Kuwonetsa realyourbrainonporn (scienceofarousal.com) "Gawo Lachiwerewere": Zomwe zikuchitika pakufufuza zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zachiwerewere, kukakamiza & chiwawa

wolakwirana

Introduction

Mu gawo ili la milandu yokhudza kugonana, ngati mukuda nkhawa ndi malingaliro okondera, koma odziwika bwino a akatswiri okonda zolaula ndi anzawo, tili ndi nkhani yanu. Kuti zinthu zikuyendereni bwino, gulu lalikulu la Porn Science Deniers tsopano "ladziwonetsa" ngati kalabu yapadera. Mutha kuwapeza akujambulidwa monyadira pano mu bulu lawo la sayansi - https://www.realyourbrainonporn.com/experts Anthu omwe ali ndi udindo patsamba latsopanoli akuchita zinthu zosaloledwa ndi malamulo a YourBrainOnPorn.com . Tsamba latsopano lachinyengo linasintha mwachangu tsamba loyamba la "akatswiri" lotchedwa " Science of Arousal ," URL yomwe imatumiza alendo ku tsamba lachinyengo lomwe lilipo. Tsamba latsopanoli kenako limayesetsa kunyenga alendo ndi pakati pa tsamba lililonse ponena kuti " Takulandirani ku Ubongo Wanu Weniweni Pa Zolaula," pomwe tabuyo imalengeza zabodza kuti "Ubongo Wanu Pa Zolaula."

Popeza takhala tikukambirana za zolaula kuyambira chaka cha 2011 chisanafike, sitikufuna kuletsa, kapena kuopa, maganizo otsutsana. Koma tikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kunena kuti mamembala ambiri a gulu latsopanoli la Porn Science Deniers amadziwika bwino ndi YBOP ndi ena omwe amakayikira za zolaula. Ena mwa iwo ndi olemba maphunziro akunja komanso mfundo zambiri zotsutsana ndi makampani, zomwe zimalowa m'nkhani zodziwika bwino (zoyikidwa?).

Ena mwa otsutsa nthawi zambiri amasokeretsa atolankhani , anzawo ogwira nawo ntchito, ndi olemba manyuzipepala a zamaphunziro za momwe kafukufuku wa zolaula pa intaneti alili. Pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso m'nkhani wamba amalengeza mapepala awo ang'onoang'ono osankhidwa bwino, osafunikira , ndi/kapena amabisa tanthauzo lenileni la deta yawo. Pitani patsamba lino kuti muwone ndemanga za ana awo ena okayikitsa kwambiri.

Ngakhale ambiri mwa a Deniers awa akhala akugwirizana nthawi zonse pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kapena olemba nawo nkhani zamaphunziro kapena zodziwika bwino, membala aliyense wa Alliance mpaka pano wanena kuti ndi wofalitsa wodziyimira pawokha komanso wopanda tsankho wa chowonadi ndi sayansi. Komabe YBOP ndi ena ambiri okayikira zolaula akhala akudziwa kale kuti mamembala osiyanasiyana a gulu la Deniers lachigululi amakonza chiwembu mowonekera komanso mseri, akunyenga atolankhani, kugawana mfundo zokambira, kutumiza maimelo ku mabungwe olamulira, komanso ngakhale kukhudza njira yowunikidwa ndi anzawo m'njira zokayikitsa (masamba awiriwa amapereka zolemba zambiri za machitidwe omwe atchulidwa: tsamba 1 , tsamba 2 ).

A Deniers omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi mawu komanso odziwika bwino, Nicole Prause ndi David Ley, akuwoneka kuti ali ndiubwenzi wabwino ndi malonda a zolaula:

Prause ndi Ley nawonso achita zodetsa zobisa, kubvutitsa ndi kuchitira ena masewera, kutsata magulu ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira, potengera umboni womwe wapezeka, kuti zolaula zamasiku ano zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Ochepera madera awo omwe akudziwa mbiri ya Prause ndi Ley wazolakwika komanso zosokoneza. Masamba otsatirawa ali ndi zochitika mazana angapo pazaka zingapo:

Prause tsopano yakhudzidwa ndi milandu iwiri yokhudza kunyoza ( Donald Hilton, MD & woyambitsa Nofap Alexander Rhodes ), mlandu wophwanya malamulo a malonda , ndi mlandu wokhudza squatting.

Kusanthula kotsatira kwa "Gawo la Ochita Zogonana" la RealYBOP kwatengedwa kuchokera patsamba lalikululi lomwe likuyang'ana "tsamba lofufuzira" la ophwanya malamulo, kuphatikiza maphunziro ake odziwika bwino, tsankho, kuchotsedwa kwakukulu, ndi chinyengo: Porn Science Deniers Alliance (AKA: "RealYourBrainOnPorn.com" ndi "PornographyResearch.com").

Zindikirani: Tsamba lofufuzira la RealYBOP lili ndi gawo lofanana la mapepala osankhidwa bwino omwe adapangidwa kuti atitsimikizire kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumabweretsa kufanana kwakukulu kwa akazi. Zafotokozedwa bwino apa: Gawo la Maganizo a Akazi.

Mgwirizano: RealYBOP (scienceofarousal.com) "Gawo Lachiwerewere"

Mofanana ndi magawo ena a RealYBOP ( onse omwe atsutsidwa patsamba lino ) maphunziro angapo alibe chochita ndi mutu wa gawoli (Ochita Zolakwira Zachiwerewere). Tikakamizika kuganiza molakwika, tiyenera kuganiza kuti Okana akuyesera "kunama" kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kugwiririra, chiwawa, nkhanza zogonana, kuzunzidwa, kapena kukakamizidwa kugonana. Ngakhale maphunziro akupereka zomwe zapezeka zosiyanasiyana, tikukambirana za kudalira kwambiri kwa Alliance pa maphunziro angapo osankhidwa mosamala. Timaperekanso maphunziro ambiri oyenera omwe Alliance idasiya dala. Nkhani ziwiri zaposachedwa zikufotokoza mfundo zambiri zoyankhulirana za Alliance:

YBOP - Kuchuluka kwa chiwongoladzanja kukuwonjezeka, kotero samanyalanyaza zofalitsa zowonongeka (2018)
FTND - Kodi Zolemba Zolaula Zimachepadi Phindu la Kugonana? (2018) (yolembedwa ndi pulofesa yemwe wasindikiza maphunziro ochuluka a zolaula)

Mwakutero, Alliance ikulongosola pang'ono maphunziro omwe akukwaniritsa kusintha komwe akuti dziko lachiwerewere likuwotcha ndi kusintha kwakukulu pakupezeka kwa zolaula. Potchula kafukufuku wokhudza mayiko ochepa osankhidwa, a Deniers osiyanasiyana anena mosaganizira kuti ziwawa zakugonana zimatsika paliponse pomwe zolaula zimapezeka pagulu. Pansipa timakhomerera mabowo pamawu awa.

