Zolemba zowonedwa ndi anzanu za Steele et al., 2013

Background: Steele et al., 2013 ndi a David Ley "Ubongo Wanu pa Zolaula - SIMASULUTSA".

Pa Marichi 6, 2013 David Ley ndi wolankhula Chithunzi cha Nicole adagwirizana kuti alembe Psychology Today zolemba za blog Steele et al., 2013 yotchedwa "Ubongo Wanu pa Zolaula - SIMASULUTSA". Mutu wake wodabwitsa kwambiri ukusocheretsa ngati ulibe kanthu kochita nawo Ubongo Wanu pa Zithunzi kapena ma neuroscience operekedwa pamenepo. M'malo mwake, cholemba cha blog cha David Ley cha Marichi, 2013 chimangolekera ku nkhani zongopeka za kafukufuku m'modzi wopanda cholakwika wa EEG - Steele et al., 2013.

Tsamba la blog la Ley linawonekera miyezi 5 pamaso Steele et al. inasindikizidwa mwalamulo. Patatha mwezi umodzi (April 10th) Psychology Today olemba osindikizidwa ndi post ya Ley yolemba chifukwa cha mikangano yomwe ili pafupi ndi zifukwa zake zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Kukana kwa Prause kuti apereke phunziro lake losafalitsidwa kwa wina aliyense. Tsikulo Steele et al., ndipo atolankhani ake ambiri adagwirizana, Ley adasindikiza blog yake. Ley adasintha tsiku lomwe adalemba blog kukhala Julayi 25 2013, kenako kutseka ndemanga (Sinthani, 2019: David Ley tsopano akulipilidwa ndi makampani opanga zolaula zododometsa xHamster kuti alimbikitse mawebusayiti ake ndikuwapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti kuwonetsa zolaula ndikugonana ndizabodza!).

Pembedzero lomwe lakonzedwa mosamala kwambiri pulogalamu ya PR inachititsa kuti kufalitsa kwa anthu onse padziko lonse ndi nkhani zonse zonena kuti chizoloŵezi cha kugonana chinali chochotsedwa (!). Mu Kuyankhulana kwa TV ndi mu UCLA akusindikizidwa Nicole Prause anapanga zifukwa ziwiri zomwe sizinamuthandizidwe ponena za kuphunzira kwake kwa EEG:

  1. Ubongo wa anthuwa sizinayankhe ngati ena omwe amamwa mankhwala.
  2. Kugonana (kugonana) kumamveka bwino ngati "chikhumbo chachikulu."

Zomwe mwapezazo sizinali Steele et al. 2013. M'malo mwake, kafukufukuyu adanenanso zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe a Nicole Prause ndi a David Ley adanena:

Chani Steele et al., 2013 adanenadi kuti ndi "zotsatira zamaubongo":

"P300 amatanthauza matalikidwe azikhalidwe zosangalatsa zogonana anali zabwino zambiri kuposa zinthu zosasangalatsa, komanso zosangalatsa- osati zogonana ”

Translation: Omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali ndi cue-reactivity kwambiri (ma EEG mawerengedwe apamwamba) kuti afotokoze zithunzi zogonana zosiyana ndi zithunzi zosaloŵerera. Izi ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene osokoneza bongo amadziwika kuti akugwirizana awo kuledzera.

Chani Steele et al., 2013 adanenadi kuti ndi "chilakolako chogonana":

"Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 kutalika kwa zosangalatsa zabwino zogonana, zokhudzana ndi zosakhudzidwa, sizinali zoipa zokhudzana ndi zofuna za kugonana, koma osagwirizana ndi zogonana. "

Translation: Njira zosayenera chikhumbo chapansi. Anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo-kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula anali nako m'munsi Kufuna kugona ndi bwenzi (koma osati chilakolako chochepa cha kuseweretsa maliseche). Kuika njira yina - anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wambiri komanso zolakalaka zolaula amakonda kugonana mosasangalatsa kusiyana ndi kugonana ndi munthu weniweni.

Pamodzi izi Steele et al. zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa ntchito yayikulu muubongo (zithunzithunzi zolaula), koma osachitanso kanthu kena pamalipiro achilengedwe (kugonana ndi munthu). Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi, chosonyeza chidwi ndi kukwiya.

Pomwe mapepala asanu ndi atatu owunika zomwe analemba anzawo adawulula chowonadi (pansipa), katswiri woyamba kutchula Prause chifukwa cha zonama zake anali pulofesa wamkulu wa psychology akutuluka a John A. Johnson {https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-sexual-continuum/201307/new-brain-study-questions-existence-sexual-addiction/comments#comment-556448}. Ndemanga pansi pa Psychology Today kuyankhulana wa a Prause, a John A. Johnson adauza chowonadi:

"Malingaliro anga akadali odabwitsa kwa a Prause akuti malingaliro ake omwe sanatengerepo kanthu sanayankhe pazithunzi zachiwerewere monga ubongo wa omwe amaletsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amayankhanso mankhwala awo, atapatsidwa mwayi kuti awerenge za P300 zapamwamba pazithunzi zogonana. Monga oledzera omwe amawonetsa P300 spikes akaperekedwa ndi mankhwala awo osankha. Kodi angadziwe bwanji zotsutsana ndi zotsatirapo zake? Ndikuganiza kuti zitha kukhala chifukwa chamalingaliro ake-zomwe amayembekeza kuti apeza. ”

A John Johnson mu ndemanga ina:

Mustanski akufunsa, "Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali chiani?" Ndipo Prause akuyankha, "Kuphunzira kwathu kunayesa ngati anthu omwe amafotokoza mavutowa [akuthetsa vuto lawo loyang'ana pa Intaneti] amaoneka ngati ena omwe amalephera kuchoka ku ubongo wawo ku zithunzi za kugonana."

