeka (chizindikiro cha chizolowezi choledzeretsa) pakudya zambiri. Ndi zolaula za pa intaneti zingathe kuwonjezereka zonse ndi "zibwenzi" ndi pakuwona mitundu yatsopano komanso yachilendo. Ndizofala kwambiri kwa wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kusuntha ku zolaula zoopsa kwambiri. Wogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kupitanso patsogolo poonera mavidiyo ojambula kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za VR.

Chakudya chokoma kwambiri (shuga / mafuta / mchere), masewero a pakompyuta, ndi zolaula zimawonetseratu kuti ndizovuta kwambiri. Pano pali mapepala owerengedwera a anzanu omwe akufufuza ma intaneti (zolaula, masewera a pakompyuta, Facebook) monga zovuta zoposa:

1) Sayansi ya Zachiwerewere pa Zolaula za pa Intaneti: Kubwereza ndi Kusintha (2015) - Chidule:

Zochita zina pa intaneti, chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zopereka chilimbikitso chosatha (ndi kuyambitsa dongosolo la mphotho), zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zinthu zolimbikitsa kwambiri [ 24 ], zomwe zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ubongo wawo ukuwonetsa kusintha kokhudzana ndi chizolowezi amagwidwa ndi kufunafuna kwawo matenda. Wasayansi wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Nikolaas Tinbergen [ 25 ] adapereka lingaliro la "zinthu zolimbikitsa kwambiri," chochitika chomwe zinthu zolimbikitsa zimatha kupangidwa zomwe zingawononge mayankho a majini omwe adapangidwa mwachisinthiko. Pofuna kuwonetsa izi, Tinbergen adapanga mazira a mbalame zopanga omwe anali akuluakulu komanso okongola kuposa mazira enieni a mbalame. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, mbalame za mayiyo zidasankha kukhala pa mazira opanga amphamvu kwambiri ndikusiya mazira awoawo omwe adayikidwa mwachilengedwe. Mofananamo, Tinbergen adapanga agulugufe opanga okhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu komanso okongola kwambiri, ndipo agulugufe aamuna anayesa mobwerezabwereza kuyanjana ndi agulugufe opanga awa m'malo mwa agulugufe achikazi enieni. Katswiri wa zamaganizo wa kusintha kwa zinthu Dierdre Barrett adatenga lingaliro ili m'buku lake laposachedwa Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose [ 26 ]. "Zinyama zimakumana ndi zinthu zolimbikitsa kwambiri makamaka pamene oyesera amazipanga. Ife anthu tikhoza kupanga zathu." [ 4 ] (tsamba 4). Zitsanzo za Barrett zimayambira pa maswiti mpaka zolaula ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi zokhala ndi mchere wambiri kapena zotsekemera kwambiri mpaka kusewera masewera apakanema osangalatsa kwambiri. Mwachidule, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti nthawi zonse kumakhala kolimbikitsa kwambiri. Kumakopa njira yathu yachilengedwe yopezera mphotho, koma mwina kumayiyambitsa pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa momwe makolo athu ankachitira nthawi zambiri pamene ubongo wathu unkasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosokoneza [ 27 ].

2) Kuyesa Zokonda Zachilendo Kuposa Mphotho Zachilengedwe: Muyeso Wosangalatsa Woyembekezera Magawo Awiri (2015) - Chidule:

Zozizwitsa (SN) zizindikiro ndizomwe zimayambitsa njira zopindulitsa ndikuyendetsa khalidwe kusiyana ndi zochitika zomwe mwachibadwa zimakonzedwa. Zamakono zamagetsi zamakono (monga zakudya zopangira zakudya zoledzera, mowa, ndi zolaula) zikuwoneka kuti zikuphatikizapo zinthu za SN, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mowa kwambiri, m'malo mwazolowera. Palibe chiwerengero chomwe chilipo podzipangitsa kuti awonetsere kusiyana kwake kapena kusintha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zovutazo. Choncho, kuyembekezera zosangalatsa zakusintha kunasinthidwa kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimayimira onse SN ndi masoka (N) makalasi opindulitsa. Kusanthula chinthu choyendetsa chinthu chinachititsa njira ziwiri, ndipo monga momwe zinanenedweratu, N ndi SN zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala. Kukhulupirika kwa mkati kwa miyeso iwiri inali yaikulu, ρ = .93 ndi ρ = ​​.90, motsatira. Miyeso iwiriyo inayesedwa kupyolera mu kugwiritsa ntchito njira za N ndi SN njira zowonetsera komanso kudziwonetsera zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku zogulitsa 21 ndi SN zomwe zimakhala zotsatira. Malingana ndi kuyembekezera, zisangalalo za SN zokhudzana ndi zosangalatsa zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zakudya zapamwamba za SN, pomwe N zosangalatsa za N zosangalatsa zili ndi magulu oipa kapena osalowerera nawo. Timatsimikiza kuti chiwerengero cha miyendo iŵiri ndi chidziwitso chodziŵika chodziwika chokha chosiyana ndi zomwe SN amachita. Ngakhale kupitilira kwina kuli kofunika (mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyesera), chiwerengerochi chikhoza kuthandizira powerenga njira ziwiri- ndi kusintha kwa boma komwe anthu angakumane nawo kuchitsimikizo cha SN.

Zakudya zothandizidwa, zinthu zakuthupi, zinthu zina zamagulitsidwe, ndi mafilimu osiyanasiyana a masewera ndi masewera a masewera amadziwika mosavuta, akuwonetsa mavuto ambiri azaumoyo a anthu (Roberts, van Vught, & Dunbar, 2012). Kusinthika kwa maganizo kumapereka chitsimikizo chokhudzidwa cha kumwa mopitirira muyeso. Nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu, zimakonda kufikako (mwachitsanzo, kuyanjana, kupeza, ndi kuzidya) zomwe zimapereka mphoto yapamwamba pazochita zawo, potero zimagwiritsa ntchito bwino (Chakravarthy & Booth, 2004; Kacelnik & Bateson, 1996). Mphoto ya uphungu ya zamoyo ndi njira zowonjezera kuti zikhazikitse khalidwe lokhazikika mwa kulimbitsa zolimbikitsa zomwe zimatumiza zizindikiro zolimbikitsa thupi, monga kupereka zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Tinbergen (1948) anagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti "Chotupa Chosayembekezereka" pozindikira kuti zinyama zimakonda kusonyeza mayankho owonjezereka ku zowonjezera zachilengedwe. "Kusankhidwa"Staddon, 1975; Ward, 2013) sizowonongeka m'zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zowonjezereka zikhale zochepa-koma zimakhala zovuta ngati pali njira zowonongeka komanso zowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, mbuzi yong'onong'ono yomwe imangoyambidwa, imakonda kumangirira pa ndodo yofiira yofiira yokongoletsedwa yomwe imakhala ndi magulu oyera pamutu wake, osati mimba yofiira yomwe imakhala yofiira.Tinbergen & Perdeck, 1951). Pogwiritsa ntchito zosankhidwa zamagulu, zotsatira zake ndi khalidwe lokhazikika la "kupeza zonse zomwe mungathe": njira yowonongeka m'madera omwe zachilengedwe zimakhala zosowa kapena zosadalirika. M'machitidwe a anthu amakono, zowonjezera zambiri zowonjezera zowonjezereka ziripo mwa mawonekedwe a zopangira zopangira zomwe zapangidwa kapena zoyengedwa kukhala zopanda mphamvu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amachititsa kuti pakhale mphotho yapamwamba yopindulitsa.Barrett, 2010). Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zakuthupi (Nesse & Berridge, 1997), katundu wogulitsa zakudya zamalonda (Barrett, 2007), zotchova njuga (Rockloff, 2014), mawonesi a kanema (Barrett, 2010; Derrick, Gabriel, & Hugenberg, 2009), malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi intaneti (Rocci, 2013; Ward, 2013), ndi malonda osiyanasiyana, monga magalimoto okwera mtengo (Erk, Spitzer, Wunderlich, Galley, & Walter, 2002), nsapato zapamwamba (heeled shoes)Morris, White, Morrison, & Fisher, 2013), zodzoladzola (Etcoff, Stock, Haley, Vickery, & House, 2011), ndi zidole za ana (Morris, Reddy, & Bunting, 1995) zonse zakhala zikukambidwa ngati njira zamakono zamakono zamakono. Zina mwazizindikirozi, zokhudzana ndi ubongo zasonyeza kuti zimakonda kuyambitsa njira za dopamine mwamphamvu, kulanda mphotho ya mphoto yomwe imapangidwira mphotho zachilengedwe, motero imalimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso nthawi zina,Barrett, 2010; Blumenthal & Golide, 2010; Wang et al., 2001).