#1 - Nanga bwanji zosintha zina zokhudzana ndi ziwawa zapachiwawa?

Kugwirizana sikugwirizana ndi chifukwa. Zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zikuchititsa kuti chiwerengero cha kugwiriridwa chichepe m'maiko ena. Chinthu chodziwikiratu chomwe chimagwira ntchito ndichakuti mayiko otukuka akumana ndi kuchepa (pa 100K ya anthu) m'gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi waukulu wochita ziwawa zogonana (12-34) pamene chiwerengero cha anthu chikukula . Monga mukuonera pachithunzichi, ziwerengero za milandu yonse yachiwawa ku US zinafika pachimake cha mu 1990, kenako zinatsika mpaka cha m'ma 2013, pamene chiwerengero cha kugwiriridwa chinayamba kukwera . Chofunika kudziwa kuti chiwerengero cha kugwiriridwa chinatsika kwambiri (pa magulu a milandu) panthawiyi:

Kuchuluka kwa chiwawa chaukali kunaphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu achikulire omwe anali okalamba, ndipo kuchepa kwapakati pa zaka zapakati pazochitika zachiwawa. Kusintha kumeneku kwachitika m'mitundu yambiri ya "dziko loyamba". Choyamba, kufalitsa kwa anthu a 1990 ndi zaka. Onani anthu mu zaka za 15-44.

Kenako, kugawa kwa anthu mu 2015 malinga ndi zaka. Onani kuchepa kwa magulu azaka omwe ali ndi mwayi waukulu wochita zachiwawa, komanso momwe anthu okalamba amapangira chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu.

Kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa kungayambitse kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha kugwiriridwa chomwe chanenedwa , ngati chiwerengerocho chatsikadi (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimanenedwa kuti "pa [chiwerengero cha X] cha anthu"). Wofufuza Neil Malamuth adayankha pamndandanda waukulu wa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana womwe udaperekedwa ku mapepala a Milton Diamond (omwe adalengezedwa ndi Alliance ngati umboni wa zomwe adanena mosasamala):

The Aggregate Issue - Mwachidziwitso, zikuwoneka ngati zomveka bwino kuti "maziko" ovuta ndi omwe akuwoneka kuti akuchitika mu "dziko lenileni" (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwachiwawa) monga zachiwawa zapa media komanso / kapena zolaula zawonjezeka pazaka zambiri. Ndikuganiza kuti m'malo mwake, mavuto pakuyang'ana izi ndiabwino ndipo ndizosatheka kubwera pazifukwa zilizonse ndikumvetsetsa poyang'ana pazambiri. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mayanjano otsatirawa: Chiwerengero cha mfuti ku US komanso kuchuluka kwa umbanda.

Monga momwe zawululidwira m'nkhani yotsatirayi Pew: Chiwerengero cha Kupha Anthu Chachepa Pakati pa Zaka 20 Zapitazi (Pamene Ufulu Watsopano wa Mfuti Ukukula) pamene chiwerengero cha mfuti ku US chawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, chiwerengero cha kupha anthu chachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndi angati a ife omwe ali okonzeka kunena kuti kupezeka kwa mfuti ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri ndipo kwathandizira kuchepetsa kupha anthu, monga momwe ena angaganizire mwachangu? Ine ndi Drew Kingston tikukambirana nkhaniyi mozama m'mawu awa: Mavuto ndi Deta Yonse ndi Kufunika kwa Kusiyana kwa Munthu Payekha Pakafukufuku wa Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Nkhanza Zogonana (2010).

Deta yonse ya zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi upandu (monga ntchito yofunika ya Mickey Diamond) yapezeka, monga momwe ndikudziwira, ku Denmark ndi ku Japan kokha. M'maiko awiriwa, nthawi zambiri pakhala pali kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa milandu yodziwika bwino yokhudza nkhanza zogonana . Titha kuyembekezera kutengera deta imeneyo komanso magwero ena angapo a deta kuti m'maiko awa, pali amuna ochepa omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochita nkhanza zogonana (mkati mwa chikhalidwe ndi m'mikhalidwe yosakhala yankhondo). Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi zomwe Confluence Model yaneneratu, m'maiko otere tinganeneretu kuwonjezeka pang'ono kapena kusapezeka konse kwa nkhanza zogonana pamene kupezeka kwa zolaula kukuwonjezeka, monga momwe Diamond ndi anzake adanenera.

Kumbukirani, kuti amuna omwe taphunzira ku USA omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa sanawonetsere kukula kwina ngakhale ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Monga momwe ndayesera, monga momwe ndanenera poyamba, Marteni Hald ndi ine tinapeza kuti ngakhale ku Denmark, amuna omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chokwanira makamaka akuwonetsa malingaliro akuluakulu akuvomereza chiwawa kwa akazi ngati ntchito zonse zoyesedwa mu labata komanso " gulu "la padziko lapansi (onani buku la 2015). Ndikanakhala wokondwa kwambiri kuona chomwe chingachitike ngati kusintha kwakukulu kuchitika pakapezeka zolaula m'mayiko omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chochuluka cha amuna omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira komanso kugonana, kugonana, malingaliro ovomereza chiwawa kwa amayi, kuzunza akazi, ndi zina zotero. ).

