Zolemba zowonedwa ndi anzanu za Steele et al., 2013

Background: Steele et al., 2013 ndi a David Ley "Ubongo Wanu pa Zolaula - SIMASULUTSA".

Pa 6 Marichi, 2013, David Ley ndi wolankhulira kafukufukuyu Nicole Prause adagwirizana kuti alembe positi ya blog ya Psychology Today yokhudza Steele et al ., 2013 yotchedwa " Ubongo Wanu pa Zolaula - Siwoledzera " . Mutu wake wokopa kwambiri ndi wosocheretsa chifukwa sukugwirizana ndi Ubongo Wanu pa Zolaula kapena sayansi ya ubongo yomwe yaperekedwa pamenepo. M'malo mwake, positi ya blog ya David Ley ya March, 2013 imangoganizira nkhani yongopeka ya kafukufuku wina wa EEG wolakwika - Steele et al ., 2013.

Tsamba la blog la Ley linawonekera miyezi 5 pamaso Steele et al. inasindikizidwa mwalamulo. Patatha mwezi umodzi (April 10th) Psychology Today olemba osindikizidwa ndi post ya Ley yolemba chifukwa cha mikangano yomwe ili pafupi ndi zifukwa zake zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Kukana kwa Prause kuti apereke phunziro lake losafalitsidwa kwa wina aliyense. Tsikulo Steele et al., ndipo atolankhani ake ambiri adagwirizana, Ley adasindikiza blog yake. Ley adasintha tsiku lomwe adalemba blog kukhala Julayi 25 2013, kenako kutseka ndemanga (Sinthani, 2019: David Ley tsopano akulipilidwa ndi makampani opanga zolaula zododometsa xHamster kuti alimbikitse mawebusayiti ake ndikuwapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti kuwonetsa zolaula ndikugonana ndizabodza!).

Kampeni ya PR yokonzedwa mosamala ya Prause inapangitsa kuti nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi zifalitsidwe ndi atolankhani ndi mitu yonse yonena kuti chizolowezi chogonana chinali chobisika (!). Mu kuyankhulana pa TV komanso mu lipoti la UCLA, Nicole Prause adapereka mawu awiri osatsimikizika konse okhudza kafukufuku wake wa EEG:

Ubongo wa anthuwa sizinayankhe ngati ena omwe amamwa mankhwala.
Kugonana (kugonana) kumamveka bwino ngati "chikhumbo chachikulu."

Palibe chilichonse mwa zomwe zapezekazi chomwe chili mu Steele et al. 2013. Ndipotu , kafukufukuyu adanenanso zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe Nicole Prause ndi David Ley adanena :

Zimene Steele et al ., 2013 ananenadi ngati "zopeza za ubongo":

"Kuchuluka kwa P300 kwa mkhalidwe wosangalatsa-wogonana kunali kwabwino kuposa zinthu zosasangalatsa, komanso zosangalatsa-zosakhala zogonana"

Translation: Omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali ndi cue-reactivity kwambiri (ma EEG mawerengedwe apamwamba) kuti afotokoze zithunzi zogonana zosiyana ndi zithunzi zosaloŵerera. Izi ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene osokoneza bongo amadziwika kuti akugwirizana awo kuledzera.

Zimene Steele et al ., 2013 adanenadi kuti ndi "chilakolako chogonana":

"Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ma P300 amplitude ndi zosangalatsa zogonana, poyerekeza ndi zolimbikitsa zosalowerera ndale, kunali kogwirizana ndi miyeso ya chilakolako chogonana , koma sikunagwirizane ndi miyeso ya kugonana kopitirira muyeso."

Kumasulira: Molakwika kumatanthauza chilakolako chochepa . Anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha zolaula anali ndi chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi mnzawo (koma osati chilakolako chochepa chodziseweretsa maliseche). Mwanjira ina - anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wochita zinthu zambiri komanso zilakolako zambiri zogonana amakonda kudziseweretsa maliseche kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni.

Zonsezi pamodzi zomwe Steele ndi anzake adapeza zikusonyeza kuti ubongo umagwira ntchito kwambiri pa zizindikiro (zithunzi zolaula), koma palibe kusintha kwakukulu pa mphotho zachilengedwe (kugonana ndi munthu). Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi, zomwe zikusonyeza kukhudzidwa ndi kugonana komanso kusakhudzidwa ndi kugonana.

Ngakhale mapepala asanu ndi atatu omwe adawunikidwa ndi anzawo pambuyo pake adavumbulutsa chowonadi (pansipa), katswiri woyamba kudzudzula Prause chifukwa cha zomwe adalemba anali pulofesa wamkulu wa zamaganizo John A. Johnson {https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-sexual-continuum/201307/new-brain-study-questions-existence-sexual-addiction/comments#comment-556448}. Poyankha pansi pa kuyankhulana kwa Psychology Today ndi Prause, John A. Johnson adavumbulutsa chowonadi:

" Maganizo anga akadali odabwitsa ponena kuti ubongo wa anthu omwe amamugwiritsa ntchito sunayankhe zithunzi zogonana monga momwe ubongo wa anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo umayankhira mankhwala awo, popeza iye amanena kuti zithunzi zogonana zimawerengedwa kwambiri ndi P300. Mofanana ndi anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa P300 akapatsidwa mankhwala omwe amawakonda. Kodi angaganize bwanji kuti ndi zosiyana ndi zotsatira zenizeni? Ndikuganiza kuti zitha kukhala chifukwa cha malingaliro ake - zomwe amayembekezera kupeza."

John Johnson mu ndemanga ina :

Mustanski akufunsa, "Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali chiani?" Ndipo Prause akuyankha, "Kuphunzira kwathu kunayesa ngati anthu omwe amafotokoza mavutowa [akuthetsa vuto lawo loyang'ana pa Intaneti] amaoneka ngati ena omwe amalephera kuchoka ku ubongo wawo ku zithunzi za kugonana."

