Ndi chikhulupiriro chofala komanso cholakwika kuti kuledzera kumafanana ndi "kuvulaza" ubongo, kapena kuti kuledzera kumachitika chifukwa cha "kuwononga" ubongo. Ngakhale zinthu zina zoledzera (meth, mowa) zimatha kukhala zoopsa mu ubongo, kuledzera kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ubongo komwe sikumatchulidwa kuti "kuwononga ubongo". Potsutsa kuwonongeka ngati meme yoledzera, nikotini (yoperekedwa kudzera mu ndudu) imaonedwa ndi ena kukhala chinthu choledzera kwambiri, komabe nikotini ndi chinthu chowonjezera ubongo ndipo chili ndi maubwino ena azaumoyo ("kuledzera kwambiri" kumatanthauza kuti anthu ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito pamapeto pake amakhala oledzera). Onani nkhani zokhudzana ndi maubwino omwe angakhalepo a nikotini: Nikotini: Mankhwala Osayembekezereka Owonjezera Ubongo.
Kuledzera kwenikweni ndi vuto la kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira - chifukwa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuledzera kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira: Kuledzera monga Matenda Ophunzirira . Komabe, kusintha kwa ubongo monga kufooka kapena kusadziletsa kungaphatikizepo kusintha komwe sikuli pansi pa kuphunzira kokha (kutayika kwa imvi, kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, kuchepa kwa kulumikizana kwa ntchito).
Ofufuza za chizolowezi choledzera amavomereza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choledzera amakumana ndi kusintha kwa ubongo mofanana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choledzera. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kusintha kulikonse kwa maselo ndi biochemical kumakhala kofanana mwa aliyense amene ali ndi chizolowezicho. M'malo mwake, zikutanthauza kuti chizolowezi chilichonse chimakhala ndi zolakwika zingapo zazikulu mu ubongo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi khalidwe, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu pepalali lofalitsidwa chaka chino mu The New England Journal of Medicine : “ Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction (2016) ”. Ndemanga yofunika kwambiri iyi yochitidwa ndi Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) George F. Koob , ndi director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Nora D. Volkow , sikuti imangofotokoza kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika mu chizolowezicho, komanso ikuwonetsa mu ndime yake yoyamba kuti chizolowezi chogonana chilipo:
"Timaganiza kuti sayansi ya ubongo ikupitirizabe kuthandizira chitsanzo cha matenda a ubongo a chizolowezi. Kafukufuku wa sayansi ya ubongo m'derali samangopereka mwayi watsopano wopewera ndi kuchiza zizolowezi zoledzeretsa ndi zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe (monga chakudya, kugonana , ndi kutchova juga)…."
Mwachidule, komanso mwachidule, kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha chizolowezi ndi: 1) Kuzindikira , 2) Kuchepetsa chidwi , 3) Ma circuits osagwira ntchito bwino (kusaganizira bwino), 4) Ma circuits osagwira ntchito bwino . Kusintha konse kwa ubongo kumeneku kwapezeka pakati pa maphunziro 50 ozikidwa pa sayansi ya ubongo pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ndi omwe ali ndi vuto logonana:
- Kusintha (cue-reactivity & cravings): Maseketi amaubongo omwe amatenga nawo gawo pakulimbikitsa ndi kufunafuna mphotho amakhala osakhudzidwa ndikukumbukira kapena malingaliro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chomachita izi. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezera "kufuna" kapena kukhumba pamene kukonda kapena zosangalatsa zimachepa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kutembenuza kompyuta, kuona pulogalamuyo, kapena kukhala nokha, zimayambitsa zovuta kuti musanyalanyaze zolaula. Ena amafotokoza zolaula zowonongeka monga 'kulowa mumtsinje womwe umatha kuthawa: zolaula'. Mwinamwake mumamva kugunda mofulumizitsa, mwamphamvu, ngakhale kunjenjemera, ndi zonse zomwe mungaganize ndikugwiritsira ntchito tsamba lanu lokonda kujambula. Zofufuza zolimbikitsa kukudziwitsidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazokambirana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