Komanso, kuchuluka kwa milandu yodziwika sikungakhale kokha "komwe kumadalira" kuwunika (onani pansipa). Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhanza kwa akazi ku Japan kuli kotsika kwambiri (ndipo zomwe ndakumana nazo zaka zambiri zapitazo pamene ndinkapita ku Japan zikusonyeza kuti akazi ankamva kuti ali otetezeka poyenda m'misewu usiku) kuchuluka kwa kugwiriridwa komwe kunalembedwapo tsiku limodzi kunali kwa amuna aku Japan (ku China mumzinda wa Nanking). Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe chitavomereza chiwawachi, nkhanza zomwe zingachitike zitha kuonekera kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Japan komwe kulipo, zikuwoneka kuti pali zizindikiro zina za zomwe zingaganizidwe kuti ndi nkhanza zogonana komanso zochita zokhudzana ndi akazi (monga, m'chaka cha 2000, magalimoto apadera a sitima adayambitsidwa kuti akazi azitha kulimbana ndi kusaka kwa amuna (chikan).

Magazini ya "Variable Variable"

Monga ndanenera kale, Confluence Model imayang'ana kwambiri pa malingaliro ndi machitidwe ankhanza okhudzana ndi kugonana mwa amuna ambiri, makamaka ophunzira aku koleji. Pafupifupi palibe aliyense mwa omwe taphunzira omwe adaweruzidwapo. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa milandu yodziwika sikuli kofunikira kwenikweni. Monga gawo la zokambirana za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsanzochi, tapereka lingaliro kwa zaka zambiri kuti pankhani ya anthu oweruzidwa, chitsanzochi sichili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu chifukwa zikuwoneka kuti ndi amuna otere "makhalidwe otsutsana ndi chikhalidwe" ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwambiri. Amuna oweruzidwawa nthawi zambiri si "akatswiri" koma amatha kuchita milandu yosiyanasiyana.

Njira zomwe zakhala zikuwonetsa kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino poneneratu za anthu omwe amawachitira zachipongwe omwe timaphunzira, (udani kwa akazi, malingaliro othandizira nkhanza kwa akazi, ndi zina zotero) sizinapezeke kuti zikuwonetsa zigawenga zodziwika bwino m'derali. Ngakhale kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhanza zogonana pakati pa ophunzira kungakhale kofunikira, sizikudziwika bwino ngati izi zawonjezeka kapena zachepa m'zaka zapitazi kapena ngati pakhala chisamaliro chochulukirapo pankhaniyi (ndikuganiza kuti izi ndizofunikira). Izi zikugwirizananso ndi "vuto lonse": Ngakhale kupezeka kwa zolaula kwawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi, nthawi yomweyo pakhala njira zambiri zochepetsera nkhanza zogonana ndikuwonjezera chidziwitso choyenera.

Pafupifupi yunivesite iliyonse mdziko muno yalamula kuti anthu onse atsopano achitepo kanthu, zomwe sizinali choncho zaka zapitazo. Kungoganiza kuti zoulutsa nkhani zina zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere, titha bwanji kuzindikira kuti izi zikuwoneka kuti zikuchitika nthawi zambiri?

Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu kumayendetsa (mu) kulondola kwa ziwerengero zokhudzana ndi zolakwa za kugonana.

# 2 - Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mitengo yakugwiririra nthawi zambiri imanenedwapo - ndipo mwina itha kukulirakulira.

Ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti mlandu wogwiririra nthawi zonse sumanenedwa mokwanira. Ngakhale malipoti opita kwa apolisi angakhale olakwika kwambiri, monga momwe pepala ili lolembedwa ndi pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku US limanenera: Momwe Mungamangire Bodza ndi Ziwerengero za Kugwiririra: America's Hidden Rape Crisis (2014).

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopanoyi kuti ndidziwe ngati maboma ena alephera kupereka lipoti lenileni la madandaulo okhudza kugwiriridwa omwe adaperekedwa, ndapeza kuti kuwerengera kochepa kwambiri kwa milandu yogwiriridwa ndi madipatimenti apolisi mdziko lonselo. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi 22% mwa madipatimenti apolisi 210 omwe adafufuzidwa omwe ali ndi udindo wosamalira anthu osachepera 100,000 ali ndi zolakwika zazikulu pa ziwerengero zawo za kugwiriridwa zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuwerengera kochepa kwambiri kuyambira 1995 mpaka 2012. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chiwerengero cha madera omwe amawerengera ochepa chawonjezeka ndi oposa 61% m'zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zaphunziridwa.

Kukhazikitsa zidziwitso kuti achotse apolisi akucheperachepera poika kuchuluka kwa anthu ophedwa, kafukufukuyu akuyerekeza kuti madandaulo a 796,213 mpaka 1,145,309 akuchimwira kwa akazi omwe akuchitiridwa nkhanza kuzimiririka kuzinthu zonse zomwe zidalembedwa ku 1995 mpaka 2012. Kupitilira apo, zowerengeka zomwe zikuwonetsedwaku zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi yowerengera imaphatikizapo khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu pamitengo yayikulu kwambiri yakugwiriridwa kuyambira pakutsatira deta kudayamba ku 1930. M'malo mokumana ndi "kugwa kwakukulu" kugwiriridwa, America ili pakati pamavuto obisika.

#3 - Maiko ambiri anena zakukwera kwamitengo yakugwiridwanso nthawi yomweyi.

Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wochokera ku Spain ndi ku Norway akuti apeza zomwe zimasemphana ndi zomwe a Diamond (onse sanasiyidwe ndi Alliance):

Kodi chiwawa chogonana chikugwirizana ndi kuwonetsa intaneti? Umboni wochokera ku Spain (2009) - Chidule: Pogwiritsira ntchito deta yolumikiza dera la Spain m'nthawi ya 1998-2006, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti pali kusintha pakati pa zolaula ndi zolaula pa intaneti, pomwe zolaula zowonjezera pa intaneti zimayambitsa makhalidwe ena achiwerewere monga kugwiriridwa.
Internet Broadband: Chidziŵitso Chokwanira Kugonana Kwachiwerewere? (2013) - Ndemanga: Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumayambitsa umbanda? Timagwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha Norway chakuphwanya malamulo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti tipeze kuunika pa funso ili. Pulogalamu ya anthu yomwe ili ndi ndalama zopereŵera inayambitsanso zida zowonjezereka kwa 2000-2008, ndipo zimapereka kusiyana kwakukulu kosiyanasiyana pa intaneti. Zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito zimasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa malipoti onse, milandu ndi chigamulo cha kugwiriridwa ndi zolakwa zina zachiwerewere. Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti kuwononga kwachindunji kuchitapo kanthu pa chiwerewere ndibwino komanso sikunyozeka, mwinamwake chifukwa cha kuwonongera kolaula.