Koma phunziroli silinagwirizane ndi zojambula za ubongo kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto otsogolera kuwona kwawo pa intaneti pa zochitika zapamwamba ku zojambula za ubongo kuchokera ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zojambula za ubongo kuchokera kwa osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe akanakhala njira yowonekeratu kuti aone ngati ubongo umayankha kuchokera ku mavuto gulu likuwoneka ngati momwe ubongo umayankhira oledzera kapena osakhala oledzera.

M'malo mwake, Pemphero limanena kuti zojambula mwawo ndi njira yabwinoko, pamene maphunziro ofufuza amakhala ngati gulu lawo lolamulira. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe awa, iwo adapeza kuti mayankho a EEG a anthu awo (monga gulu) ku zithunzi zolaula zinali zamphamvu kuposa mayankho awo a EEG kwa mafano ena. Izi zikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi zoyendetsera (ngakhale pazifukwa zina graph imasiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera pa galasi lenileni mu nkhani yosindikizidwa).

Kotero gulu ili lomwe limanena kuti likuvutika kuyang'anira momwe amaonera zolaula pa intaneti lili ndi mayankho amphamvu a EEG ku zithunzi zolaula kuposa mitundu ina ya zithunzi. Kodi anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amasonyeza mayankho amphamvu a EEG akapatsidwa mankhwala omwe amawakonda? Sitikudziwa. Kodi anthu wamba, omwe si oledzera, amasonyeza mayankho amphamvu ngati gulu lomwe lili ndi mavuto ku zolaula? Apanso, sitikudziwa. Sitikudziwa ngati machitidwe a EEG awa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi machitidwe a ubongo a anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli kapena omwe si oledzera.

Gulu lofufuzira la Prause likuti likuwonetsa kuwonetsa ngati mayankho okwezeka a EEG a maphunziro awo erotica ndi kuyankha kwamphamvu kwaubongo kapena kungoyankha kwamphamvu kwa ubongo pakukonzanso tsatanetsatane wamavuto omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwa mayankho a EEG. Koma kufotokozera zakusiyana mu yankho la EEG ndi funso losiyana pakuwona ngati kuyankha kwa gulu lonse kumawoneka ngati kowonjezera kapena ayi.

Kupatulapo zonena zambiri zosachirikizidwa m'manyuzipepala, n'zosasangalatsa kuti Steele et al. adapambana ndemanga ya anzawo, chifukwa adakumana ndi zolakwika zazikulu za njira: 1) anthu omwe adazunzidwa anali osiyana (amuna, akazi, osakhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) ; 2) anthu omwe adazunzidwa sanafufuzidwe ngati ali ndi matenda amisala kapena zizolowezi ; 3) kafukufukuyu analibe gulu lowongolera poyerekeza ; 4) mafunso sanatsimikizidwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito zolaula kapena zolaula (Onaninso ndemanga yayikulu ya YBOP iyi kuti muthetseretu zonena zozungulira Steele et al., 2013 ).

Tisanapite ku kusanthula asanu ndi atatu komwe kunawunikidwa ndi anzawo kwa Steele et al., 2013, ndikupereka momwe kafukufukuyu adayendera mu 2020:

Kugonana ndi kugonana / kugonana? Tsambali likulemba Zotsatira za 55 za sayansi (MRI, fMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, mahomoni). Onse amapereka chithandiziro chamachitidwe osokoneza bongo monga zomwe zapezedwa zikuwunika pazotsatira za mitsempha zomwe zimanenedwa mu maphunziro a kusokoneza bongo.
Malingaliro enieni a akatswiri okhudzana ndi zolaula / kugonana? Mndandanda uwu uli Ndemanga za 33 zaposachedwa kwambiri zokhudzana ndi ma neuroscience & ndemanga ndi ena mwa apamwamba a sayansi ya sayansi padziko lapansi. Zonse zothandizira mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Zizindikiro za kuledzera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri? Zofufuza za 60 zofukufuku zomwe zikupezeka zikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa zolaula (kulekerera), chizoloŵezi choonera zolaula, komanso ngakhale kusiya (zizindikiro zonse ndi zizindikiro zosokoneza bongo).
Kodi munthu amadziwa bwanji? Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse, Mayiko Akumayiko Onse a Matenda (ICD-11), ali ndi matenda atsopano woyenera kuchita zachiwerewere: "Kugonana Kwachiwerewere. "
Debunking the Prause ndi Ley osagwirizana poyankhula kuti "chilakolako chofuna kugonana" chimafotokoza zolaula kapena chizolowezi chogonana: Kafukufuku wopitilira 25 amanamizira kuti zachiwerewere & zolaula "amangokhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana"

**Kusanthula kobwerezabwereza kasanu ndi kawiri Steele et al., 2013**

Kwa zaka zambiri, maphunziro ambiri ozikidwa pa sayansi ya ubongo afalitsidwa (MRI, fMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, hormonal). Onsewa amapereka chithandizo champhamvu cha mtundu wa kuledzera chifukwa zomwe apeza zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku wokhudza kuledzera. Malingaliro enieni a akatswiri pankhani ya kuledzera zolaula/kugonana akuwoneka pamndandanda uwu wa ndemanga 30 zaposachedwa zamabuku ndi ndemanga (zonse zimathandizira mtundu wa kuledzera).

