Chikhulupiriro chofala ndi cholakwika kuti chizolowezi chofanana ndi "chovulaza" ku ubongo, kapena chizoloŵezi ndicho chinachititsa mwa "kuwonongeka" kwa ubongo. Ngakhale mankhwala ena oledzera (meth, mowa) angakhale a neurotoxic, chizoloŵezi chimayambitsidwa ndi magulu enaake a kusintha kwa ubongo zomwe sizinatchulidwe kuti ndi "kuwonongeka kwa ubongo". Debunking the kuwonongeka monga chizolowezi choledzeretsa meme, chikonga (choperekedwa kudzera mu ndudu) ena amawawona ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komabe chikonga chimalimbikitsa ubongo ndipo chimakhala ndi maubwino ena azaumoyo ("osuta kwambiri" amatanthauza kuti ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito pamapeto pake amakhala osokoneza bongo). Onani nkhani zokhudzana ndi phindu la chikonga: Nicotine: Ubongo Wosayembekezeka Kupititsa Mankhwala.
Chizolowezi ndizo chisokonezo cha kuphunzira & kukumbukira - m'matenda ambiri (koma osati onse) omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zosokoneza bongo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo pophunzira ndi kukumbukira: Kuledzera ngati Matenda Ophunzirira. Izi zinati, ubongo umasintha monga kutengeka mtima kapena kudzikonda kungapangitse kusintha osati pansi pa ambulera yophunzira (kutaya mimba, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa thupi, kuchepa kwa kagwiridwe kake).
Ofufuza osokoneza bongo amavomereza kuti omwe amakhala ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe amasintha ubongo mofanana ndi omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo. Izi sizitanthauza kuti kusintha kulikonse kwama cell ndi biochemical kuli chimodzimodzi kwa aliyense amene ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo. M'malo mwake, zikutanthauza kuti zosokoneza bongo zonse gawo zochepa zolakwika ubongo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo anayi kumaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi makhalidwe, monga momwe tafotokozera m'nyuzipepalayi yomwe inalembedwa chaka chino The New England Journal of Medicine: "Kupititsa patsogolo kwa Neurobiologic Kuchokera ku ubongo wa ubongo Mtundu wa Zovuta (2016)". Kubwereza kwakukulu kwa Mtsogoleri wa National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol (NIAAA) George F. Koob, ndi mkulu wa National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Nora D. Volkow, sichikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwa ubongo kumayambitsa chizolowezi choledzeretsa, kumatanthauzanso mu ndime yoyamba kuti kugonana kulipo:
"Timaganiza kuti sayansi ya ubongo imapitirizabe kuchirikiza matenda a ubongo. Kafukufuku wa sayansi m'dera lino sikuti amapereka mwayi watsopano wopewa ndi mankhwala oledzeretsa ndi zoledzera zokhudzana ndi khalidwe (mwachitsanzo, ku chakudya, kugonana, ndi njuga) .... "
Mwachidule, komanso motalika kwambiri, mawu omwe amachititsa kuti ubongo ukhale wosinthika ndi: 1) Kusintha, 2) Kusintha, 3) Maulendo osayenerera operewera (chinyengo), 4) Malo osokoneza maganizo osayenerera. Zonse za 4 za kusintha kwa ubongozi zapezeka pakati pa Kafukufuku wa 50 okhudzana ndi neuroscience ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula & ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula:
- Kusintha (cue-reactivity & cravings): Maseketi amaubongo omwe amatenga nawo gawo pakulimbikitsa ndi kufunafuna mphotho amakhala osakhudzidwa ndikukumbukira kapena malingaliro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chomachita izi. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezera "kufuna" kapena kukhumba pamene kukonda kapena zosangalatsa zimachepa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kutembenuza kompyuta, kuona pulogalamuyo, kapena kukhala nokha, zimayambitsa zovuta kuti musanyalanyaze zolaula. Ena amafotokoza zolaula zowonongeka monga 'kulowa mumtsinje womwe umatha kuthawa: zolaula'. Mwinamwake mumamva kugunda mofulumizitsa, mwamphamvu, ngakhale kunjenjemera, ndi zonse zomwe mungaganize ndikugwiritsira ntchito tsamba lanu lokonda kujambula. Zofufuza zolimbikitsa kukudziwitsidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazokambirana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