Yang'anani tebulo ili la kuchuluka kwa kugwiriridwa ndipo muwona kuti palibe njira yeniyeni yapadziko lonse lapansi (zomwe zikusonyeza vuto la kusonkhanitsa ziwerengero zolondola). Chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika ndichakuti, Diamond sanatchule mayiko ambiri "amakono" komwe kupezeka kwa zolaula ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiriridwa kwawonjezeka nthawi imodzi, monga Norway, Sweden, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Iceland, Italy, Argentina, Portugal, ndi zina zotero.

#4 - Mitengo ya zilakolako za kugonana zikukwera ku US ndi United Kingdom (awiri ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri a Pornhub).

Malinga ndi ziwerengero zatsopano zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi FBI (onani chithunzi ), chiwerengero cha kugwiriridwa (pa anthu 100,000) chawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kuyambira 2014-2016 (chaka chatha chomwe ziwerengero zake zilipo). Ku UK, panali milandu 138,045 yokhudza kugonana, yomwe idakwera ndi 23%, m'miyezi 12 isanafike Seputembala, 2017. Komabe, panthawi yomweyi:

chiwerengero cha anthu chikapitirira zaka,
Ma ED chifukwa amuna omwe ali pansi pa 40 adakwerandipo
Chiwerengero cha chiwerewere chagonjetsedwa mofulumira, monga momwe ziliri chiwerengero cha chonde mu West.

# 5 -Maphunziro owunika omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa zolaula ndi kuchuluka kwachiwerewere, nkhanza komanso kukakamiza (kuwunika kwa mabuku & meta-analyzes).

M'malo mokhala ndi zovuta zambiri zofufuza m'mayiko ochepa osankhidwa, bwanji za maphunziro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito owona zolaula omwe amayang'anira zosiyana? Monga momwe zilili ndi gawo lina la Alliance, ichi chinasiya ndondomeko yoyenera ya zolemba ndi zofufuza, kotero apa pali ochepa. (Kumapeto kwa gawoli timaperekanso maphunziro ambiri omwe amaletsedwa ndi Alliance.)

Kusanthula kwa meta kufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira za zolaula II: Kukwiya pambuyo poonekera (1995) - Chidule:

Kufufuza meta ya maphunziro a 30, osindikizidwa 1971-1985, kuti aone zotsatira za kuonera zolaula pa khalidwe laukali pansi pa ma laboratory, poganizira zochitika zosiyanasiyana zolimbana ndi kugonana, msinkhu wa kupsa mtima, mtundu wa zolaula, chikhalidwe cha S, chikhalidwe cha nkhanza, ndi sing'anga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza nkhani).

Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti maliseche azithunzi amachititsa kuti munthu azichita zinthu zankhanza, kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosonyeza zachiwerewere zopanda chiwawa kumawonjezera khalidwe lankhanza, komanso kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zachiwawa zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa TV zimapangitsa kuti munthu azichita zachiwawa kwambiri kuposa zachiwerewere zopanda chiwawa . Palibe mtundu wina wa oyang'anira womwe unapanga zotsatira zofanana.

Zithunzi zolaula ndi nkhanza zogonana: kodi pali zotsatira zodalirika ndipo kodi tingazimvetse? (2000) - Chidule:

Poyankha ndemanga zina zaposachedwa, (a) tisanthula mfundo ndi deta zomwe zaperekedwa mu ndemanga zimenezo, (b) kuphatikiza zomwe zapezeka mu chidule cha metaanalytic cha kafukufuku woyesera ndi wachilengedwe, ndi (c) kuchita kusanthula kwa ziwerengero pa chitsanzo chachikulu choyimira. Masitepe onse atatuwa akuchirikiza kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wodalirika pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ndi machitidwe ankhanza okhudzana ndi kugonana, makamaka pa zolaula zachiwawa ndi/kapena amuna omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha nkhanza zogonana . Tikupereka lingaliro lakuti momwe amuna ankhanza amatanthauzira ndikuchita nawo zolaula zomwezo zitha kusiyana ndi za amuna osachita zachiwawa, malingaliro omwe amathandiza kuphatikiza kusanthula kwamakono ndi maphunziro poyerekeza ogwiririra ndi osagwiririra komanso kafukufuku wamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kusanthula kwa meta kwa kafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa zotsatira za zolaula (2000) - Chidule:

Kafukufuku wofufuza za 46 omwe adafalitsidwa adachitidwa kuti adziwe zotsatira za zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zochitika za kugonana, malingaliro okhudza maubwenzi apamtima, ndi malingaliro onena za kugwiriridwa. Zambiri mwa maphunzirowa adachitidwa ku United States (39; 85%) ndipo adakhala kuyambira 1962 mpaka 1995, ndi 35% (n = 16) yofalitsidwa pakati pa 1990 ndi 1995, ndi 33% (n = 15) pakati pa 1978 ndi 1983. Kukula kwathunthu kwazithunzi za anthu a 12,323 ndi meta yowonetsera. Kukula kwa maonekedwe (d) kunawerengedwa pazomwe zimadalira zofufuza zomwe zinasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya maphunziro, zinali ndi kukula kwazithunzi za 12 kapena zazikulu, ndipo zinaphatikizapo gulu losiyana kapena loyerekeza.

Mavereless opanda kulemera komanso olemera omwe amachokera pazakugonana. kutsimikizira kulumikizana pakati pa chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha chitukuko chosayipa mukakumana ndi zolaula. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti kafukufuku womwe wachitika m'derali akhoza kupitilira funso loti zolaula zimatha kuchititsa zachiwawa komanso kuchitira banja ntchito.