- Kusintha (kuchepetsa malipiro othandizira): Izi zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali ndi machitidwe omwe amasiya munthu osaganizira zosangalatsa. Kutaya mtima nthawi zambiri kumawonekera ngati kulolerana, komwe kumafunikira mulingo wapamwamba kapena kukondoweza kwakukulu kuti mukwaniritse yankho lomwelo. Anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakhala nthawi yayitali pa intaneti, amatalikitsa magawo kudzera pakukongoletsa, kuwonera osachita maliseche, kapena kufunafuna kanema wangwiro. Kusintha malingaliro kungathenso kukhala mawonekedwe akukwera kupita ku mitundu yatsopano, nthawi zina zovuta komanso zosadziwika, kapena zosokoneza. Kumbukirani: kudabwitsidwa, kudabwa kapena kuda nkhawa kumatha kubweza dopamine. Kafukufuku wina amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi," omwe atha kuphatikizira njira zophunzirira kapena njira zosokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wonena zakukhumudwitsidwa kapena chizolowezi cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
- Maulendo osayenerera operewera (kufooketsa mphamvu + ya hyper-reactivity to cues): Kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito asanakwane ndi kulumikizana pakati pa dera lamalipiro ndi kutsogolo kwa lobe kumapangitsa kuti muchepetse kuwongolera, koma zikhumbo zazikulu zoti mugwiritse ntchito. Maseketi osagwira ntchito moonekera bwino amawonetsa ngati kumverera kuti magawo awiri aubongo wanu akuchita nawo nkhondo. Njira zolimbikitsira anthu akufuula 'Inde!' pamene 'ubongo wanu wapamwamba' ukunena kuti, 'Ayi, ayi!' Ngakhale magawo olamulira akulu aubongo wanu ali pofooka njira zomwe amakonda kupambana zimakonda. Zofufuza zomwe zimafotokoza za "kunyada" kapena zosintha zochita za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
- Malo osokoneza maganizo osayenerera - zomwe zimatha kubweretsa kupsinjika kwakung'ono komwe kumabweretsa kulakalaka ndikuyambiranso chifukwa kumathandizira njira zamphamvu zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofotokoza mayankho osafunikira a omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula / omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Kodi izi ndi zokhazo zomwe ubongo umasintha? Ayi. Chizindikiro chilichonse cha broadbrush chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa maselo ndi mankhwala komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi - monga momwe scan ya khansa singasonyeze kusintha kwa maselo/mankhwala komwe kumakhudzana nako. Kusintha kwakukulu sikungayesedwe m'machitidwe a anthu chifukwa cha kulowerera kwa ukadaulo wofunikira. Komabe, kwapezeka m'machitidwe a nyama (onani Marichi, 2018 olembedwa ndi mkulu wa NIDA, Nora D. Volkow Kodi Zimatanthauza Chiyani Tikatcha Kuledzera Matenda a Ubongo? ).
Kuzindikira kukhudzidwa ndi ubongo kumakhulupirira kuti ndiko kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubongo, chifukwa kumakupangitsani kulakalaka, kaya "komwe" kuli, ndipo kumaphatikizapo njira zofanana ndi kugonana koyambirira. Onerani - Ubongo Wachinyamata Ukumana ndi Zolaula Zapaintaneti Zothamanga Kwambiri (2013) , zomwe zikunena za kugonana kudzera pa zolaula pa intaneti panthawi ya unyamata. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wa ubongo wa yunivesite ya Cambridge (ndi ena 20 pamndandandawu ) adapeza kukhudzidwa (kuchuluka kwa chidwi kapena chilakolako) mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamiza.
Izi zati, mankhwala aliwonse amathandizira thupi, ndipo mankhwala amatha kusintha ubongo m'njira zomwe zizolowezi zamakhalidwe sizichita. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala monga cocaine ndi meth amakweza dopamine kwambiri (poyamba) kuposa milingo yomwe ingapezeke ndi mphotho zachilengedwe. Ndizotheka kuti mankhwala, chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kawo, atha kuwononga kotheratu machitidwe a dopamine, omwe zizolowezi zawo sizimatero.