Koma phunziroli silinagwirizane ndi zojambula za ubongo kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto otsogolera kuwona kwawo pa intaneti pa zochitika zapamwamba ku zojambula za ubongo kuchokera ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zojambula za ubongo kuchokera kwa osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe akanakhala njira yowonekeratu kuti aone ngati ubongo umayankha kuchokera ku mavuto gulu likuwoneka ngati momwe ubongo umayankhira oledzera kapena osakhala oledzera.

M'malo mwake, Pemphero limanena kuti zojambula mwawo ndi njira yabwinoko, pamene maphunziro ofufuza amakhala ngati gulu lawo lolamulira. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe awa, iwo adapeza kuti mayankho a EEG a anthu awo (monga gulu) ku zithunzi zolaula zinali zamphamvu kuposa mayankho awo a EEG kwa mafano ena. Izi zikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi zoyendetsera (ngakhale pazifukwa zina graph imasiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera pa galasi lenileni mu nkhani yosindikizidwa).

Kotero gulu ili lomwe likunena kuti liri ndi vuto loyang'ana momwe iwo akuwonera pa machitidwe a pa intaneti ali ndi mayankho amphamvu a EEG kwa zithunzi zolaula kuposa mitundu ina ya zithunzi. Kodi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amawonetsa kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa EEG akaperekedwa ndi kusankha kwawo? Sitikudziwa. Kodi abwinobwino, osakhala osokoneza bongo amawonetsa kuyankha kwamphamvu monga gulu lovutikira? Ndiponso, sitikudziwa. Sitikudziwa ngati mtundu wa EEG uwu ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi ubongo wa omwe amaletsa kapena osokoneza bongo.

Gulu lofufuzira la Prause likuti likuwonetsa kuwonetsa ngati mayankho okwezeka a EEG a maphunziro awo erotica ndi kuyankha kwamphamvu kwaubongo kapena kungoyankha kwamphamvu kwa ubongo pakukonzanso tsatanetsatane wamavuto omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwa mayankho a EEG. Koma kufotokozera zakusiyana mu yankho la EEG ndi funso losiyana pakuwona ngati kuyankha kwa gulu lonse kumawoneka ngati kowonjezera kapena ayi.

Kupatula pazinthu zambiri zosagwirizana zomwe zili mu nyuzipepala, zimasokoneza zimenezo Steele et al. kudutsa kafukufuku wa anzanu, monga momwe anavutikira ndi zolakwika zazikulu: 1) nkhanizo zinali osagwirizana (amuna, akazi, osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha); Zithunzi za 2) zinali osayang'aniridwa ndi matenda kapena matenda oledzera; Kuphunzira kwa 3) kunali palibe gulu lolamulira poyerekezera; Mayankho a 4) anali zosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolaula kapena zolaula (Onaninso izi YBOP yochuluka imatsutsa kuthetsa kwathunthu kwazinthu zowonongeka Steele et al., 2013).

Tisanafike ku asanu ndi atatu Kuwunikanso kwa anzanu kwa Steele et al., 2013 ndimapereka mkhalidwe wa kafukufuku mu 2020:

Kusanthula kobwerezabwereza kasanu ndi kawiri Steele et al., 2013

Pazaka zotsatizana maphunziro ambiri okhudza ubongo zasindikizidwa (MRI, fMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, hormonal). Onse amapereka chithandizo champhamvu pamachitidwe osokoneza bongo momwe zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsera zomwe zimapezeka m'mitsempha yomwe imanenedwa m'maphunziro osokoneza bongo. Malingaliro a akatswiri enieni pa zolaula / zolaula amatha kuwoneka pamndandanda wa Ndemanga za 30 zaposachedwa & ndemanga (onse akuthandiza chitsanzo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo).

Mapepala asanu ndi awiri mwa omwe adawunikiridwa ndi anzawo adasankha kuwunika chiyani Steele et al. 2013 idanenadi - osati zomwe a Prause adalemba mu kampeni yake ya PR. Zonsezi zikufotokozera momwe Steele et al. Zotsatirazi zimapereka chithandizo ku zolaula zolaula. Mapepalawa akugwirizana ndi mayankho a YBOP. Zitatu mwa mapepalawo zimalongosola njira zopanda pake za phunzirolo ndi zovuta zotsatiridwa. Pepala #1 laperekedwa yekha Steele et al., 2013. Mapepala 2-8 ali ndi zigawo zofufuza Steele et al., 2013. Zinalembedwa ndi tsiku lofalitsidwa:

1) 'High Desire', kapena 'Mwachisa' Chizolowezi Choledzeretsa? Yankho kwa Steele et al. ndi Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD. (2014)

Kutsimikiza kwa kutsutsana kumadalira kumveka kwa malo ake. Mu pepala laposachedwapa la Steele et al., Ziganizidwe zimachokera pa kumanga koyamba kwa matanthauzo okhudzana ndi 'chikhumbo' ndi 'chizoloŵezi'. Izi zikutanthawuza pazinthu zoganizira ndi ziyeneretso, zomwe malirewo amavomerezedwa ndi olemba poyamba, koma mosadziwika kuti ananyalanyaza kuti atsimikizire mfundo zomwe olemba amapanga. Komabe, kutsimikizika kwazifukwazi sikoyenera, osati chifukwa chokhalira ndi vuto loyambitsa mavuto komanso chifukwa cha njira zovuta.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani lingaliro la 'chilakolako cha kugonana'. Ndime yoyamba ikuvomereza kuti 'zilakolako za kugonana ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti zithetse khalidwe la kugonana', ndipo ziyenera kulamulidwa ngati zili zoletsedwa (pedophilia) kapena zosayenera (kusakhulupirika). Chigawocho chimathera ndi chidziwitso kuti mawu akuti 'kugonana' samatanthauzira vuto linalake pokhapokha, koma limangotanthauzira gawo la anthu omwe ali ndi chikhumbo chachikulu.