Udindo wa zolaula pakuchita zachiwerewere (2007) - Chidule:

Kafufuzidwe ndi Zotsatira za Khalidwe Zogwirizana ndi Zithunzi Zolaula

Kwa Weaver (1993), kutsutsana kumachokera ku ziphunzitso zitatu za zotsatira zowonongeka ndi zolaula:

Chikhalidwe cha kugonana monga mtundu wa kuphunzira chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chokhudzana ndi zomwe zakhala zikuletsedwa kapena kubisika (ufulu) - kulepheretsa, kudziimba mlandu, chikhalidwe cha chikunja, kukonzekera kugonana, zonse zomwe zingathetsedwe kudzera mu zolaula (Feshbach, 1955) .2 Kutchinsky (1991) anabwerezanso mfundo imeneyi, kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa kugonana kwagonjetsedwa pamene zithunzi zolaula zinkapezeka mosavuta, kukhala ngati chitetezo choteteza chitetezo cha kugonana ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa kugonana. Ngakhale kuti ndizovuta kwambiri, kodi izi zikutanthawuza chiyani kuti zolaula zimapereka mawonekedwe a maphunziro omwe, malinga ndi wolemba, amalephera kuchita. Zingatheke chifukwa mfundoyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa uhule ngati njira yothetsera chiwerengero cha ziwawa zogonana (McGowan, 2005, Vadas, 2005). Maganizo amenewa amachepetsa ulemu waumunthu ndi zomwe zimatanthauza kukhala munthu. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti anthu sizinthu;

Kudetsedwa kwa munthu, mosiyana ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira, ndi zolaula zomwe ndizoyamba komanso chifaniziro cha amuna osadziwika bwino (Jensen, 1996; Stoller, 1991);

Kusintha maganizo kudzera mu fano izo sizigwirizana ndi zenizeni. Mwachidule, zolaula zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ocheperako. Chifukwa chithunzicho sichinthu china koma zowonetsa zolaula, zobwerezabwereza komanso zosatheka, kuseweretsa maliseche ndi gawo la zosokoneza osati mbali ya zenizeni. Zosokoneza izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamphamvu komanso kosasintha kwa criminogenic. Kuwonetsedwa pafupipafupi kumam'khumudwitsa munthu posintha pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinthu zake momwe zimakhudzira chidwi (Bushman, 2005; Carich & Calder, 2003; Jansen, Linz, Mulac, & Imrich, 1997; Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980; Padgett & Brislin-Slutz, 1989; Silbert & Pines, 1984; Wilson, Colvin, & Smith, 2002; Winick & Evans, 1996; Zillmann & Weaver, 1999).

Mwachidule, kafukufuku amene wachitika mpaka pano sanawonetse bwino mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula ndi nkhanza zogonana, koma mfundo ndi yakuti ofufuza ambiri amagwirizana pa chinthu chimodzi: Kuonera zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali kumachepetsa munthuyo . Izi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi Linz, Donnerstein ndi Penrod mu 1984, kenako Sapolsky chaka chomwecho, Kelley mu 1985, Marshall kenako Zillmann mu 1989, Cramer, McFarlane, Parker, Soeken, Silva, & Reel mu 1998, ndipo posachedwapa, Thornhill ndi Palmer mu 2001, ndi Apanovitch, Hobfoll ndi Salovey mu 2002. Potengera ntchito yawo, ofufuza onsewa adatsimikiza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa ndipo kumatsogolera olakwira kuchepetsa chiwawa m'zochita zawo.

Zithunzi zolaula ndi malingaliro othandizira nkhanza kwa akazi: kubwerezanso ubale mu maphunziro osayesa (2010) - Chidule:

Kusanthula kwa meta kunachitika kuti adziwe ngati maphunziro osayesa akuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za amuna ndi malingaliro awo othandizira chiwawa kwa akazi. Kusanthula kwa meta kunakonza mavuto ndi kusanthula kwa meta komwe kunafalitsidwa kale ndipo kunawonjezera zomwe zapezeka posachedwa. Mosiyana ndi kusanthula kwa meta koyambirira, zotsatira zaposachedwa zawonetsa mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro othandizira chiwawa kwa akazi m'maphunziro osayesa. Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro oterewa adapezeka kuti akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachiwawa zogonana kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zopanda chiwawa, ngakhale ubale womalizawu udapezekanso kuti ndi wofunikira.

Phunziroli likukonza zomwe zimaoneka ngati zosokoneza maganizo m'mabuku owonetsa zolaula komanso malingaliro achiwawa powonetsera kuti zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuchokera ku maphunziro osaphunzira m'derali zikugwirizanadi ndi zomwe aphunzira anzawo akufufuza. Kupeza izi kuli ndi zofunikira pa mabuku onse owonetsa zolaula ndi nkhanza.

Makampani opatsirana pogonana amavomerezedwa pa moyo wawo pa nthawi yoyamba komanso nthawi zambiri kugonana (2014) - Zolemba:

Kafukufuku amene wasanthula zolaula amatha kukhumudwitsa. Komabe, palibe ntchito iliyonse yomwe yayesa ngati zochitika zina zamakono zogonana zimakhudza kuphwanya malamulo. Powonjezereka, zotsatira zowonjezera zaziwonetserozi sizidziwika. Mfundo yophunzirira za chikhalidwe cha anthu imaneneratu kuti kuwonetsetsa kuyenera kukulirakulira.

Pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya retrospective longitudinal, timayesedwa koyamba ngati kuwonetsa nthawi yaunyamata kumakhudzana ndi msinkhu wa chiyambi; Timayang'ananso ngati kukhala munthu wamkulu kumagwirizanitsa ndifupipafupi.