Ndicho chifukwa chake sizolondola pamene mawebusayiti kapena okamba nkhani akunena kuti zolaula pa intaneti zili ngati meth kapena crack cocaine. Mafanizo oterewa amachititsa anthu kuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse mavuto monga momwe kugwiritsa ntchito meth kumawonongera. Kwa ena, kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungakhale kovuta kuposa kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mitsempha. Kuvuta kuthetsa chizolowezi kungagwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mitsempha komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito.
Chokwiyitsa kwambiri ndi omwe amanena kuti zizolowezi zamakhalidwe sizingakhalepo, kapena kuti ndi "zokakamiza," koma si zizolowezi zenizeni. Mawu oterewa alibe maziko asayansi, popeza kusintha komweko kwa mamolekyu kumayambitsa zizolowezi zamakhalidwe ndi zamakemikolo. Kusintha kwakukulu komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kokhudzana ndi zizolowezi ndi puloteni ya DeltaFosB . Kuchuluka kwa kudya mphotho zachilengedwe ( kugonana , shuga , mafuta ambiri ) kapena kupereka mankhwala aliwonse osokoneza bongo nthawi zonse kumapangitsa kuti DeltaFosB idziunjikire pamalo operekera mphotho.
Kusokonezeka kwa ubongo chifukwa cha chizolowezi kungafotokozedwe mwachidule motere: kupitiriza kumwa → DeltaFosB → kuyambitsa majini → kusintha kwa ma synapses → kuzindikira ndi kuletsa chizolowezi . (Onani Ubongo Woledzera kuti mudziwe zambiri.) Zikuwoneka kuti kusintha kwa ubongo chifukwa cha chizolowezi pamapeto pake kumabweretsa kutayika kwa ulamuliro wolamulira ( kusaganizira bwino ) ndi kusintha kwa kupsinjika maganizo, zizindikiro zina zazikulu za chizolowezi.
Cholinga cha DeltaFosB chosintha zinthu ndi kutilimbikitsa kuti "tizigwiritse ntchito pamene tikupeza bwino!" Ndi njira yodyera komanso kubereka , yomwe idagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zina. Masiku ano zimapangitsa kuti zizolowezi zodya zakudya zopanda pake komanso zolaula pa intaneti zikhale zosavuta monga 1-2-3.
Dziwani kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo amangoyambitsa chizolowezi chifukwa amakulitsa kapena kuletsa njira zomwe zilipo kale kuti zipeze mphotho zachilengedwe . Ichi ndichifukwa chake bungwe la American Society of Addiction Medicine limanena mosapita m'mbali kuti chizolowezi cha chakudya ndi kugonana ndi chizolowezi chenicheni.
Kuwongolera njira zowonongeka ndi ubongo umodzi womwe ungapitirize kuledzeretsa ndi mankhwala. Mwachidule, njirazi zikuimira kukumbukira kwakukulu, komwe kumayambitsa, kusokoneza mphotho yowonjezera, ndi zokhumba.
Kodi kulimbikitsidwa kumatha pakapita nthawi? Eric Nestler amaganiza choncho. Amachita kafukufuku wambiri pa njira zamaubongo zosokoneza bongo. Nayi Q&A kuchokera patsamba lake. Waphunzira makamaka DeltaFosB, protein ndi transcript factor (kutanthauza kuti imayang'anira kuyambitsa kwa majini) omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa.
09. Kodi kusintha kwa ubongo wanu kungasinthidwe?
A. “Palibe umboni uliwonse wosonyeza kuti kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikukhalitsa. M'malo mwake, tikukhulupirira kuti kusinthaku kungasinthidwe, ngakhale izi zitha kutenga nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri zaka zambiri ndikusintha kumafunikira "kusiya" zizolowezi zambiri zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa.