Ndime yotsatira ikufotokoza zomwe Winters et al., Zomwe zikusonyeza kuti 'Kugonana kocheperako ... kumatha kungokhala chisonyezo chazakugonana komanso zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa chothana ndi malingaliro, zogonana, ndi zosowa zambiri' (Winters, Christoff , & Gorzalka, ). Zimachokera pamaganizo awa Steele et al. ndiye amayamba kukayikira chitsanzo cha matenda pa "vuto" lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulamulira chilakolako cha kugonana. Poyerekezera zojambula zosiyanasiyana za 'chilakolako', kuyang'ana pa TV pa ana akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo. Masentensi awiri omalizira mu ndimeyi amatsimikiziranso kuti mapepala onsewa amayesera kutsimikizira kuti:

Mankhwala amathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwamaola owonera TV popanda matenda okutidwa ndi 'TV' ndipo ndi othandiza. Izi zikusonyeza kuti njira yomweyi itha kukhala yoyenera kukhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana ngati mtundu wa matendawa sukuwonjezera mphamvu pongofunafuna. (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Pembedzero, )

Malingana ndi kufanana kwake, chilakolako chowonera TV kwa ana komanso chilakolako chogonana ndi anthu akuluakulu, olembawo amayamba kukambirana pazokambirana zochitika (ERPs) ndi kufotokoza motsatira ndondomeko yawo yophunzira, zotsatira ndi zotsatira ndi kukambirana, ndikufika pamapeto:

Pomalizira, miyeso yoyamba ya neural reactivity ku zolaula zogonana ndi zosagonana pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chofotokozera mavuto omwe akuwonetsa momwe akuwonera zovuta zofanana ndizo zimapereka chithandizo cha zitsanzo za kugonana kosagonana, monga momwe zilili ndi mafunso. Mwachindunji, kusiyana pakati pawindo la P300 pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi ndale kunanenedweratu ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, koma osati ndi njira iliyonse (ya zitatu) yokhudzana ndi kugonana. (Steele et al., )

Ndi mawu awa olemba adanena kuti chikhumbo chachikulu, ngakhale ngati chiri chovuta kwa iwo omwe amachiwona, sichiri cholakwika, ziribe kanthu zotsatira.

Ena adanena zolephera zazikulu za phunziro lino. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba nyuzipepala Nicole Prause adayankha kuti, 'Zofufuza za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga cocaine, zasonyeza momwe ubongo umayankhira pa zithunzi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kotero tinaneneratu kuti tiyenera kuona chitsanzo chomwecho mwa anthu omwe Kufotokozera mavuto ndi kugonana ngati akadali chidakwa '. John Johnson wanena zinthu zingapo zovuta ndi ntchito iyi ya Dunning et al. () pepala akunena ngati maziko oyerekeza ndi Steele et al. pepala. Choyamba, Dunning et al. pepala amagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu: osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a cocaine, ogwiritsira ntchito panopo, ndi machitidwe oletsa mankhwala. The Steele et al. pepala linalibe gulu lolamulira la mtundu uliwonse. Chachiwiri, Dunning et al. mapepala anayeza ma ERP angapo m'mabongo, kuphatikizapo posachedwa kusamvetsetsa (EPN), kulingalira kusonyeza chidwi cha chisankho cham'mbuyomu, ndi luso lochedwa (LPP), lomwe linalingalira kuti liwonetsedwenso zowonongeka. Kuwonjezera apo, maphunziro a Dunning anadziwika bwino kwambiri ndi mbali zoyambirira ndi zomalizira za LPP, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ziwonetsedwe mosalekeza. Komanso, Dunning et al. mapepala osiyana pakati pa ERP izi mosiyana, posagwiritsa ntchito, komanso magulu olamulira bwino. The Steele et al. mapepala, komabe, ankawoneka pa ERP imodzi, p300, yomwe Dunning inayerekeza ndi mawindo oyambirira a LLP. The Steele et al. olemba ngakhale adavomereza cholakwika ichi chowongolera: 'Njira ina ndi yakuti p300 si malo abwino kwambiri owonetsera maubwenzi ndi zokakamiza zokhuza kugonana. LPP pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ikuwoneka kwambiri yogwirizana ndi zifukwa '. Steel ndi al. avomereze kuti sangathe kuyerekezera zotsatira zawo ku Dunning et al. kuphunzira, komabe ziganizo zawo bwino zimapanga kufanana kwake. Ponena za Steele et al. Johnson anafotokoza mwachidule kuti, 'Kupeza chiwerengero chodziwika bwino sikunatanthauzenso za kuledzera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kupeza kwakukulu ndi zoipa Kugwirizana pakati pa P300 ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu (r = -0.33), kusonyeza kuti kukula kwa P300 kumagwirizana ndi m'munsi chilakolako cha kugonana; Izi zikutsutsana mwachindunji kutanthauzira kwa P300 monga mkulu chikhumbo. Palibe kusiyana kwa magulu ena osokoneza bongo. Palibe kusiyana kwa magulu olamulira. Zotsatira zomwe ochita kafukufuku amachokera ndizomwe zimatuluka kuchokera ku deta, zomwe sizimanena kanthu ngati anthu omwe amafotokoza mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti aziwona zojambula zogonana kapena alibe ubongo amayankha mofananamo ndi cocaine kapena mitundu ina ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo ' John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).