Mapepala asanu ndi awiri mwa omwe adawunikidwa ndi anzawo adasankha kusanthula zomwe Steele et al. 2013 adanenadi - osati zomwe Prause adapereka mu kampeni yake ya PR. Onse akufotokoza momwe zomwe Steele et al. adapeza zimathandizira chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana. Mapepalawa akugwirizana ndi ndemanga ya YBOP. Mapepala atatu akufotokozanso njira yolakwika ya kafukufukuyu komanso zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe. Pepala #1 laperekedwa kwa Steele et al. , 2013 yokha. Mapepala 2-8 ali ndi magawo ofufuza Steele et al. , 2013. Alembedwa pofika tsiku lofalitsidwa:

1) 'High Desire', kapena 'Mwachisa' Chizolowezi Choledzeretsa? Yankho kwa Steele et al. ndi Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD. (2014)

Kutsimikiza kwa kutsutsana kumadalira kumveka kwa malo ake. Mu pepala laposachedwapa la Steele et al., Ziganizidwe zimachokera pa kumanga koyamba kwa matanthauzo okhudzana ndi 'chikhumbo' ndi 'chizoloŵezi'. Izi zikutanthawuza pazinthu zoganizira ndi ziyeneretso, zomwe malirewo amavomerezedwa ndi olemba poyamba, koma mosadziwika kuti ananyalanyaza kuti atsimikizire mfundo zomwe olemba amapanga. Komabe, kutsimikizika kwazifukwazi sikoyenera, osati chifukwa chokhalira ndi vuto loyambitsa mavuto komanso chifukwa cha njira zovuta.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani lingaliro la 'chilakolako cha kugonana'. Ndime yoyamba ikuvomereza kuti 'zilakolako za kugonana ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti zithetse khalidwe la kugonana', ndipo ziyenera kulamulidwa ngati zili zoletsedwa (pedophilia) kapena zosayenera (kusakhulupirika). Chigawocho chimathera ndi chidziwitso kuti mawu akuti 'kugonana' samatanthauzira vuto linalake pokhapokha, koma limangotanthauzira gawo la anthu omwe ali ndi chikhumbo chachikulu.

Ndime yotsatira ikunena za pepala lolembedwa ndi Winters et al., lomwe limasonyeza kuti 'kugonana kosalamulirika ... kungakhale chizindikiro cha chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ndi kuvutika maganizo komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusamalira malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi zosowa zambiri za kugonana' (Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2010 ). Kutengera ndi malingaliro awa, Steele et al. akupitiliza kukayikira chitsanzo cha matenda a 'kuvutika' kumeneku komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuwongolera 'chilakolako' cha kugonana. Poyerekeza ma tempuleti osiyanasiyana a 'chilakolako', kuonera wailesi yakanema mwa ana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo. Ziganizo ziwiri zomaliza mu ndime iyi zimatsimikizira mfundo yakuti pepala lonselo limayesetsa kutsimikizira:

Mankhwala amayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa maola omwe munthu amaonera wailesi yakanema popanda matenda monga 'chizolowezi cha pa TV' ndipo ndi othandiza. Izi zikusonyeza kuti njira yofananayo ingakhale yoyenera pa chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ngati chitsanzo cha matenda chomwe chikuperekedwa sichikuwonjezera mphamvu yofotokozera kuposa chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana. (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013 )

Malingana ndi kufanana kwake, chilakolako chowonera TV kwa ana komanso chilakolako chogonana ndi anthu akuluakulu, olembawo amayamba kukambirana pazokambirana zochitika (ERPs) ndi kufotokoza motsatira ndondomeko yawo yophunzira, zotsatira ndi zotsatira ndi kukambirana, ndikufika pamapeto:

Pomaliza, miyeso yoyamba ya kusintha kwa mitsempha ku zokopa zogonana ndi zosagonana mu chitsanzo cha mavuto omwe amawongolera momwe amawonera zokopa zofanana sizipereka chithandizo cha zitsanzo za hypersexuality, monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi mafunso. Makamaka, kusiyana pakati pa zenera la P300 pakati pa zokopa zogonana ndi zosalowererapo kunanenedweratu ndi chilakolako chogonana, koma osati ndi miyeso iliyonse (mwa itatu) ya hypersexuality. (Steele et al., 2013 )

Ndi mawu awa olemba adanena kuti chikhumbo chachikulu, ngakhale ngati chiri chovuta kwa iwo omwe amachiwona, sichiri cholakwika, ziribe kanthu zotsatira.

Ena afotokoza zofooka zazikulu za kafukufukuyu. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba Nicole Prause adati mu kuyankhulana, 'Mafukufuku okhudza zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga cocaine, awonetsa momwe ubongo umayankhira zithunzi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kotero tidaneneratu kuti tiyenera kuwona zomwezo mwa anthu omwe amanena za mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana ngati kwenikweni, chinali chizolowezi'. John Johnson wanena za mavuto angapo ofunikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pepala la Dunning et al. ( 2011 ) lomwe akutchula ngati maziko oyerekeza ndi pepala la Steele et al.. Choyamba, pepala la Dunning et al. linagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zitatu: ogwiritsa ntchito cocaine osagwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito pano, ndi zowongolera zopanda nzeru za mankhwala. Pepala la Steele et al. linalibe gulu lowongolera la mtundu uliwonse. Chachiwiri, pepala la Dunning et al. linayesa ma ERP osiyanasiyana muubongo, kuphatikiza negativity yoyambirira ya posterior (EPN), yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ikuwonetsa chidwi choyambirira, ndi kuthekera kwabwino kochedwa (LPP), yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ikuwonetsa kukonza kwina kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa Dunning adasiyanitsa zigawo zoyambirira ndi zomaliza za LPP, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zikuwonetsa kukonza kosalekeza. Komanso, pepala la Dunning ndi anzake linasiyanitsa pakati pa ma ERP osiyanasiyanawa m'magulu oletsa, omwe akugwiritsa ntchito panopa, komanso omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino. Komabe, pepala la Steele ndi anzake linayang'ana pa ERP imodzi yokha, p300, yomwe Dunning anaiyerekeza ndi zenera loyambirira la LLP. Olemba a Steele ndi anzake anavomerezanso cholakwika chachikulu ichi pakupanga: 'Chinthu china chotheka n'chakuti p300 si malo abwino kwambiri odziwira ubale ndi zinthu zolimbikitsa kugonana. LPP yochedwa pang'ono ikuwoneka kuti ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chilimbikitso'. Steel ndi anzake anavomereza kuti kwenikweni sangathe kuyerekeza zotsatira zawo ndi kafukufuku wa Dunning ndi anzake, komabe zomwe anapezazo zimapanga kufananiza koteroko. Ponena za kafukufuku wa Steele ndi anzake, Johnson anafotokoza mwachidule kuti, 'Kupeza kofunikira kwambiri sikunena chilichonse chokhudza kuledzera. Kuphatikiza apo, kupeza kofunikira kumeneku ndi mgwirizano woipa pakati pa P300 ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu (r=−0.33), kusonyeza kuti P300 amplitude ikugwirizana ndi chilakolako chotsika cha kugonana; izi zikutsutsana mwachindunji ndi kutanthauzira kwa P300 ngati chilakolako chachikulu . Palibe kufananiza ndi magulu ena oledzera. Palibe kufananiza magulu olamulira. Zomwe ofufuza adapeza ndi kuchuluka kwa deta, zomwe sizikunena chilichonse chokhudza ngati anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi vuto lolamulira momwe amaonera zithunzi zogonana ali ndi kapena alibe mayankho ofanana ndi a cocaine kapena mitundu ina ya anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli (kulankhulana payekha, John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).