Kumagawo osiyanasiyana, zinthu zosayembekezereka zimakhala zosapindulitsa thanzi. Kupezeka mosavuta kwa zakudya zopatsa mphamvu ndi zokhwasula-khwasula zokhala ndi ma calorie ambiri, poizoni wa mowa ndi zinthu zina, kuchita zinthu zosakhazikika zomwe zimachitika poonera wailesi yakanema, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamagetsi ndi masewera, komanso kuwononga ndalama zogulitsira kapena kutchova juga, zonsezi zimathandiza kupereka malo omwe amalimbikitsa kusankha zinthu zosapindulitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto ( Barrett, 2007 , 2010 ; Birch, 1999 ; Hantula, 2003 ; Ward, 2013 ). Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuphunzira za anthu amakono omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopezera zinthu zosayembekezereka kukhale kofunika kwambiri. Mu lipoti laposachedwa, timagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti zinthu zosayembekezereka ponena za zinthu ndi zochitika za anthu amakono zomwe zimadziwika ndi kusankha kosasinthasintha (njira yosalamulirika yosinthira zinthu mwamphamvu kwambiri) komanso kukhala zambiri m'dziko lamakono. Zinthuzi nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa, kukonzedwa, kapena kupangidwa ndi anthu kuphatikiza zakudya zokhwasula-khwasula kapena zinthu zina. Zitsanzo zosaonekera bwino zimaphatikizapo mauthenga omwe amalandiridwa kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Ngakhale nthawi zina zimakhala zosasangalatsa kwambiri kuposa kukambirana maso ndi maso, njira yolankhuliranayi imapereka mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, liwiro, komanso kutumizira. Mofananamo, zovala zambiri zamakono ndi zinthu zina zogulitsa zimawonetsa zizindikiro zofanana za kusowa kapena kufunidwa, zomwe zimakhudza kugonana kapena udindo wa anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kugula zinthuzi kumaganiziridwa kuti kumapereka mphotho nthawi yomweyo chifukwa kumatanthauzidwa ngati kulimbikitsa thanzi.

Zanenedwa kuti kukonda mphotho yachilendo kungakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito a dopamine. Kusowa kwa dopamine kwapezeka kuti kukugwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kumwa mopitirira muyeso kuphatikizapo kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, kudya mopitirira muyeso, kutchova njuga, ndi chizolowezi cha pa intaneti ( Bergh, Eklund, Södersten, & Nordin, 1997 ; Blum, Cull, Braverman, & Comings, 1996 ; Johnson & Kenny, 2010 ; Kim et al., 2011 ). Lingaliro la kutengeka kwachilendo kwambiri limagwirizana ndi kutanthauzira pankhani ya kusiyanasiyana kwa munthu payekha pakugwira ntchito kwa dopamine. Njira za dopaminergic, zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zikhazikitse patsogolo kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu m'malo osowa zinthu, zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri ku zinthu zosokoneza maganizo, chakudya chodzaza mphamvu, ndi zinthu zina zamakono zomwe ogula amawonetsa mphamvu zochulukirapo ( Barrett, 2010 ; Nesse & Berridge, 1997 ; Wang et al., 2001 ). Ngati zili choncho, ndiye kuti NPS/SNPS ya mbali ziwiri yomwe yafotokozedwa pano ikuyembekezeka kusiyanitsa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la dopamine. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angagwiritse ntchito bwino njira za neurophysiological mogwirizana ndi njira zodziwonera, kuti atsimikizire kufanana pakati pa magawo awiriwa a kufotokozera.