Ngakhale kulephera kwina kulikonse mu phunziroli ndikuphatikizapo kusowa gulu lokwanira lolamulira, kusagwirizana kwa phunziro lachitsanzo, ndi kulephera kumvetsa zolephera za P300 kuti zikhale zoyenerera komanso zogwiritsira ntchito moyenerera ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa 'chikhumbo chogonana chokha' komanso pathologically zofuna za kugonana zosayenera, mwinamwake cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri chikukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kumvetsetsa mawu akuti 'chikhumbo'. N'zoonekeratu kuti pomanga nsanja yeniyeniyi, olembawo amachepetsera lingaliro la chikhumbo ndi mawu akuti 'chabe'. Chilakolako, chokhudzana ndi zamoyo zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndizovuta zogwiritsira ntchito mesencephalic dopaminergic drive ndi maulendo omwe amatha kuzindikira komanso kugwirizana. Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kugonana, dopamine imadziwika kuti ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zomwe zakhala zikusungidwa mu mtengo wokhazikika (Pfaus, ). Chibadwa chokhudzana ndi kapangidwe komanso chiwonetsero chazakugonana chimapezeka ponseponse pa phyla komanso chimakhala chovuta kuvuta. Ngakhale pali kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa kugonana, kufunafuna chakudya, ndi machitidwe ena, omwe ndi ofunikira pakusintha kwamphamvu, tsopano tikudziwa kuti pali kufanana kwama makina am'magazi omwe 'kukhumbira' kwawo kumachokera. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti makinawa adapangidwa kuti 'aphunzire', m'njira yolumikizira ndi kusintha njira. Monga momwe lamulo la Hebb limanenera, 'Neurons omwe amayaka pamodzi, amatulutsa waya pamodzi'. Tidazindikira kuthekera kwaubongo kusintha mawonekedwe ake ndi kuphunzira kwamalipiro m'maphunziro oyambilira okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma tsopano tawona maphunziro ozungulira mphotho ya neuronal ndi zikhumbo zowoneka ngati zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kulakalaka mchere.

Mafotokozedwe okhudzana ndi chikhumbo ndi ofunika apa; chinthu chokha, pamene tikuganizira kuti 'tikulakalaka' kukhala ndi zovuta zambiri monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mabuku okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kubwereranso. Umboni umasonyeza kuti zida zokhumba zokhumba zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe monga mchere ndi kugonana zimapempha - ndi kunyalanyaza ndikutsatiridwa - njira yokhala ndi ubongo wothandizira kukonzanso ndi kugwedeza maulendo a neuronal (Pitchers et al., ; Roitman et al., ). Chodziwika, chilakolako choipa chimayambika pofuna kuti ziganizidwe zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa nyama monga kusowa kwa mchere, komwe kumapangitsa nyamayo kuti ipewe imfa ndi kupewa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwa anthu, mochititsa chidwi, kungakhudze chilakolako chofanana chomwe chimayambitsa zovuta zofanana kuti zikhalebe mosasamala kanthu za chiopsezo cha imfa, kusokonezeka kwa galimotoyi. Chochitika chomwechi chimapezeka ndi chizoloŵezi cha chizoloŵezi cha thupi, monga munthu wokhala ndi nthenda yambiri yam'mimba ndi matenda aakulu a mtima omwe akupitiriza kudya zakudya zamtundu wapatali, kapena wina amene ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana kupitilira kuchita zachiwerewere ndi alendo ngakhale ali ndi mwayi wopeza matenda opatsirana pogonana monga HIV ndi hepatitis. Geniyo imapangitsa kuti anthu azikonda kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chilakolako chofuna kuwononga chilengedwe, mchere, zimathandiza kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Liedtke et al., ). Timamvetsetsanso kuti zovuta zokhudzana ndi kusintha kumeneku zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa maselo, mapulogalamu, ndi ma modulator monga DeltaFosB, orexin, Cdk5, neural plasticity regulator (anti-cytoskeleton-protein protein) (ARC), yomwe imayambitsa mapuloteni tyrosine phosphatase ( STEP), ndi ena. Mabungwe amenewa amapanga zovuta kuwonetsa, zomwe ndi zofunika kuti maphunziro a neural asinthe.

Zomwe timakumana nazo monga 'kukhumba', kapena 'kukhumba kwakukulu', ndizochokera kwa meseniphalic ndi hypothalamic impetus zomwe zimapanga, kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo ndi mbali ya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kotsitsimutsa chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa chidziwitso chodziwika ndi chosadziwika. Monga momwe tawonetsera m'nyuzipepala yathu yaposachedwapa ya PNAS, zilakolako za chibadwidwechi zimati "zikuoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuti zamoyo zakale zakhala zogwirizana ndi kukondweretsedwa kwa zifukwa zamakono zotchedwa hedonic '(Liedtke et al., , PNAS), poti tapeza kuti mchere womwewo umakhala ndi chilakolako cha mchere. Kulingalira kwa chidziwitso cha "chikhumbo" ichi, cholinga chofuna kupeza mphotho, 'kukhumba' kuti mutenge kachilombo kachiwiri ndikutanthauza kugwiritsidwa ntchito molunjika kwa kayendedwe ka pansi kwambiri komwe kamakhala koyambira mu hypothalamic / mesencephalic axis. Pamene zimadzetsa kusadzitetezedwa ndipo_pamene ziwonetsedwe - zilakolako zowononga mphotho, kodi timagawaniza ubweya wa ubongo ndikutanthauza kuti 'kungokhala' chilakolako chokwanira m'malo moledzera?