Ngakhale kuti zofooka zina zazikulu mu kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu zikuphatikizapo kusowa kwa gulu lolamulira lokwanira, kusiyana kwa chitsanzo cha kafukufuku, ndi kulephera kumvetsetsa zofooka za kuthekera kwa P300 kusiyanitsa mwamakhalidwe ndi kuchuluka ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa 'chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana' ndi zilakolako zogonana zosafunikira, mwina cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri chikukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kumvetsetsa mawu oti 'chilakolako'. N'zoonekeratu kuti popanga nsanja yofotokozerayi, olembawo amachepetsa lingaliro la chilakolako ndi mawu oti 'kungo'. Chilakolako, chokhudzana ndi machitidwe a zamoyo pankhani yogonana, ndi chinthu chovuta cha mesencephalic dopaminergic drive yokhala ndi teleencephalic cognitive and affective mediation and expression. Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugonana, dopamine imadziwika kwambiri ngati gawo lofunikira pakulimbikitsa kugonana, lomwe lasungidwa kwambiri mu mtengo wosinthika (Pfaus, 2010 ). Majini okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ndi kuwonetsa chilimbikitso cha kugonana amawonekera pa phyla komanso amakhudza zovuta za intra-phyla. Ngakhale pali kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa kugonana, kufunafuna chakudya, ndi makhalidwe ena, omwe ndi ofunikira pakukhala ndi thanzi labwino, tsopano tikudziwa kuti pali kufanana mu makina a molekyulu omwe 'chilakolako' chopindulitsa cha zamoyo chimachokera. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti njira izi zapangidwa kuti 'ziphunzire', m'njira yolumikizirana komanso yosinthira mitsempha. Monga momwe lamulo la Hebb limanenera, 'Ma Neuron omwe amalumikizana pamodzi, amalumikizana pamodzi'. Tinazindikira kuthekera kwa ubongo kusintha kulumikizana kwake ndi kuphunzira mphotho m'maphunziro oyambirira okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma tsopano tawona kuphunzira kochokera ku mphotho ya mitsempha ndi zilakolako zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chilakolako cha mchere.

Matanthauzidwe okhudzana ndi chilakolako ndi ofunikira pano; mphamvu yachilengedwe, kapena 'kufuna', ndi chinthu chimodzi, pomwe timaona kuti 'kulakalaka' kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mabuku okhudzana ndi kuledzera ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Umboni ukuwonetsa kuti chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga mchere ndi kugonana chimayambitsa - ndi kusowa kutsatiridwa ndi kukhuta - njira yolumikizira mitsempha yokhudza kukonzanso ndi kulumikiza ma neuron (Pitchers et al., 2010 ; Roitman et al., 2002 ). Chodziwika bwino, chilakolako chofuna kwambiri chimakhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zimasonyeza kufa kwa chamoyo monga kusowa mchere, komwe kumapangitsa nyamayo kukhuta ndikupewa kufa. Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwa anthu, mosangalatsa, kungakhudze chilakolako chofanana chomwe chimabweretsa kulakalaka kofananako kuti ikhute ngakhale kuti pali chiopsezo cha imfa, kusintha kwa chilakolako ichi cha zinthu zoyambira. Chochitika chofananacho chimachitikanso ndi zizolowezi zachilengedwe, monga munthu wonenepa kwambiri komanso matenda oopsa a mtima omwe akupitiriza kudya zakudya zonenepa kwambiri, kapena munthu amene ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana akupitiriza kuchita zachiwerewere ndi anthu osawadziwa ngakhale kuti ali ndi mwayi waukulu wopeza matenda opatsirana pogonana monga HIV ndi chiwindi. Ma jini amenewo, zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri pa vuto la chilakolakochi, ndizofanana ndi zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chilakolako chachilengedwe, mchere, chimathandizira kugwidwa, kutenga udindo wolowerera mu chizolowezi (Liedtke et al., 2011 ). Timamvetsetsanso bwino momwe machitidwe ovuta omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusinthaku amakhudzira kusintha kwa majini, zinthu, ndi ma modulators monga DeltaFosB, orexin, Cdk5, neural plasticity regulator activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC), protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) yolemera kwambiri, ndi zina. Zinthuzi zimapanga njira yovuta yolumikizirana, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuphunzira kwa mitsempha.