Zomwe zapezeka zikusonyeza kuti mitundu yambiri ya achinyamata omwe amakumana ndi vutoli komanso kuchuluka kwa matendawa zinali zokhudzana ndi msinkhu wawo woyambirira. Kukumana ndi vutoli panthawi yaukulu kunagwirizananso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chilakolako chogonana, koma zotsatira zake zinali kutengera "mtundu wake. "

Kusanthula kwa Meta - Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Zochitika Zenizeni za Nkhanza Zogonana mu Maphunziro a Anthu Onse (2015) . - Chidule:

Kusanthula kwa kafukufuku woyesera kwapeza zotsatira pa khalidwe laukali ndi malingaliro. Kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro ankhanza m'maphunziro achilengedwe kwapezekanso. Komabe, palibe kusanthula kwa meta komwe kwayankha funso lomwe limalimbikitsa ntchito iyi: Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana ndi kuchita nkhanza zenizeni zogonana? Maphunziro 22 ochokera kumayiko 7 osiyanasiyana adawunikidwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhanza zogonana ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi, pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komanso m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana komanso a nthawi yayitali. Mabungwe anali olimba kwambiri pakulankhula kuposa nkhanza zogonana, ngakhale zonse ziwiri zinali zofunika. Kachitidwe kazotsatira kambiri kakusonyeza kuti zomwe zili zachiwawa zitha kukhala chinthu chowonjezera.

Achinyamata ndi Zithunzi Zolaula: Ndemanga ya Zaka 20 za Kafukufuku (2016) - Chidule:

Cholinga cha ndemangayi chinali kukonza kafukufuku wofufuza zomwe zinasindikizidwa m'magazini a Chingerezi omwe adawunikidwa ndi anzawo pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015 pankhani ya kufalikira, zoneneratu, ndi zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa zolaula kumasiyana kwambiri. Achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri anali amuna, omwe anali atakula kwambiri, omwe anali ofunafuna malingaliro, komanso anali ndi mabanja ofooka kapena ovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro ogonana olekerera ndipo nthawi zambiri kunkalumikizidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zolimbana ndi kugonana. Zinkaonekanso kuti zikugwirizana ndi kuchitika kwa kugonana, chidziwitso chachikulu ndi machitidwe ogonana osakhazikika, komanso nkhanza zambiri zogonana, ponse paŵiri pochita ndi kuzunzidwa.

Kuneneratu Kubwera kwa Nkhanza Zogonana kwa Achinyamata (2017) - Chidule:

Pambuyo posintha makhalidwe omwe angakhale ndi mphamvu, kukumana ndi nkhanza zomwe makolo ndi akazi amakumana nazo komanso kukumana ndi zolaula zachiwawa, zonsezi zinagwirizana kwambiri ndi kubuka kwa kugwiriridwa koyesedwa ndi SV, kupatulapo zolaula zachiwawa . Khalidwe lankhanza lomwe lilipo pano linakhudzidwanso kwambiri ndi mitundu yonse ya nkhanza zoyamba za SV kupatulapo kugwiriridwa. Kuzunzidwa koyambirira kwa nkhanza zogonana komanso nkhanza zamaganizo m'maubwenzi zinalinso zolosera za nkhanza zoyamba za SV, ngakhale m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mu kafukufuku wadziko lonse wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanza za SV pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana, zomwe zapezeka zikusonyeza zinthu zingapo zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa, makamaka zolemba za nkhanza pakati pa anthu zomwe zikutsatiridwa ndi makolo ozunza m'nyumba za achinyamata komanso kulimbikitsidwa ndi zolaula zachiwawa.

Zotsatira za Kuwonetsedwa pa Nkhani Zogonana pa Chibwenzi cha Achinyamata ndi Akuluakulu Oyamba Kugonana ndi Maganizo ndi Makhalidwe Achiwawa Ogonana: Kuwunikanso Kwambiri Mabuku (2017) - Chidule:

Chiwawa chokhala pachibwenzi (DV) ndi nkhanza zogonana (SV) ndizovuta zomwe zikuchuluka pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe akutuluka. Gulu lokhala ndi mabuku likuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pazowonera zolaula (SEM) ndi makanema olaula (SVM) atha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha DV ndi SV. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuwunikira komanso kuwunikira mabuku athu mwatsatanetsatane pa zomwe zimachitika pakuwonekera kwa SEM ndi SVM pa DV ndi malingaliro ndi machitidwe a SV. Kafukufuku wofufuza 43 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za achinyamata ndi omwe akutukuka adawunikiridwa, ndipo zonse pamodzi zapeza kuti:

(1) kukhudzana ndi SEM ndi SVM ndizogwirizana ndi nthano za DV ndi SV komanso kuvomereza kwambiri malingaliro a DV ndi SV;

(2) kukhudzana ndi SEM ndi SVM ndikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi kuvutitsidwa kwa DV ndi SV, kufalikira, komanso kusayang'anira;

(3) SEM ndi SVM zimakhudza kwambiri machitidwe amunthu a DV ndi SV kuposa machitidwe azikhalidwe za DV ndi SV; ndipo

(4) malingaliro owoneka bwino okhudzana ndi DV ndi SV ndi makonda azosinthasintha amasintha ubale womwe uli pakati pa SEM ndi SVM komanso DV ndi malingaliro a SV ndi machitidwe.

Timatsimikiza ndi zolemba zina kuchokera kuzinthu zazikuluzikulu za kugonana zomwe zikufotokozera za zolaula komanso zolaula / zachiwawa. Monga momwe mudzaonera, wolembayo ndi wotsutsa kwambiri (komanso wofufuza za PhD).

Ndikuganiza kuti mawu onse omwe ndanena akuyimira nkhanza zogonana komanso zotsatira zina. Pakadali pano, kuwonjezera pa a) deta yolumikizana yomwe ikuwonetsa kuwonetsedwa kwambiri kwa zolaula zokhudzana ndi mitundu yonse ya malingaliro ndi machitidwe ankhanza okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso osagonana, tilinso ndi:

b) deta yoyesera yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsa zolaula kumawonjezera nkhanza zosakhudzana ndi kugonana mu labu (zinthu monga nkhanza zakuthupi, zakuthupi, kapena zamaganizo monga kupereka zida zamagetsi) (maphunziro 33 omwe adawunikidwa mu Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995) ;

c) Deta yoyesera yosonyeza kuwonetsedwa kwa zolaula imawonjezera malingaliro othandizira nkhanza zogonana (kuvomereza nkhanza pakati pa anthu, kuvomereza nthano zogwiririra, ndi machitidwe ozunza anthu pogonana) (maphunziro 16 adawunikidwa mu Emmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995) ;

d) Umboni wautali wosonyeza kuti kuonera zolaula zambiri pa Time 1 kumalumikizidwa ndi zochita zambiri zachiwawa zogonana zenizeni pa Time 2 (maphunziro 5 omwe adawunikidwa mu Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2015), ngakhale atayang'anira zinthu zambiri zomwe zingasokoneze, kuphatikizapo nkhanza zogonana, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zotero.