Nkhani inayo ikukhudzana ndi kusasintha. Palibe paliponse mu Steele et al. papepala pali zokambirana pazifukwa zomwe anthu awa ali ndi 'chidwi chachikulu'. Kodi anabadwa choncho? Udindo wake ndi uti, ngati ulipo, wachilengedwe pamakhalidwe oyenera komanso owerengera pazokhumba zomwe zanenedwa? Kodi kuphunzira kumatha kukhudza chikhumbo mwa ena mwa anthu owerengerawa? (Hoffman & Safron, ). Lingaliro la olemba pankhaniyi silingamvetsetse momwe kusinthasintha kosasintha kwama cell ndi ma macroscopic. Tikudziwa, mwachitsanzo, kuti kusintha kwazinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimawoneka ndimaphunziro a neuronal kumalumikizidwanso ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Kafukufuku wochuluka amatsimikizira kufunikira kwa pulasitiki, monga ambiri adanenetsa motere: 'Mosiyana ndi malingaliro akuti kusintha kwamaubongo amtundu wa ubongo kumatheka pokhapokha munthawi yovuta kwambiri, neuroscience yamakono imatenga lingaliro la ubongo wapulasitiki wosatha' (Draganski & May, ); 'Kulingalira kwaubongo wamunthu kwazindikira kusintha kwakapangidwe kazinthu zoyera ndi zoyera zomwe zimachitika ndimaphunziro… ).

Pomaliza, ganiziraninso mawu a wolemba kuti 'chilakolako chofuna kugonana'. Georgiadis () posachedwa akuti gawo lapakati la dopaminergic kwa anthu mkatikati mwa ubongo kupita ku striatum pathway. Mwa zabwino zonse zachilengedwe, chilakolako chogonana chimaphatikizapo kukwera kwambiri kwa dopamine mu striatum, ndimagawo mpaka 200% oyambira (Fiorino & Phillips, ), yofanana ndi morphine (Di Chiara & Imperato, ) mu zitsanzo zoyesera. Kuchepetsa, kuchepetseratu, ndi kusokoneza chilakolako chogonana ndi kulephera kumvetsetsa mbali yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zolinga za anthu ndi kusinthika. Zimasonyezeranso kuti ndiiveté chotani pa zomwe tsopano zikuvomerezeka kumvetsetsa za mphotho yamakono, chifukwa imatchula chilakolako chogonana monga chobadwa, chosasinthika, komanso chitetezo cha mthupi mwakuya chifukwa chazotheka kusintha kaya chikhalidwe kapena quantitatively. Zovuta kwambiri, komabe, monga momwe Steele et al. pepala, ndiye kuti chiphunzitso cha myopic sichimvetsetsa kuti chiphunzitso cha sayansi tsopano chimatiuza kuti 'chilakolako chachikulu', pamene chimachititsa chizoloŵezi chovuta, chosafuna, ndi chowononga, ndi 'kungokhala' chidakwa.

Zothandizira

  • Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Mankhwala oponderezedwa ndi anthu amasintha kwambiri synaptic dopamine m'maganizo a masolimbic a makoswe omasuka. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1988;85(14): 5274-5278. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Draganski B, May A. Kusintha kwapangidwe ka maonekedwe mu ubongo wa munthu wamkulu. Kafukufuku wa Ubongo. 2008;192(1): 137-142. [Adasankhidwa]

  • Dunning J. P, Parvaz M. A, Hajcak G, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, Woicik P. A, ndi al. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa cocaine ndi maganizo m'magwiritsidwe opanda ntchito ndi amodzi a cocaine: Kuphunzira ERP. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2011;33(9): 1716-1723. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Fiorino D. F, Phillips AG Kusintha kwapakati pa phokoso lopangidwa ndi dopamine efflux pa Coolidge Mmene zimakhala ndi makoswe. Journal of Neuroscience. 1997;17(12): 4849-4855. [Adasankhidwa]

  • Georgiadis JR Kuchita izo ... zakutchire? Pa udindo wa chibongo cha ubongo m'magonana a anthu. Kuthandiza anthu kuti azitha kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi sayansi komanso sayansi. 2012;2: 17337. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Hoffman H, Safron A. Kulemba koyamba kwa 'The Neuroscience and Evolution Origins of Learning' Kuthandiza anthu kuti azitha kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi sayansi komanso sayansi. 2012;2: 17415. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Liedtke W. B, McKinley M. J, Walker L. L, Zhang H, Pfenning A. R, Drago J, et al. Kugonana kwa majeremusi ndi jini ya hypothalamic kumasintha kusintha kwa thupi ndi kukondweretsa chibadwa chachibadwa, chilakolako cha sodium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(30): 12509-12514. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Pfaus JG Dopamine: Thandizo abambo amatsata zaka zosachepera 200. Khalidwe la Neuroscience. 2010;124(6): 877-880. [Adasankhidwa]

  • Pitchers K. K, Balfour M. E, Lehman M. N, Richtand N. M, Yu L, Coolen LM Mapulogalamu othandizira kuti thupi liziyenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mphoto ya chilengedwe komanso zotsatira zake zodziletsa. Psychiatry. 2010;67: 872-879. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Roitman M. F, Na E, Anderson G, Jones T. A, Berstein IL Kufunafuna chakudya cha mchere kumapangitsa kuti morphological dendritic mu nucleus accumbens imveketse makoswe kuti amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;22(11): RC225: 1-5. [Adasankhidwa]