Chomwe timachimva mwachidwi ngati 'chilakolako', kapena 'chilakolako chachikulu', ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ya mesencephalic ndi hypothalamic yomwe imapanga, kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo ndi gawo la cortical processing chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa chidziwitso chodziwa komanso chosadziwa. Monga momwe tawonetsera mu pepala lathu laposachedwa la PNAS, zilakolako zachilengedwe izi 'mwina zikuwonetsa kutenga machitidwe akale osinthika omwe ali ndi phindu lalikulu lopulumuka chifukwa cha kukhutiritsa zilakolako zamakono za hedonic' (Liedtke et al., 2011 , PNAS), chifukwa tapeza kuti majini omwewa a 'chilakolako' cha mchere anali kale okhudzana ndi cocaine ndi opiate. Kufotokozera kwa 'chilakolako' ichi, kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupeza mphotho, 'chilakolako' chokhutitsidwa kachiwiri ndi kungowonetsera kwa 'cortical' kwa chilakolako chozama komanso cha phyolgenetically primitive chochokera mu hypothalamic/mesencephalic axis. Zikabweretsa chilakolako chosalamulirika komanso - chikawonetsedwa - chowononga cha mphotho, kodi timagawa bwanji tsitsi la neurobiological ndikulitcha 'chilakolako chachikulu' m'malo mokhala ndi chizolowezi?

Nkhani ina ikukhudzana ndi kusasinthika. Palibe paliponse mu pepala la Steele et al. pomwe pali kukambirana za chifukwa chake anthuwa ali ndi 'chilakolako chachikulu'. Kodi anabadwa choncho? Kodi udindo wa chilengedwe ndi wotani, ngati ulipo, pa mbali zonse ziwiri za chilakolakocho? Kodi kuphunzira kungakhudze chilakolako mwa ena mwa anthu ofufuzawa osiyana? (Hoffman & Safron, 2012 ). Maganizo a olemba pankhaniyi sakumvetsa bwino njira yosinthira kosalekeza pamlingo wa maselo ndi macroscopic. Mwachitsanzo, tikudziwa kuti kusintha kwa ma microstructure kumeneku komwe kumawonedwa ndi kuphunzira kwa neuronal kumagwirizanitsidwanso ndi kusintha kwa macroscopic. Kafukufuku wambiri amatsimikizira kufunika kwa plasticity, monga momwe ambiri adanenera motsimikiza kuti: 'Mosiyana ndi malingaliro akuti kusintha kwa maukonde a ubongo kumatheka pokhapokha panthawi yofunika kwambiri ya chitukuko, sayansi ya ubongo yamakono imagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la ubongo wokhazikika' (Draganski & May, 2008 ); 'Kujambula ubongo wa munthu kwapeza kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu zoyera ndi imvi zomwe zimachitika pophunzira ... kuphunzira kumajambula kapangidwe ka ubongo' (Zatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012 ).

Pomaliza, taganiziraninso mawu a wolemba akuti 'kungofuna kugonana kwambiri'. Georgiadis ( 2012 ) posachedwapa adapereka lingaliro la gawo lalikulu la dopaminergic kwa anthu mu njira iyi ya midbrain kupita ku striatum. Pa mphotho zonse zachilengedwe, kugonana kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa dopamine mu striatum, ndi milingo yofika 200% ya baseline (Fiorino & Phillips, 1997 ), yomwe ikufanana ndi morphine (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988 ) m'mayesero oyesera. Kupeputsa, kuchepetsa, ndikuchotsa matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana ndikulephera kumvetsetsa gawo lalikulu la zamoyo la kugonana pa chilimbikitso cha anthu ndi kusintha kwawo. Zimasonyeza kusadziwa bwino zomwe zikuvomerezedwa tsopano za neuroscience ya mphotho yamakono, chifukwa zimanena kuti chilakolako chogonana ndi chobadwa nacho, chosasinthika, komanso chotetezeka kwambiri ku kuthekera kosintha kaya mwamakhalidwe kapena mochuluka. Komabe, mozama kwambiri, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi Steele et al. pepala, ndi lakuti chiphunzitso cha myopic ichi sichikumvetsa chowonadi chomwe sayansi ya ubongo tsopano imatiuza kuti 'chilakolako chachikulu', chikapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi khalidwe lokakamiza, losafunikira, komanso lowononga, ndi 'chizolowezi' chabe.

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2) Neural Correlates of Reactivity Cac Reactivity Mwa Anthu omwe ali ndi popanda popanda chilakolako chogonana (2014)

Kusanthula mwachidule Steele et al ., 2013 (Citation 25 ndi Steele et al.)

Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti zochita za dACC zikuwonetsa ntchito ya chilakolako chogonana, chomwe chingafanane ndi kafukufuku wa P300 mwa anthu a CSB okhudzana ndi chilakolako [25] . Tikuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa gulu la CSB ndi odzipereka athanzi pomwe kafukufuku wakaleyu analibe gulu lowongolera. Kuyerekeza kwa kafukufukuyu waposachedwa ndi zofalitsa zakale mu CSB zomwe zikuyang'ana pa MRI yofalikira ndi P300 n'kovuta chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira. Kafukufuku wa P300, kuthekera kokhudzana ndi zochitika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira tsankho la chidwi pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, akuwonetsa miyeso yokwera pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito nikotini [54] , mowa [55] , ndi ma opiates [56] , ndi miyeso yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizana ndi zizindikiro zakulakalaka. P300 imaphunziridwanso nthawi zambiri m'mavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zachilendo momwe zolinga zochepa zothekera nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizili zolinga zazikulu. Kusanthula kwa meta kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi achibale awo omwe sanakhudzidwe adatsika P300 amplitude poyerekeza ndi odzipereka athanzi [57] . Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kudziwika ndi kusagawa bwino zinthu zomwe zimafunika kuti munthu azitha kuyang'ana kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimamukhudza (zosakhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo) komanso kukonda kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimamukhudza. Kuchepa kwa P300 amplitude kungakhalenso chizindikiro cha matenda a endophenotypic. Kafukufuku wa zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kufunika kwa cocaine ndi heroin cues akuwonetsanso zolakwika m'magawo omaliza a ERP (>300 milliseconds; late positive potential, LPP) m'madera akutsogolo, zomwe zingasonyezenso chilakolako ndi kugawa chidwi [58] - [60] . LPP imakhulupirira kuti ikuwonetsa kugwidwa koyambirira kwa chidwi (400 mpaka 1000 msec) komanso pambuyo pake kupitilira kwa zinthu zomwe zimamulimbikitsa. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito cocaine anali atakweza miyezo yoyambirira ya LPP poyerekeza ndi odzipereka athanzi omwe akusonyeza kuti ndi gawo lothandizira kuti munthu azitha kuyang'ana kwambiri chidwi komanso mayankho ochepetsedwa kuzinthu zosangalatsa zamaganizo. Komabe, miyezo yomaliza ya LPP sinali yosiyana kwambiri ndi yomwe ili mwa odzipereka athanzi [61] . Zomwe zimayambitsa kuthekera kwa P300 kokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zolinga zimakhulupirira kuti ndi parietal cortex ndi cingulate [62] . Chifukwa chake, zochita zonse za dACC mu kafukufuku wa CSB wapano ndi zochita za P300 zomwe zanenedwa mu kafukufuku wakale wa CSB zitha kuwonetsa njira zofanana zogwirira chidwi. Mofananamo, maphunziro onsewa akuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa miyeso iyi ndi chilakolako chowonjezeka. Apa tikuwonetsa kuti zochita za dACC zimagwirizana ndi chilakolako, chomwe chingawonetse chizindikiro cha chilakolako, koma sichikugwirizana ndi kukonda chitsanzo cha chilimbikitso cha zizolowezi.

3) Katswiri wa sayansi ya zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kuonjezera (2015)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Steele et al., 2013 (tikalemba 303):

Kafukufuku wa EEG pa anthu omwe akudandaula za mavuto omwe amawongolera kuonera kwawo zolaula pa intaneti wanena za momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zogonana [ 303 ]. Kafukufukuyu adapangidwa kuti afufuze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa ma amplitude a ERP poonera zithunzi zamaganizo ndi zachiwerewere komanso miyeso ya mafunso okhudza kugonana kwambiri komanso chilakolako chogonana. Olembawo adatsimikiza kuti kusakhalapo kwa mgwirizano pakati pa zigoli pa mafunso okhudza kugonana kwambiri ndi ma amplitude apakati a P300 poonera zithunzi zogonana "sikuthandiza zitsanzo za matenda a hypersexuality" [ 303 ] (tsamba 10). Komabe, kusowa kwa mgwirizano kungafotokozedwe bwino ndi zolakwika zomwe zingakambidwe mu njirayo. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito gulu la anthu osiyanasiyana (amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikiza anthu 7 omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha). Kafukufuku woyerekeza momwe ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli umagwirira ntchito ndi anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino amafuna anthu ofanana (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, azaka zofanana) kuti akhale ndi zotsatira zabwino. Makamaka pa kafukufuku wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zadziwika bwino kuti amuna ndi akazi amasiyana kwambiri mu ubongo ndi momwe amayankhira pa zinthu zomwe zimawapangitsa kugonana [ 304 , 305 , 306 ]. Kuphatikiza apo, mafunso awiri ofufuza sanatsimikizidwe kwa ogwiritsa ntchito IP omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo anthu omwe adafunsidwawo sanafufuzidwe kuti awone ngati ali ndi vuto linalake la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena matenda amisala.

Komanso, mfundo yomwe yatchulidwa mu chidule, "Zomwe zimatanthauza kumvetsetsa kugonana mopitirira muyeso ngati chilakolako chachikulu, osati chosokonezeka, zikukambidwa" [ 303 ] (tsamba 1) zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa P300 kunali kogwirizana ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu. Monga tafotokozera mu Hilton (2014), zomwe zapezekazi "zikutsutsana mwachindunji ndi kutanthauzira kwa P300 ngati chilakolako chachikulu" [ 307 ]. Kusanthula kwa Hilton kukuwonetsanso kuti kusowa kwa gulu lolamulira komanso kulephera kwa ukadaulo wa EEG kusiyanitsa pakati pa "chilakolako chachikulu chogonana" ndi "kukakamiza kugonana" kumapangitsa kuti zomwe Steele et al. adapeza zisatanthauzidwe [ 307 ].

Pomaliza, kupeza kwakukulu kwa pepalali (kutalika kwa P300 poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zogonana, poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosalowerera) sikunaperekedwe chidwi chachikulu mu gawo la zokambirana. Izi sizosayembekezereka, chifukwa kupeza kofala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi intaneti ndi kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa P300 poyerekeza ndi zinthu zosalowerera pamene akuwonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zowoneka zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chawo [ 308 ]. Ndipotu, Voon, et al. [ 262 ] adapereka gawo la zokambirana zawo pofufuza zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku wakale wa P300. Voon et al. adapereka kufotokozera kufunika kwa P300 yomwe sinaperekedwe mu pepala la Steele, makamaka pankhani ya mitundu yodziwika bwino ya chizolowezi, pomaliza,

"Chifukwa chake, zochita zonse za dACC mu kafukufuku wa CSB wapano ndi zochita za P300 zomwe zanenedwa mu kafukufuku wakale wa CSB [ 303 ] zitha kuwonetsa njira zofanana zogwirira chidwi. Mofananamo, maphunziro onsewa akuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa miyeso iyi ndi chilakolako chowonjezeka. Apa tikuwonetsa kuti zochita za dACC zimagwirizana ndi chilakolako, chomwe chingawonetse chizindikiro cha chilakolako, koma sichikugwirizana ndi kukonda kutengera chitsanzo cha chilimbikitso cha zizolowezi." [ 262 ] (tsamba 7)

Ngakhale olemba awa [ 303 ] adanena kuti kafukufuku wawo adatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoledzera ku CSB, Voon et al. adati olemba awa adapereka umboni wochirikiza njira imeneyi.

4) Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimayambitsa Mavuto Ogonana? Kubwereza ndi Zipatala Zachipatala (2016)

Chidule chofufuza Steele et al ., 2013 (chithunzi 48 ):

Kuphunzira kwa 2013 EEG ndi Steele et al. radatengera kukula kwa P300 kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere, potsanzira zithunzi zopanda ndale, anthu omwe akudandaula za mavuto owonetsa zolaula zawo pa Intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito [48]. Ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala akuwonetseranso kukula kwa P300 pamene akuwonekera pazithunzi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi chawo choledzera [148]. Komanso, Steele et al. adawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa P300 matalikidwe ndi chikhumbo chogonana ndi mnzanu [48]. Kuwonetseratu kwakukulu kuwonetsa zolaula pa Intaneti zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chilakolako chochepa cha kugonana kwa kugonana pakati pawo, monga momwe Steele et al. Adachitira, akugwirizana ndi Voon et al. kupeza kwa "kuchepa libido kapena erectile ntchito makamaka mu ubale weniweni ndi akazi" mwa ogwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti [31]. Polimbikitsa zotsatirazi, maphunziro awiri omwe akufufuza chilakolako cha kugonana ndi erectile mu "machitidwe opatsirana pogonana" komanso ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti amaonetsa mayanjano pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komanso kuchepetsa chilakolako chogonana komanso kugonana [15,30]. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza kwa 2016 kwa amuna a 434 omwe anawona zolaula kamodzi pa kamodzi pa miyezi itatu yapitayo inanena kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kunkagwirizana ndi ziwopsezo zapamwamba, komabe kuchepetsa kukhutitsidwa kwa kugonana ndi ntchito yosauka ya erectile [44]. Zotsatirazi ziyenera kuwonedwa malinga ndi kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo omwe apeza kuti kugonana komwe kumayambitsa zolaula ndi zolakalaka zolaula zoonera zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi azimayi komanso mavuto omwe amakumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa choonera zolaula za pa Intaneti zimagwiritsa ntchito [52,53,54,113,115,149,150]. Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, maphunziro osiyanasiyana ndi owonetsa zolaula pa intaneti akugwirizana ndi chidziwitso chowongolera, chomwe chimachititsa chidwi chokopa chokhudzidwa ndikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi njira yolimbikitsira [31,106]. Kuti tifotokoze mwachidule, mogwirizana ndi maganizo athu, kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana amasonyeza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa zolaula, zolakalaka kuziwona, ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zovuta zogonana ndi kuchepetsa chilakolako cha kugonana kwa anzanu.

5) Njira Zozindikira ndi Zopanda Kumvetsetsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito? (2017)

NDEMANGA ZA YBOP: Kafukufuku wa EEG wa 2017 wokhudza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adatchula maphunziro atatu a Nicole Prause EEG. Olembawo amakhulupirira kuti maphunziro onse atatu a Prause EEG adapezadi kufooka kapena chizolowezi mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi chizolowezi). Izi ndi zomwe YBOP yakhala ikunena nthawi zonse (zofotokozedwa mu ndemanga iyi: Kutsutsa kwa: Kalata kwa mkonzi "Prause et al. (2015) zabodza zaposachedwa za maulosi okhudzana ndi chizolowezi" 2016 ).

Mu mavesi atatu omwe ali pansipa, akuwonetsa maphunziro otsatirawa a Nicole Prause EEG ( #14 ndi Steele et al ., 2013 ):

7 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D. Zomwe zingatheke kukhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana. Soc. Dziwani. Zakhudza. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
8 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D ;; Hajcak, G. Kusinthasintha kwa zizindikiro zabwino zowonongeka ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "zolaula". Ubweya. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
14 - Steele, VR; Staley, C.; Fong, T.; Prause, N. Chikhumbo chakugonana, osati kuganiza moperewera, chimakhudzana ndi mayankho amisala omwe amafunsidwa ndi zithunzi zakugonana. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Zidule zofotokoza Steele et al ., 2013 :

Zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa thupi wa momwe zimakhudzira zizindikiro zamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [ 24 ]. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito deta ya ERP nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira za ERP pambuyo pake monga P300 [ 14 ] ndi Late-Positive Positive (LPP) [ 7 , 8 ] akamafufuza anthu omwe amaonera zolaula. Mbali zotsatirazi za mawonekedwe a ERP zafotokozedwa kuti zimayambitsidwa ndi njira zoganizira monga chidwi ndi kukumbukira ntchito (P300) [ 25 ] komanso kukonza kosalekeza kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi malingaliro (LPP) [ 26 ]. Steele et al. [ 14 ] adawonetsa kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 komwe kumawonedwa pakati pa kuwona zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zithunzi zosalowererapo kunali kogwirizana ndi miyeso ya chilakolako chogonana, ndipo sikunakhudze kugonana kwa ophunzira. Olembawo adanenanso kuti izi mwina zinali chifukwa cha zithunzi zomwe zawonetsedwa kuti sizili ndi tanthauzo latsopano kwa ophunzirawo, popeza ophunzira onse adanenanso kuti akuwona zithunzi zambiri zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo la P300 lichotsedwe. Olembawo adapitiliza kunena kuti mwina kuyang'ana pa LPP yomwe ikubwera pambuyo pake kungapereke chida chothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa chawonetsedwa kuti ikuwonetsa njira zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofufuza momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzira LPP wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa LPP kumakhala kochepa mwa ophunzira omwe akunena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana komanso mavuto owongolera momwe amaonera zolaula [ 7 , 8 ]. Zotsatirazi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa maphunziro ena ambiri okhudzana ndi chizolowezi awonetsa kuti akapatsidwa ntchito yokhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi cue, anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi mavuto pokambirana za chizolowezi chawo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a LPP akamawonetsedwa zithunzi za mankhwala awo omwe amayambitsa chizolowezi [ 27 ]. Prause et al. [ 7 , 8 ] amapereka malingaliro a chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse zotsatira zochepa za LPP posonyeza kuti zitha kukhala chifukwa cha chizolowezi, popeza omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu omwe akunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso adapeza kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akuonera zolaula.