- Kusintha (kuchepetsa malipiro othandizira): Izi zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali ndi machitidwe omwe amasiya munthu osaganizira zosangalatsa. Kutaya mtima nthawi zambiri kumawonekera ngati kulolerana, komwe kumafunikira mulingo wapamwamba kapena kukondoweza kwakukulu kuti mukwaniritse yankho lomwelo. Anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakhala nthawi yayitali pa intaneti, amatalikitsa magawo kudzera pakukongoletsa, kuwonera osachita maliseche, kapena kufunafuna kanema wangwiro. Kusintha malingaliro kungathenso kukhala mawonekedwe akukwera kupita ku mitundu yatsopano, nthawi zina zovuta komanso zosadziwika, kapena zosokoneza. Kumbukirani: kudabwitsidwa, kudabwa kapena kuda nkhawa kumatha kubweza dopamine. Kafukufuku wina amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi," omwe atha kuphatikizira njira zophunzirira kapena njira zosokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wonena zakukhumudwitsidwa kapena chizolowezi cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
- Maulendo osayenerera operewera (kufooketsa mphamvu + ya hyper-reactivity to cues): Kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito asanakwane ndi kulumikizana pakati pa dera lamalipiro ndi kutsogolo kwa lobe kumapangitsa kuti muchepetse kuwongolera, koma zikhumbo zazikulu zoti mugwiritse ntchito. Maseketi osagwira ntchito moonekera bwino amawonetsa ngati kumverera kuti magawo awiri aubongo wanu akuchita nawo nkhondo. Njira zolimbikitsira anthu akufuula 'Inde!' pamene 'ubongo wanu wapamwamba' ukunena kuti, 'Ayi, ayi!' Ngakhale magawo olamulira akulu aubongo wanu ali pofooka njira zomwe amakonda kupambana zimakonda. Zofufuza zomwe zimafotokoza za "kunyada" kapena zosintha zochita za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
- Malo osokoneza maganizo osayenerera - zomwe zimatha kubweretsa kupsinjika kwakung'ono komwe kumabweretsa kulakalaka ndikuyambiranso chifukwa kumathandizira njira zamphamvu zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofotokoza mayankho osafunikira a omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula / omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Kodi izi ndizobongo zokha zomwe zimasintha? Ayi. Chimodzi mwa zizindikirozi zazikuluzikulu zikuwonetsa zovuta zambiri zokhudzana ndi mowa komanso kusintha kwa mankhwala-Ngofanana ndi momwe kusanthula kwa chotupa cha khansa sikuwonetsera kusintha kosakanikirana kwa ma cell / mankhwala. Zambiri zosintha mochenjera sizingayesedwe pamitundu ya anthu chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa matekinoloje ofunikira. Komabe, amadziwika mu mitundu yazinyama (onani mu Marichi, 2018 yoyendetsedwa ndi mutu wa NIDA, Nora D. Volkow Kodi Zimatanthauzanji Pamene Titchula Chidakwa ndi Matenda a Ubongo?).
Chidziwitso chimalimbikitsa kusintha kwa ubongo, chifukwa kumakupangitsa kuti uzilakalaka, kaya ndi "chiyani", ndipo zimakhudza pafupifupi njira zomwezi monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nthawi yoyambirira yakugonana. Penyani - Ubongo Wachikulire Umagwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Yopambana (2013), yomwe ikukhudzana ndi zolaula kudzera pa intaneti paunyamata. M'malo mwake, University of Cambridge ubongo amasanthula maphunziro (ndi 20 ena mkati mndandanda uwu) adapeza chidziwitso (zochuluka zowonongeka kapena zolakalaka) mwa ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula.