Malinga ndi umboni wonsewu, ndizovuta komanso zopanda nzeru, m'malingaliro mwanga, kunena kuti kulumikizana kwenikweni pakati pa zolaula ndi nkhanza sikokwanira ndipo kulibe konse . Inde, kukayikira kuyenera kukhalapo, ndipo maphunziro ofufuza abwinoko ayenera kupitilizabe kuchitika, koma pakadali pano, ngati ndingakakamizidwe kubetcha, ndikananena kuti ndikadayika ndalama zanga pamenepo chifukwa cha zotsatira zina zoyipa za zolaula pa nkhanza zogonana, zomwe mwina zingakhale a) zochepa, b) gulu la anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndi c) zodziwika kwambiri pamitundu ina ya zolaula (zachiwawa) kuposa zina (zolaula zopanda chiwawa koma zachizolowezi) komanso zopanda mitundu ina ya zolaula (zachikazi, zachiwerewere).

Zachidziwikire, palibe deta yoyesera kapena ya nthawi yayitali yomwe ndi yoyenera kudziwa chifukwa chenicheni, koma tonse tikuwoneka kuti tikuvomerezana kuti imatanthauza kwambiri chifukwa pankhani ya madera ena ofufuza zamaganizo. Ndiwo miyezo yathu yabwino kwambiri yokhazikitsira chifukwa cha zotsatira zamitundu yonse ya machitidwe. Nchifukwa chiyani timakayikira kwambiri pankhani ya gawo limodzi ili la kafukufuku? Chifukwa silikugwirizana ndi zilakolako zathu za zolaula kuti zisakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa? Pepani, koma ndimakonda zolaula monga momwe nonsenu mumakondera (ine ndimakondadi), koma sindingathe kulungamitsa kuwonetsa zolaula pamlingo wapamwamba chifukwa sindimakonda zomwe zapezeka . Izi ndi zomwe ndimatanthauza pamene ndimanena kuti kukana kapena kunyalanyaza zomwe zapezekazi kumatipangitsa kukhala akhungu komanso oganiza bwino za izo monga otsutsa zipolowe zachiwerewere….

... .. Sikuti amatanthauza kutiyerekeza ndi zomwe timaletsa zolaula momwe timagwiritsira ntchito zomwe tapezazo komanso zomwe zikukhudza zenizeni zomwe tikuwona kuchokera kuzomwe zachitika padziko lapansi. Zomwe ndimanena ndikuti monga momwe amachitira, tikuwoneka kuti tikugwiritsa ntchito mawu otsimikizira olimba kuti tingowona zomwe tikufuna kuwona. Koma posaganizira umboni womwe ukukulirakulira, tikuyika kukhulupirika kwathu ngati ofuna choonadi, ndipo tikuchepetsa gawo lathu kuti kuletsa zolaula sindiye yankho lomwe lingakhale nawo pakuwonetsa kusintha kwenikweni. Mwa kutenga malire mopitilira muyeso (“palibe zolaula zilizonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wina achite zachiwerewere kwa aliyense”) zomwe sizigwirizana ndi umboniwo, tidzipangitsa kukhala osafunikira kwenikweni komanso kuthamangitsidwa motere monga momwe amatsenga amatengera. malo ena owonjezera ("zolaula zonse zimakulitsa chiwerewere mwa aliyense amene amazionera").

Apanso, musanditengere zolakwika: Ndimakonda zolaula, ndimazionera nthawi zonse, ndipo ndimakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kuletsa izi.

Kupita ku maphunziro omwe Alliance adawasankha mosamala, ndi zitsanzo zina zambiri za zomwe zasiya.

Mapepala osankhidwa ndi chitumbuwa olembedwa mu realyourbrainonporn (zolaularesearch.com) "Gawo Lachiwerewere"

Burton, DL, Leibowitz, GS, & Howard, A. (2010). Kuyerekeza ndi mtundu wa upandu wa achinyamata ochimwa pa kuwonetsedwa kwa zolaula: Kusakhalapo kwa ubale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa kwa zolaula ndi makhalidwe olakwira kugonana 1. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 6(3), 121-129. Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Chidule cha Alliance sichinapeze zotsatira zofunika kwambiri: kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunali kogwirizana ndi milandu yokhudza kugonana komanso yopanda kugonana. Kuchokera mu chidule:

Anthu ochitira nkhanza za kugonana adanena kuti anthu ambiri asanafike zaka 10 (zaka 10) komanso atatha kuonera zolaula kuposa anthu osachita nkhanza za kugonana . Komabe, kwa anthu ochitira nkhanza za kugonana, kuwonetsedwa sikukugwirizana ndi zaka zomwe ochitira nkhanzawo anayamba kuchitira nkhanza, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anazunzidwa, kapena kuopsa kwa nkhanza zogonana. Kuwonetsedwa pang'ono kwa anthu asanafike zaka 10 sikunali kogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha ana omwe gululo linawachitira nkhanza za kugonana, ndipo kuwonetseredwa mwamphamvu sikunali kogwirizana ndi chilakolako chogwiriridwa kapena kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito. Pomaliza, kuwonetsedwa kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi ziwerengero zonse za milandu yosachita chiwerewere mu kafukufukuyu.

Alliance ikuyembekeza kuti palibe amene awerenga phunziro lenileni.