  • Steele V. R, Staley C, Fong T, Prause N. Chilakolako cha kugonana, osati chiwerewere, chimagwirizana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumachitidwa ndi zithunzi zogonana. Kuthandiza anthu kuti azitha kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi sayansi komanso sayansi. 2013;3: 20770. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

  • Zowonjezera J, Christoff K, BB BB Kugonana ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana: Kusiyana kumamanga? Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana. 2010;39(5): 1029-1043. [Adasankhidwa]

  • Zatorre R. J, Field R. D, Johansen-Berg H. Plasticity mu imvi ndi yoyera: Kusintha kwa mtima kumasintha mu ubongo nthawi yophunzira. Nature Neuroscience. 2012;15: 528-536. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]

2) Neural Correlates of Reactivity Cac Reactivity Mwa Anthu omwe ali ndi popanda popanda chilakolako chogonana (2014)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Steele et al., 2013 (Ndemanga 25 ndi Steele et al.)

Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti ntchito ya DACC imasonyeza mbali ya chilakolako cha kugonana, zomwe zingakhale zofanana ndi phunziro pa P300 mu CSB maphunziro okhudzana ndi chikhumbo [25]. Timasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa gulu la CSB ndi odzipereka wathanzi pomwe phunziro lapitayi silinakhale ndi gulu lolamulira. Kuyerekezera kafukufuku wamakono ndi zofalitsa zapitazo ku CSB zogwiritsa ntchito MRI yofalitsidwa ndi P300 n'zovuta kupatsidwa kusiyana kwa njira. Zofukufuku za P300, zomwe zingatheke kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zofuna zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kusonyeza zowonjezereka zogwiritsa ntchito chikonga [54], mowa [55], ndi opiates [56], ndi njira zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zikhumbo. P300 imaphunziranso ntchito zovuta kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zosamvetsetseka zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi zikuluzikulu zomwe sizingatheke. Kufufuza kwa meta kunasonyeza kuti nkhani zopanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mabanja awo osakhudzidwa adachepetsa kukula kwa P300 poyerekeza ndi odzipereka odzipereka [57]. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zitha kudziwika ndi kuchepa kwa magawidwe azinthu zodziwikiratu kuti zidziwike pazomwe zingachitike (zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo) zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kutsika kwa matalikidwe a P300 kumathanso kukhala chikhomo cha endophenotypic pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zikuyang'ana kufunikira kwakukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala a cocaine ndi heroin zimanenanso zovuta zina kumapeto kwa ma ERP (> 300 milliseconds; zomwe zingachitike mochedwa, LPP) kumadera akutsogolo, zomwe zitha kuwonetsanso kukhumba komanso kugawa chidwi [58]-[60]. LPP ikukhulupilira kuti ikuwonetseratu zochitika zoyambirira (400 kwa 1000 msec) ndipo pambuyo pake zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito molimbikitsana. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la cocaine amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala oyambirira a LPP poyerekeza ndi odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino omwe amachititsa chidwi kuti athandizidwe mofulumira pamodzi ndi mayankho okhudzidwa ndi zosangalatsa zabwino. Komabe, mochedwa LPP ndondomeko sizinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu odzipereka odzipereka [61]. Jenereta ya zotsatira za P300 zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzidwa zimagwiridwa kuti ndizogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa pirital cortex [62]. Choncho, ntchito yonse ya DACC mu maphunziro a CSB ndi ntchito ya P300 yomwe inafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wa CSB yapitayo ikhoza kusonyeza njira zofanana zowonongeka. Momwemonso, maphunziro onsewa akuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa njirazi ndi chikhumbo chowonjezeka. Apa tikuti zochita za DACC zimagwirizana ndi chikhumbo, chomwe chitha kuwonetsa chisonyezo chakulakalaka, koma sichikugwirizana ndi malingaliro okopa achitsanzo chazomwe zimapangitsa.

3) Katswiri wa sayansi ya zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kuonjezera (2015)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Steele et al., 2013 (tikalemba 303):

Kufufuza kwa EEG pa omwe akudandaula za mavuto owonetsa maonekedwe awo pa zolaula za pa intaneti wanena kuti neural reactivity ku zofuna za kugonana [303]. Phunziroli linalinganizidwa kuti liyang'ane mgwirizano pakati pa ERP amplitudes pakuwona zochitika zamaganizo ndi zachiwerewere komanso zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana. Olembawo anatsimikizira kuti kusagwirizana pakati pa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu komanso kuganiza kuti P300 amplitudes pakuwona zithunzi za kugonana "kulepheretsa kupereka chithandizo cha zitsanzo za kugonana kosagonana" [303] (p. 10). Komabe, kusowa kwa mgwirizano kungakhale bwino kufotokozedwa ndi zolakwika zomveka mu njira. Mwachitsanzo, phunziroli linagwiritsa ntchito dziwe lopanda ntchito (amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo 7 omwe sali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha). Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ubongo poyerekeza ndi ubongo wa chizolowezi chowongolera thanzi labwino kumafuna maphunziro omvera (kugonana komweko, mibadwo yofanana) kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Malinga ndi maphunziro a zizolowezi zolaula, zatsimikiziridwa bwino kuti amuna ndi akazi amasiyana mosiyana mu ubongo ndi kuyankha mozizwitsa ku zofanana zogonana zogonana [304, 305, 306]. Kuonjezera apo, mayankho awiri owonetsetsa sakuvomerezedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a IP osokonezeka, ndipo nkhanizi sizinawonedwe kuti ziwonetsedwe zina zowonongeka kapena vuto la maganizo.