Izi zati, mankhwala aliwonse amathandizira thupi, ndipo mankhwala amatha kusintha ubongo m'njira zomwe zizolowezi zamakhalidwe sizichita. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala monga cocaine ndi meth amakweza dopamine kwambiri (poyamba) kuposa milingo yomwe ingapezeke ndi mphotho zachilengedwe. Ndizotheka kuti mankhwala, chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kawo, atha kuwononga kotheratu machitidwe a dopamine, omwe zizolowezi zawo sizimatero.
Ndicho chifukwa chake sizolondola pamene mawebusaiti kapena okamba akunena zimenezo Zolaula za pa Intaneti zili ngati meth kapena crack cocaine. Zofanizira zotere zimapangitsa anthu kuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kuwononga monga kugwiritsa ntchito meth. Kwa ena, kumenya zolaula kumatha kukhala kovuta kuposa kumenyera mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma izi sizikuwonetsa kuti zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwamitsempha. Zovuta zakumaliza kuledzera zitha kungogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwamitsempha yamagazi komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito.
Chokhumudwitsa kwambiri ndi iwo omwe amati zizolowezi zamakhalidwe sizingakhalepo, kapena kuti "ndizokakamiza," koma osati zosokoneza zenizeni. Zoterezi sizikhala ndi maziko asayansi, chifukwa kusintha komweku kwa ma molekyulu kumayambitsa zizolowezi zamakhalidwe komanso zamankhwala. Kusintha kwamphamvu komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo ndi protein DeltaFosB. Kusinthira kwakukulu kwa mphoto zachilengedwe (kugonana, shuga, mafuta ambiri) kapena kulamulira kosaneneka kwa mankhwala aliwonse oponderezana amachititsa DeltaFosB kukhala ndi malo opindulitsa.
Kusokoneza bongo kumatulutsa mwachidule monga: Kupitiliza kumwa → DeltaFosB → kuyambitsa ma jeni → kusinthika mu ma synapses → kuwalimbikitsa ndi kukhumudwitsa. (Onani The Addicted Brain kuti mumve zambiri.) Zikuwoneka kuti Kusintha kwa ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa kumadzatsogolera kuperewera kwa akuluakulu oyang'anira (chinyengo) ndi kusintha kwachisokonezo choyankhidwa, mbali zina zazikulu za kuledzera.
DeltaFosB's Cholinga cha chisinthiko ndikulimbikitsa ife kuti "tipeze pamene kupeza kuli bwino!" Ndi njira yoledzera ya chakudya ndi kubereka, yomwe inkayenda bwino nthawi zina komanso malo ena. Masiku ano amachititsa kuledzera zakudya zosapatsa thanzi ndi zolaula pa intaneti n'zosavuta monga 1-2-3.
Dziwani kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachititsa kuti anthu aziledzeretsa chifukwa amalemekeza kapena amaletsa njira kale m'malo mwa mphoto zachilengedwe. N'chifukwa chake American Society of Addiction Medicine amanena momveka bwino kuti zakudya ndi zizolowezi zogonana ndizo zowonongeka.
Kuwongolera njira zowonongeka ndi ubongo umodzi womwe ungapitirize kuledzeretsa ndi mankhwala. Mwachidule, njirazi zikuimira kukumbukira kwakukulu, komwe kumayambitsa, kusokoneza mphotho yowonjezera, ndi zokhumba.
Kodi kulimbikitsidwa kumatha pakapita nthawi? Eric Nestler amaganiza choncho. Amachita kafukufuku wambiri pa njira zamaubongo zosokoneza bongo. Nayi Q&A kuchokera patsamba lake. Waphunzira makamaka DeltaFosB, protein ndi transcript factor (kutanthauza kuti imayang'anira kuyambitsa kwa majini) omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa.
09. Kodi kusintha kwa ubongo wanu kungasinthidwe?
A. “Palibe umboni uliwonse wosonyeza kuti kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikukhalitsa. M'malo mwake, tikukhulupirira kuti kusinthaku kungasinthidwe, ngakhale izi zitha kutenga nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri zaka zambiri ndikusintha kumafunikira "kusiya" zizolowezi zambiri zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa.