Zochitika zosayembekezereka zimakhala zosavomerezeka ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso chifukwa cha zida zawo zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, kudya chakudya chokwanira komanso kuchotsa zakudya) ndi kulimbikitsa khalidwe lokhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali (mwachitsanzo, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi masewera). Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kwa kuzindikira anthu omwe amakonda mphoto imeneyi kumapereka chithandizo chofunikira kwa iwo omwe amafufuzira, kuchiza, ndi kupeŵa mavuto a umoyo wa anthu omwe amayamba chifukwa chodya.

3) Chizolowezi cholaula - chilimbikitso chapamwamba chomwe chimaganiziridwa pankhani ya neuroplasticity (2013) - Chidule:

Chizoloŵezi chakhala chogwirizanitsa pamene chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku zizoloŵezi zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana (CSBs), kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwamphamvu. Ngakhale kuti mukuvomereza kuti kulipo kwa chilengedwe kapena zovuta zowonongeka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito ya mesolimbic dopaminergic mphotho zowonetsera mphoto, pakhala kuyesa kutchula kuti CSBs ndizovuta. Ngakhale kutchova njuga (PG) ndi kunenepa kwambiri kwatchulidwa kwambiri mu maphunziro ogwira ntchito ndi machitidwe, umboni wochuluka ukugwirizanitsa kufotokoza kwa CSB monga chizolowezi choledzeretsa. Umboni umenewu uli ndi zambiri ndipo umachokera kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito ya neuronal receptor mu zokhudzana ndi mankhwala ozunguza bongo, ogwirizana ndi mbiri ya makhalidwe. Izi zowonjezereka zimatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi chikhalidwe chofulumizitsa ndi 'supranormal stimulus' (chiganizo chogwiridwa ndi Nikolaas Tinbergen) chomwe chimapezeka ndi zolaula za pa Intaneti ....

N'zosadabwitsa kuti chizolowezi cha zakudya sichingaphatikizidwe ngati chizolowezi cha khalidwe, ngakhale kuti maphunziro omwe akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa dopaminergic receptor mu kunenepa kwambiri (Wang et al., 2001 ), ndi kusinthika komwe kumawoneka ndi kudya zakudya zochepa komanso kukhazikika kwa chiwerengero cha misala ya thupi (BMI) (Steele et al., 2010 ). Lingaliro la 'chilimbikitso chapamwamba', pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a Nikolaas Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1951 ), lafotokozedwa posachedwapa pankhani ya kukoma kwambiri kuposa mphotho ya cocaine, komwe kumathandiziranso mfundo ya chizolowezi cha chakudya (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007 ). Poyamba Tinbergen adapeza kuti mbalame, agulugufe, ndi nyama zina zitha kunyengedwa kuti zisankhe zinthu zolowa m'malo zopangidwa kuti ziwoneke zokongola kuposa mazira ndi mabwenzi a nyama wamba. Inde, pali kusowa kwa ntchito yofanana komanso yakhalidwe pophunzira za chizolowezi cha kugonana kwa anthu, poyerekeza ndi kutchova juga ndi chizolowezi cha chakudya, koma zitha kutsutsidwa kuti khalidwe lililonse mwa izi likhoza kukhala ndi zolimbikitsa zapamwamba. Deirdre Barrett ( 2010 ) waphatikiza zithunzi zolaula ngati chitsanzo cha chilimbikitso chapamwamba kwambiri…..

Zithunzi zolaula ndi malo abwino kwambiri ophunzirira nkhani zatsopano monga izi, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chilimbikitso champhamvu chosangalatsa. Kufufuza ndi kudina, kufunafuna munthu woyenera kudziseweretsa maliseche, ndi njira yophunzirira za neuroplastic. Zoonadi, izi zikuwonetsa lingaliro la Tinbergen la 'chilimbikitso chapamwamba' (Tinbergen, 1951 ), ndi mabere opangidwa ndi opaleshoni ya pulasitiki omwe amawonetsedwa muzinthu zachilendo zopanda malire mwa anthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofanana ndi zitsanzo za Tinbergen ndi Magnus zopangidwa ndi agulugufe achikazi; amuna a mtundu uliwonse amakonda zopangidwa kuposa zomwe zasinthidwa mwachilengedwe (Magnus, 1958 ; Tinbergen, 1951 ). Mwanjira imeneyi, zatsopanozi zimapereka, mwa fanizo, zotsatira zofanana ndi za pheromone mwa amuna a anthu, monga njenjete, zomwe 'zimaletsa mayendedwe' ndikusokoneza kulumikizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi asanakwatirane polowa mumlengalenga' (Gaston, Shorey, & Saario, 1967 )…..