Ndipotu, zomwe zatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi, "Zotsatira za kugonana kwachiwerewere ndizolakalaka kwambiri, osati zosokonezeka, zikufotokozedwa" [303] (p. 1) zikuoneka kuti palibe malo omwe akuwona kuti phunziroli likupeza kuti P300 matalikidwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi wokondedwa. Monga tafotokozera ku Hilton (2014), kupeza izi "kumatsutsana ndikutanthauzira kwa P300 monga chikhumbo chachikulu" [307]. Kufufuza kwa Hilton kukuwonetsanso kuti kusapezeka kwa gulu lolamulira ndi kulephera kwa teknoloji ya EEG kuti athetse pakati pa "chilakolako chogonana" ndi "kugonana" kumapangitsa Steele et al. zovuta zosatheka [307].

Potsiriza, pepala lalikulu (mapepala apamwamba a P300 kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere, zokhudzana ndi zithunzi zopanda ndale) zimapatsidwa chidwi chochepa mu gawo la zokambirana. Izi siziyembekezereka, monga momwe anthu ambiri amapezera ndi mankhwala ndi intaneti akuwonjezeka P300 matalikidwe okhudzana ndi zosakhudzidwa pokhapokha ngati akuwonekera pazithunzi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chawo choledzera [308]. Ndipotu, Voon, et al. [262] anapereka gawo la zokambirana zawo pofufuza zofufuza za P300 izi zisanachitike. Voon et al. Kupereka kufotokozera kufunika kwa P300 yomwe sinalembedwe mu pepala la Steele, makamaka ponena za kukhazikitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo,

"Choncho, ntchito yonse ya DACC mu maphunziro a CSB ndi P300 zomwe zachitika mu kafukufuku wa CSB wapitawo[303] zingasonyeze njira zofananamo zofanana zowonongeka. Mofananamo, maphunziro awiriwa amasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa izi ndi chikhumbo chochuluka. Apa tikuwonetsa kuti ntchito ya DACC ikugwirizana ndi chikhumbo, chomwe chingasonyeze chiwerengero cha chilakolako, koma sichitsutsana ndi zomwe zimakondweretsa pazomwe zimakhala zolimbikitsa. "[262] (p. 7)

Tsono ngakhale olemba awa [303] adanena kuti kuphunzira kwawo kunatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolekerera kwa CSB, Voon et al. adalemba kuti olemba awa amapereka umboni wothandizira chitsanzo.

5) Njira Zozindikira ndi Zopanda Kumvetsetsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito? (2017)

YBOP COMMENTS: Kufufuza kwa 2017 EEG pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunatchula maphunziro a 3 Nicole Prause EEG. Olembawo amakhulupilira kuti maphunziro onse a 3 Prause EEG kwenikweni adapeza chilakolako kapena chizoloŵezi cha anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi chizoloŵezi). Ichi ndi chimodzimodzi chimene YBOP nthawizonse idzinenera (kufotokozedwa mu ndemanga iyi: Mtsutso wa: Kalata kwa mkonzi "Prause et al. (2015) zowonongeka zowonongeka za " 2016).

Mndandanda womwe uli m'munsimu, malemba awa a 3 amasonyeza zotsatirazi za maphunziro a Nicole Prause EEG (#14 ndi Steele et al., 2013):

  • 7 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D. Zomwe zingatheke kukhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana. Soc. Dziwani. Zakhudza. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
  • 8 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D ;; Hajcak, G. Kusinthasintha kwa zizindikiro zabwino zowonongeka ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "zolaula". Ubweya. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
  • 14 - Steele, VR; Staley, C.; Fong, T.; Prause, N. Chikhumbo chakugonana, osati kuganiza moperewera, chimakhudzana ndi mayankho amisala omwe amafunsidwa ndi zithunzi zakugonana. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Zithunzi zofotokozera Steele et al., 2013:

Zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chiyero cha thupi la zomwe zimachitika pamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [24]. Maphunziro ogwiritsa ntchito data ya ERP amakonda kuganizira zotsatira za ERP monga P300 [14] ndi Zomwe Zitha Posachedwa (LPP) [7, 8] pofufuza anthu omwe amaonera zolaula. Zinthu zotsatirazi za mawonekedwe a ERP zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimakhala ndi zidziwitso monga kusamalira ndi kukumbukira (P300) [25] komanso kugwiritsabe ntchito mosamala zokhudzana ndi maganizo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [14] anasonyeza kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 komwe kunaoneka pakati pa kuyang'ana zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zojambula zandale kunali kolakwika kwambiri ndi zokhumba zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo sizinakhudze kugonana kwa otsogolera. Olembawo adanena kuti kupeza kolakwika kumeneku sikungakhale chifukwa cha zithunzi zosonyeza kuti palibe chidziwitso chodziwika kwa phukusi lomwe ophunzirawo adanena, pamene onse akuwonetsa kuti akuwona zithunzi zambiri zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti P300 iwonongeke. Olembawo adanena kuti mwina kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa LPP kungapereke chida chofunikira kwambiri, monga chasonyezedwera kuti chiwonetsere njira zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofufuzira za momwe zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa LPP zasonyeza kukula kwa LPP kukhala ofooka kwambiri mwa ophunzira omwe amanena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana komanso mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti azionera zolaula [7, 8]. Zotsatirazi ndi zosadabwitsa, monga momwe kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere wasonyeza kuti pamene ali ndi ntchito yokhudzidwa ndi vutoli, anthu omwe amawauza kuti ali ndi mavuto odzudzula awo amaonetsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a mawonekedwe a LPP pamene akuwonetsa zithunzi za mankhwala awo okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo [27]. Prause et al. [7, 8] perekani malingaliro a momwe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kungawononge zotsatira zazing'ono za LPP posonyeza kuti zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi, monga momwe omwe akuyendera mu phunziroli akunena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumawombera kwambiri mopitirira malire a maola omwe amawonera zolaula .