Koma zosinthazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kwa nthawi yosadziwika. Zikuwonekeratu kuti DeltaFosB imadzipezera pakudya komanso kuchita zachiwerewere pamwambapa. Timadabwa ngati kusintha kwabwino komwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amawona pafupifupi masabata a 4-8 atha kukhala okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa DeltaFosB.
Kuchokera m'nkhani yotchedwa "Mfundo Yosangalatsa" mu magazini ya Science :
Nestler ndi anzawo apeza kuti pali molekyulu imodzi yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ndiyotsogola, komabe. Puloteniyo, yotchedwa [DELTA] -FosB, imangokhalira kulandira mphotho pambuyo podziwitsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kumamatira mozungulira nthawi yayitali kuposa mapuloteni ena - kwa milungu 4 mpaka 6 pambuyo pa mlingo womaliza. Puloteni imapangitsa kuti nyama izikhala ndi chidwi ndi mankhwala ndipo imathandizanso kuti ibwererenso ngati yabayidwa.
DeltaFosB imamanganso m'magulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira.
Funso ndi lakuti, “Kodi kuchuluka kwa DeltaFosB kumayambitsa kusintha kwa majini — omwe amakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa DeltaFosB yokha? Ngakhale ‘kwamuyaya’ mu ubongo wina? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi kusintha kwa majini kumeneku kumachitika makamaka ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo osati ndi mphotho zachilengedwe monga zolaula pa intaneti?
Ambiri ovuta kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachira ndipo potsiriza amakhala moyo wopanda zikhumbo. Komabe, ngati oledzera omwewo anali kupatsidwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo muzochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi ntchito yake, ndi angati omwe amamwa mowa, kapena akhoza kukhala oledzera kachiwiri? Angadziwe ndani?
Mwachionekere, nthawi zina anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amabwereranso akasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Lingaliro limodzi ndilakuti ubongo wawo umalimbikitsidwa kwamuyaya (ndi DeltaFosB) kuti achitepo kanthu pa chizolowezicho, ndipo chizolowezicho chimayambiranso njira zakalezi. Pansi pa chitsanzo ichi, ubongo wasinthidwa kwamuyaya , koma "kuwonongeka" kungakhale mawu amphamvu kwambiri. Munthu amene kale anali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula akhoza kukhudzidwanso (mwina kubwereranso) ndi zolaula kapena zizindikiro zina zokhudzana nazo ndipo angafunike kupewa zolaula. Kwamuyaya. Koma munganene kuti ubongo wake wawonongeka? Ayi.
Chotsatira chotsatira chikuchokera m'modzi mwa mapepala a Nestler, ndipo akuwonetsa kuti DeltaFosB tsiku lina itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chikhazikitso pamlingo wokhudzidwa ndi kuchira.
Ngati lingaliro ili ndilolondola, zimadzetsa mwayi wosangalatsa woti kuchuluka kwa osBFosB mu ma nucleus accumbens kapena mwina madera ena aubongo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida choyesa kuyesa momwe ntchito yoyendetsera mphotho ya munthu ingakhalire, komanso momwe munthu angachitire amakhala 'woledzera', panthawi yomwe munthu amayamba kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa komanso kumachepa pang'onopang'ono panthawi yosiya kapena kulandira chithandizo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ΔFosB monga chizindikiro chazovuta zakhala zikuwonetsedwa pamitundu yazinyama. Zinyama zachinyamata zimawonetsa kulowetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ΔFosB poyerekeza ndi nyama zakale, mogwirizana ndi chiopsezo chawo chomwaledzera.
Zindikirani kuti achinyamata akuwonetsa zambiri zowonjezera DeltaFosB. (Zimatulutsa maulendo apamwamba a dopamine.) Kuyambitsa zolaula pa Intaneti pa zaka 11-12 ndizovuta kwambiri pa ubongo wathu.
Onaninso Nchifukwa chiyani zilakolako (kuthamanga) zimayambikabe mutayambiranso?