Ngakhale maganizo a anthu akuoneka kuti akuyesera kufotokoza izi, monga momwe zilili ndi Naomi Wolf; 'Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu, mphamvu ndi kukopa kwa zithunzizi zalowa m'malo mwa akazi enieni amaliseche. Masiku ano akazi enieni amaliseche ndi zolaula zoipa' (Wolf, 2003 ). Monga momwe 'zolaula za gulugufe' za Tinbergen ndi Magnus zinapambanirana bwino kuti amuna azisamalidwa powononga akazi enieni (Magnus, 1958 ; Tinbergen, 1951 ), tikuwona njira yomweyi ikuchitika mwa anthu.

4) Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimayambitsa Mavuto Ogonana? Ndemanga ndi Malipoti a Zachipatala (2016) - Chidule:

3.2. Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti ndizochititsa chidwi kwambiri

Chotsimikizika, chitukuko chofunika kwambiri pazovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndiyo njira yomwe intaneti imakhudzira ndikutsogolera khalidwe lachiwerewere lodziletsa [73]. Mafilimu opanga malire opanda malire omwe akukwera kudzera mu "tube sites" tsopano ali omasuka komanso omasuka, tsiku la 24 podutsa makompyuta, mapiritsi ndi mafoni a m'manja, ndipo zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti zolaula za pa intaneti zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, kutsanzira mwatsatanetsatane chinachake chomwe ubongo wathu unasintha kuti azitsatira chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yosinthika [74,75]. Zinthu zolaula zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali, koma zolaula (1) zowonongeka zimakhudza kwambiri kusiyana ndi mitundu ina ya zolaula [76,77] kapena fantasy [78]; (2) zithunzi zolimbitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana zasonyezedwa kuti zimayambitsa kuukitsidwa kwakukulu, kuthamanga kwachangu, ndi zochita zambiri za eti poyerekeza ndi zozoloŵera, mwina chifukwa chodziwitsidwa ndi amzanga omwe angapezepo bukuli ndi kuwukakamiza kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale labwinobwino [75,79,80,81,82,83,84]; ndi (3) kuthekera kwa kusankha yekha zinthu mosavuta kumapangitsa kuti zithunzi zolaula zikhale zokopa kuposa zokopa zosankhidwa [79]. Wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula angathe kusunga kapena kukweza chilakolako cha kugonana mwakutsegula pang'onopang'ono kumalo atsopano, kanema yatsopano kapena osakumanapo ndi mtundu. Kufufuza kwa 2015 kuwonetsa zolaula za pa Intaneti pa kuchepetsa kuchepetsa (kusankha chisangalalo chofulumira pa mphotho yowonjezereka ya mtengo wapatali) imati, "Chizoloŵezi chodziwika ndi chiyambi cha zokhuza kugonana monga zowonjezera zowonjezera zachilengedwe zimapanga zolaula pa intaneti kukhala njira yodzipangira mphotho ya ubongo. ... Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsa zolaula monga zochititsa chidwi pamaphunziro, mphotho, ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera "[75] (pp. 1, 10).