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Kafukufuku akhala akuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwa thupi pakukonzekera chilakolako chokhutira chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi cha anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amafufuza zolaula [3, 7, 8]. Ndizolemba za olemba kuti zotsatirazi zikhoza kuwerengera zotsatira zomwe zachitika.

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Maphunziro amtsogolo angafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wazithunzi wamakono kuti aziwerengera zikhalidwe. Ndiponso, mwinamwake ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula amaweruziratu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo panthawi yophunzira. Tsatanetsatane imeneyi idasinthidwa ndi [7, 8] kuti afotokoze zotsatira zawo zomwe zasonyeza kuti ndi zochepa zofikira zomwe zidawoneka ndi zing'onozing'ono za LPP (kuchepa kwabwino) zowonongeka ndi zithunzi zolaula ndi anthu omwe amaonetsa zolaula zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. LPP amplitudes yasonyezedwa kuti ichepetse pakutsata malamulo mwachidziwitso [62, 63]. Choncho, LPP yoletsedwa kwa mafano osokoneza bongo angayese chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zotsatira zopezeka m'magulu amodzi pa magulu a "chikhalidwe".

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6) Njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mwachisawawa (2018).

Zowonongeka zomwe zikufufuza Steele et al., 2013 (yomwe ili ndemanga 68):

Klucken ndi anzawo adapeza kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi CSB amawayerekezera ndi anthu omwe sagwirizana ndi amygdala panthawi yopereka zithunzi (zojambulajambula) pofotokoza zithunzi zolaula (mphoto) [66]. Zotsatirazi zikufanana ndi zomwe zimachokera ku kafukufuku wina omwe amachititsa kuti amygdala agwire ntchito pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi amuna omwe ali ndi CSB akuwonera kanema zolaula zolaula [1, 67]. Ukuimba nyimbo za EEG, Steele ndi anzake akuona kukula kwa P300 kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere (poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosavomerezeka) pakati pa anthu odziwika kuti ali ndi vuto ndi CSB, ndikuyang'ana kafukufuku wam'mbuyo kuti athe kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo [68, 69].

Ndemanga YBOP: Pamwambapa, olemba a ndemanga yangapo akunena zimenezo Steele ndi al's Zomwe zimachitika zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakonda kuzimvetsa. Izi zimagwirizanitsa ndi chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi chidziwitso-reactivity ndi chidziwitso cha thupi la chizoloŵezi choledzera. Pamene Steele et al. Woimira Nicole Prause adanena kuti nkhani za ubongo zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo (cocaine ndi chitsanzo choperekedwa ndi Prause) - izi sizinali zoona, ndipo sizinayambe kulikonse Steele et al., 2013

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Kuwonjezera apo, chizoloŵezi chikhoza kuululidwa mwa kuchepa kwa mphotho kumvetsetsa komwe kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhudza zovuta zomwe zingakhudzitse mphotho zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuphatikizapo kuona zithunzi zolaula ndi kugonana pakati pawo [1, 68]. Kuzoloŵerana kumatanthauziranso ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo [73-79].

Ndemanga YBOP: Pamwambapa, olemba a ndemangayi akunena za Steele ndi al's kupeza chidziwitso chochulukira pa zolaula zokhudzana nazo chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi mnzanu (koma osati chilakolako chochepa chogonana). Kuyika njira ina - anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wambiri komanso zolakalaka zokhudzana ndi zolaula amakonda kuseweretsa maliseche kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni. Izi ndizochepa chidwi cha "kugonana pakati pawo", zomwe "ndizomwe zimakhala zolimbikitsa". Pamodzi awiriwa Steele et al. Zomwe zimachitika zimasonyeza ubongo wochulukirapo (zojambula zolaula), komabe zochepa zowonjezereka ku madalitso achilengedwe (kugonana ndi munthu). Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro za mowa.

7) Kugonjetsa Kwachinyamata pa Intaneti: Zimene Timadziwa ndi Zimene Sitikuzidziwa-Kusanthula Kwambiri (2019)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Steele et al., 2013 (ndemanga 105 is Steele et al.)

Umboni wa chilakolako ichi chachisindikizo chachisudzo chapamwamba kwambiri chikuwonekera makamaka ku prefrontal cortex [101] ndi amygdala [102,103], pokhala umboni wolimbikitsa. Kugwira ntchito m'zigawo za ubongo uku kukumbukira za ndalama zapadera [104] ndipo zingakhale ndi zotsatira zofanana. Komanso, pali mawerengedwe apamwamba a EEG mwa ogwiritsira ntchitowa, komanso chilakolako chogonana ndi wokondedwa, koma osati kugonana ndi zolaula [105], chinachake chomwe chimasonyezanso kusiyana kwa khalidwe la erection [8]. Izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha deensitization. Komabe, kufufuza kwa Steele kuli ndi zolakwika zingapo zomwe angaganizire (monga kugonana kosatha, kusowa kwa kuyang'ana kwa matenda a m'maganizo kapena kuledzeretsa, kusakhala gulu lolamulira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho osatsimikiziridwa pa zolaula) [106]. Phunziro la Prause [107], nthawi ino ndi gulu lolamulira, linayankhulanso zotsatirazi. Udindo wa chidziwitso chokhudzidwa ndi chilakolako cha chitukuko cha kugonana kwa azimayi ogonana ndi azimayi ogonana ndi abambo amathandizidwa kuti azigonana ndi amuna okhaokha [108] ndi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [109].