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Kafukufuku wasonyeza nthawi zonse kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya thupi pokonza zinthu zomwe zimafuna kudya chifukwa cha zotsatira za chizolowezi mwa anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amafunafuna zolaula [ 3 , 7 , 8 ] . Ndi zomwe olembawo akunena kuti izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zotsatira zomwe zawonedwa.

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Maphunziro amtsogolo angafunike kugwiritsa ntchito database yazithunzi zatsopano kuti afotokoze kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Komanso, mwina ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri adachepetsa mayankho awo okhudzana ndi kugonana panthawi ya kafukufukuyu. Kufotokozera kumeneku kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi [ 7 , 8 ] pofotokoza zotsatira zawo zomwe zidawonetsa chilimbikitso chofooka chomwe chimawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa LPP (late positive potential) ku zithunzi zolaula ndi anthu omwe akunena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosalamulirika. Kukula kwa LPP kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachepa pakachepetsedwa mwadala [ 62 , 63 ]. Chifukwa chake, LPP yoletsedwa ku zithunzi zolaula ikhoza kulongosola kusowa kwa zotsatira zazikulu zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu m'magulu onse chifukwa cha vutoli la "zolaula".

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6) Njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mwachisawawa (2018).

Zidule zofufuza Steele et al ., 2013 (zomwe ndi chidule 68 ):

Klucken ndi anzake posachedwapa adawona kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi CSB poyerekeza ndi ophunzira omwe sanawonetse mphamvu ya amygdala powonetsa zizindikiro zokhazikika (mabwalo amitundu) zomwe zimaneneratu zithunzi zolaula (mphotho) [66]. Zotsatirazi zili ngati zomwe zachokera ku maphunziro ena omwe amafufuza mphamvu ya amygdala pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso amuna omwe ali ndi CSB akuonera makanema owonetsa zachiwerewere [1, 67]. U sing EEG, Steele ndi anzake adawona kuchuluka kwa P300 kuzithunzi zogonana (poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosalowerera) pakati pa anthu omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi mavuto ndi CSB, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale wokhudza kukonza zizindikiro zowonetsa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo [ 68, 69].

Ndemanga za YBOP: Mu gawo lomwe lili pamwambapa, olemba ndemanga yaposachedwa akunena kuti zomwe Steele et al apeza zikusonyeza kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto la chizolowezi chogonana. Izi zikugwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha chizolowezi ndipo chizolowezi chogonana ndi chizindikiro cha chizolowezi chogonana. Ngakhale kuti Steele et al a . Nicole Prause, wolankhulira Nicole Prause, adanena kuti ubongo wa anthuwa umasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya anthu omwe amamwa chizolowezi chogonana (cocaine inali chitsanzo choperekedwa ndi Prause) - izi sizinali zoona, ndipo sizinanenedwe kulikonse mu Steele et al a ., 2013

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Kuphatikiza apo, chizolowezi chingadziwike mwa kuchepa kwa chidwi cha mphotho kuzinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonekera ndipo zingakhudze mayankho a mphotho kuzinthu zogonana kuphatikizapo kuonera zolaula ndi kugonana ndi mnzanu [1, 68 ] . chizolowezichi chakhala chikuphatikizidwanso mu zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi zinthu zoledzeretsa komanso khalidwe [73-79].

Ndemanga za YBOP: Mu gawo lomwe lili pamwambapa, olemba ndemangayi akunena za zomwe Steele et al adapeza zokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi mnzawo (koma osati chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi munthu). Mwanjira ina - anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wambiri komanso zilakolako zokhudzana ndi zolaula amakonda kudziseweretsa maliseche kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni. Izi ndi zochepa kukhudzidwa ndi "kugonana ndi munthu wokwatirana naye", komwe "nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira". Zonsezi pamodzi zikuwonetsa kuti ubongo umagwira ntchito kwambiri pa zithunzi zolaula, koma sizimagwiranso ntchito pa mphotho zachilengedwe (kugonana ndi munthu). Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi.

7) Kugonjetsa Kwachinyamata pa Intaneti: Zimene Timadziwa ndi Zimene Sitikuzidziwa-Kusanthula Kwambiri (2019)

Chidule chotsutsa Steele et al ., 2013 (chitsanzo 105 ndi Steele et al. )

Umboni wa ntchito ya mitsempha iyi yosonyeza chilakolako umawonekera kwambiri mu prefrontal cortex [ 101 ] ndi amygdala [ 102 , 103 ], kukhala umboni wa sensitization. Kugwira ntchito m'madera awa a ubongo kumakumbutsa mphotho yazachuma [ 104 ] ndipo kungakhale ndi zotsatira zofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma EEG ambiri mwa ogwiritsa ntchito awa, komanso kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu, koma osati kudziseweretsa maliseche [ 105 ], chinthu chomwe chikuwonetsanso kusiyana kwa khalidwe la erection [ 8 ]. Izi zitha kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha desensitivity. Komabe, kafukufuku wa Steele ali ndi zolakwika zingapo za njira zoganizira (kusiyana kwa mitu, kusowa kwa kufufuza matenda amisala kapena zizolowezi, kusowa kwa gulu lolamulira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso osatsimikiziridwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito zolaula) [ 106 ]. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Prause [ 107 ], nthawi ino ndi gulu lolamulira, adabwereza zomwe adapeza. Udindo wa cue reactivity ndi chilakolako pakukula kwa chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti zatsimikiziridwa mwa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [ 108 ] ndi zitsanzo za amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [ 109 ].