Zachilendo zimaonekera ngati zofunika kwambiri, zimawonjezera phindu la mphotho, ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zokhalitsa pa chilimbikitso, kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira [ 85 ]. Monga chilimbikitso cha kugonana ndi makhalidwe abwino a kugonana, zachilendo zimakhala zokopa chifukwa zimayambitsa kuphulika kwa dopamine m'madera a ubongo omwe amagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi mphotho ndi khalidwe lolunjika pa cholinga [ 66 ]. Ngakhale ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mokakamiza amasonyeza kukonda kwambiri zithunzi zatsopano zogonana kuposa zowongolera zathanzi, dACC (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) yawo imawonetsanso kuzolowera zithunzi mwachangu kuposa zowongolera zathanzi [ 86 ], zomwe zimapangitsa kufunafuna zithunzi zatsopano zogonana. Monga momwe wolemba mnzake Voon adafotokozera za kafukufuku wa gulu lake wa 2015 wokhudza zatsopano ndi zizoloŵezi mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mokakamiza, "Kupezeka kosatha kwa zithunzi zatsopano zogonana zomwe zikupezeka pa intaneti [kungathe kudyetsa] chizolowezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuthawa" [ 87 ]. Kuchita kwa Mesolimbic dopamine kungawonjezedwenso ndi zinthu zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti monga, kuphwanya ziyembekezo, kuyembekezera mphotho, ndi kuchita kufunafuna/kusefa (monga zolaula pa intaneti) [ 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ]. Nkhawa, yomwe yawonetsedwa kuti imawonjezera chilakolako chogonana [ 89 , 94 ], ingaphatikizeponso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Mwachidule, zolaula pa intaneti zimapereka makhalidwe onsewa, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ofunikira, amalimbikitsa kuphulika kwa dopamine, ndikuwonjezera chilakolako chogonana.

Prause et al., 2017 samvetsa mtundu wa zosokoneza bongo

PRUSE ET AL: Komanso, deta sikokwanira kusiyanitsa pakati pa zitsanzo zokakamiza ndi zosakakamiza.

Nkhani ina yofiira. Mosiyana ndi olemba a Potenza et al., olemba a Prause et al. , si akatswiri okonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo - ndipo izi zikusonyeza. Kafukufuku amanena mobwerezabwereza kuti chizolowezi chimakhala ndi zinthu monga kusafuna kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso komanso kukakamiza kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso. (Kusaka kwa Google Scholar kwa chizolowezi + kusafuna kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso + kukakamiza kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso kumabwezera mawu 22,000 .) Nazi matanthauzo osavuta a kusafuna kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso ndi kukakamiza kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso :

  • Kusakhudzidwa: Kuchita mofulumira popanda kulingalira kapena kukonzekera mokwanira poyankha zochitika zamkati kapena zakunja. Kukonzekera kovomerezeka kulandira malipiro ang'onoang'ono omwe amapezeka nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kuchepetsa kubwezeretsedwa ndikulephera kuletsa khalidwe lokhutira mutangoyamba.
  • Kukhwima: Akulozera kubwereza khalidwe limene limagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira malamulo ena kapena mwatsatanetsatane. Zizoloŵezi zimenezi zimapirira ngakhale pamene zikukumana ndi zotsatira zovuta.

Mosakayikira, ofufuza za chizolowezi choledzera nthawi zambiri amanena kuti chizolowezicho chimayamba chifukwa cha khalidwe lofunafuna zosangalatsa mosaganizira bwino mpaka kuchita zinthu zobwerezabwereza kuti apewe kusasangalala (monga kupweteka chifukwa chosiya). Chifukwa chake, chizolowezicho chimakhala ndi zinthu ziwirizi , pamodzi ndi zinthu zina. Chifukwa chake kusiyana pakati pa "zitsanzo" za kusaganizira bwino ndi kukakamiza monga momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi CSBD ndi kongopeka pang'ono.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “compulsive” mu matenda atsopano a ICD-11 sikutanthauza maziko a mitsempha ya Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: “kupitiriza kuchita zinthu zogonana mobwerezabwereza ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa. ” M’malo mwake “compulsive,” monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito mu ICD-11, ndi mawu ofotokozera omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi “addicted.” (Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwa akatswiri a Google kwa compulsion + addicted kumabwezera mawu 130,000.)

Choncho, chilichonse chimene inu kapena wopereka chithandizo chamankhwala mukufuna kuchitcha - "kugonana kwambiri," "chizolowezi chogonana," "chizolowezi chogonana," "khalidwe logonana losalamulirika," "chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti" - ngati makhalidwewo akugwera mu kufotokozera kwa "Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder", vutoli likhoza kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito ICD-11 CSBD diagnosis.