Koma zosinthazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kwa nthawi yosadziwika. Zikuwonekeratu kuti DeltaFosB imadzipezera pakudya komanso kuchita zachiwerewere pamwambapa. Timadabwa ngati kusintha kwabwino komwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amawona pafupifupi masabata a 4-8 atha kukhala okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa DeltaFosB.
Kuchokera m'nkhani yotchedwa "The Pleasure Principle" mu Science magazini:
Nestler ndi anzawo apeza kuti pali molekyulu imodzi yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ndiyotsogola, komabe. Puloteniyo, yotchedwa [DELTA] -FosB, imangokhalira kulandira mphotho pambuyo podziwitsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kumamatira mozungulira nthawi yayitali kuposa mapuloteni ena - kwa milungu 4 mpaka 6 pambuyo pa mlingo womaliza. Puloteni imapangitsa kuti nyama izikhala ndi chidwi ndi mankhwala ndipo imathandizanso kuti ibwererenso ngati yabayidwa.
DeltaFosB imamanganso m'magulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira.
Funso ndilakuti, "Kodi kuchuluka kwa DeltaFosB kumayambitsa kusintha kwa majini-Ndani omwe amakhala mozungulira nthawi yayitali kuposa DeltaFosB yomwe? Ngakhale 'kwanthawizonse' muubongo wina? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi kusintha kwa majini kumachitika makamaka ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo osati ndi zokokomeza zachilengedwe monga zolaula pa intaneti?
Ambiri ovuta kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachira ndipo potsiriza amakhala moyo wopanda zikhumbo. Komabe, ngati oledzera omwewo anali kupatsidwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo muzochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi ntchito yake, ndi angati omwe amamwa mowa, kapena akhoza kukhala oledzera kachiwiri? Angadziwe ndani?
N'zoonekeratu kuti nthawi zina anthu amene amamwa mowa amasiya kudya. Malingaliro amodzi ndi akuti ubongo wawo umalimbikitsidwa mpaka kalekale (ndi DeltaFosB) kuti agwirizane ndi kuledzeretsa, ndipo kuwonetsetsa kumayambiranso njira izi zakale. Pansi pa chitsanzo ichi, ubongo wakhala uli kosatha anasintha, koma "kuwonongeka" kumatha kukhala mawu amphamvu kwambiri. Munthu amene kale anali ndi zolaula amatha kulimbikitsidwa (mwina kubwereranso) ku zolaula kapena zina zotere ndipo angafunikire kupewa zolaula. Mosadziwika. Koma munganene kuti ubongo wake uli kuwonongeka? No.
Chotsatira chotsatira chikuchokera m'modzi mwa mapepala a Nestler, ndipo akuwonetsa kuti DeltaFosB tsiku lina itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chikhazikitso pamlingo wokhudzidwa ndi kuchira.
Ngati lingaliro ili ndilolondola, zimadzetsa mwayi wosangalatsa woti kuchuluka kwa osBFosB mu ma nucleus accumbens kapena mwina madera ena aubongo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida choyesa kuyesa momwe ntchito yoyendetsera mphotho ya munthu ingakhalire, komanso momwe munthu angachitire amakhala 'woledzera', panthawi yomwe munthu amayamba kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa komanso kumachepa pang'onopang'ono panthawi yosiya kapena kulandira chithandizo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ΔFosB monga chizindikiro chazovuta zakhala zikuwonetsedwa pamitundu yazinyama. Zinyama zachinyamata zimawonetsa kulowetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ΔFosB poyerekeza ndi nyama zakale, mogwirizana ndi chiopsezo chawo chomwaledzera.
Zindikirani kuti achinyamata akuwonetsa zambiri zowonjezera DeltaFosB. (Zimatulutsa maulendo apamwamba a dopamine.) Kuyambitsa zolaula pa Intaneti pa zaka 11-12 ndizovuta kwambiri pa ubongo wathu.
Onaninso Chifukwa chiyani zilakolako (kuthamangira) zimayambitsanso pambuyo pobwezeretsanso?
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