Kutchinsky, B. (1991). Zithunzi zolaula ndi kugwiririra: Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe? Umboni wochokera ku deta ya umbanda m'maiko anayi komwe zithunzi zolaula zimapezeka mosavuta. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Deta isanagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti kuyambira m'ma 1980. Monga momwe zilili ndi mayiko osankhidwa a Milton Diamond, izi zikuphatikizapo deta ya dziko lonse. Zafotokozedwa m'mawu oyamba.

Rasmussen, KR, & Kohut, T. (2019). Kodi kupezeka pamisonkhano yachipembedzo kumathandizira kuchepetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi? The Journal of Sex Research, 56(1), 38-49 . Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Wolemba membala wa Alliance Taylor Kohut. Kuchuluka kwa mawu otchulidwa, popeza kafukufuku wake sakugwirizana ndi kuphwanya malamulo okhudza kugonana . Monga maphunziro ena a Kohut (omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa), adasankha njira zowonetsetsa kuti akazi achipembedzo (omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa) amapeza zochepa pa mtundu wake wa "malingaliro ofanana." Kohut adalemba " kufanana" ngati kokha :

Thandizo lochotsa mimba.
OSATI Kukhulupirira kuti moyo wa banja umakhalapo pamene mkazi ali ndi nthawi yeniyeni.

Kaya mumakhulupirira chiyani, n'zosavuta kuona kuti anthu achipembedzo angapindule kwambiri potsatira kuwunika kwa Taylor Kohut kwa magawo awiri a "egalitarianism".

Nayi mfundo yofunika: anthu osakhulupirira Mulungu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka, amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa anthu achipembedzo. Posankha njira ziwiri izi zokha ndikunyalanyaza zinthu zina zosatha, Taylor Kohut ankadziwa kuti adzagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (zambiri mwa anthu osakhulupirira Mulungu) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi njira zomwe kafukufuku wake adasankha mwanzeru zomwe zimapanga " egalitarianism " (zochepa mwa anthu achipembedzo). Kenako Kohut anasankha dzina lomwe linapanga zonse.

Kristen N. Jozkowski, Tiffany L. Marcantonio, Kelley E. Rhoads, Sasha Canan, Mary E. Hunt & Malachi Willis (2019) Kusanthula Kwazomwe Zili Pa Chilolezo Chogonana ndi Kukana Kulankhulana mu Mafilimu Aakulu, The Journal of Sex Research, DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1595503 Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kuchuluka kwa mawu ofotokozera. Kafukufukuyu sakunena za zolaula . Palibe mafilimu osankhidwa omwe adayesedwa X. Ndipotu, ambiri anali PG-13. Zabwino kwambiri, Alliance.

Kutchinsky, B. (1992). Ndale za kafukufuku wa zolaula. Law & Soc'y Rev., 26, 447. Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kufufuza: Osati kuphunzira. Ndemanga yopanda ntchito ya 1992 yokhudza ndemanga. Lankhulani za kutchulidwa kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali.

Mellor, E., & Duff, S. (2019). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ubale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa kwa zolaula ndi kuphwanya malamulo ogonana mwa amuna: Kuwunikanso mwadongosolo. Khalidwe Lankhanza ndi Zachiwawa . Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Chidule cha Alliance chinali cholondola kwambiri. Komabe, tikukayikira chisankho cha wolemba chongolandira mapepala 21 okha mwa mapepala 157 oyenera kuti awunikenso. Kukayikira kwathu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yakuti palibe ndemanga ina ya mabuku yomwe imafika pamalingaliro omwewo. Kuphatikiza apo, mapepala ambiri mwa mapepala 21 osankhidwawo anali okhudza akuluakulu okhudza olakwira ana, osati mwana pa mwana, kapena wamkulu pa olakwira akuluakulu. Pothirira ndemanga pa kafukufuku wa Milton Diamond, wofufuza Neil Malamuth adati zotsatira za olakwira ana pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za ana zitha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zotsatira za olakwira ana omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula za akuluakulu:

Ndikoyenera kuganizira kuthekera kwakuti pakhoza kukhala "magulu ang'onoang'ono" osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi zisonkhezero zosiyana kwambiri (ndi zosiyana) za kuwonetsedwa, makamaka zokhudzana ndi zolaula za ana, monga momwe ntchito ya Mickey Diamond yanenera komanso kuthekera kwa zolaula zapaintaneti. Takambirana nkhaniyi m'nkhani yotsatirayi: Malamuth, N. & Huppin, M. (2007). Kujambula mzere pa zolaula zapaintaneti za ana: Kubweretsa lamulo mogwirizana ndi umboni wofufuza.

Mwachidule, meta-analaysis sanatchule pafupifupi kafukufuku aliyense pazokhudza anthu akuluakulu ochita zachiwerewere, zomwe zidapangitsa kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri (onani mndandanda wathu pansipa).

Ferguson, CJ, & Hartley, RD (2009). Chisangalalo ndi cha kanthawi kochepa… ndalama zomwe zingawonongedwe?: Mphamvu ya zolaula pa kugwiriridwa ndi kugwiriridwa. Nkhanza ndi khalidwe lachiwawa, 14(5), 323-329. Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Chidule cha Alliance ndi cholondola - " Chiwerengero cha anthu ozunzidwa chifukwa cha kugwiriridwa ku United States chikuwonetsa ubale wosiyana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiriridwa. Deta yochokera kumayiko ena yanena za ubale wofanana. " Komabe, kafukufukuyu amadalira deta yonse yokhudza kuchuluka kwa kugwiriridwa ndi kupezeka kwa zolaula kuchokera kumayiko ochepa okha. Zolakwika zazikulu m'maphunziro amtunduwu zawunikidwa pamwambapa kumayambiriro, komwe kudakhudzanso kafukufuku wa Milton Diamond pansipa.

Zindikirani: Kwa zaka zambiri, Ferguson wakhala akutsutsa lingaliro la kuledzera pa intaneti, pomwe akuchita kampeni yolimba kuti Internet Gaming Disorder isalowe mu ICD-11. (Anataya imeneyo mu 2019 pamene World Health Organization inatenga ICD-11, koma kampeni yake ikupitirirabe m'mbali zambiri.) Ndipotu, Ferguson ndi Nicole Prause anali olemba nawo nkhani zazikulu zoyesa kunyoza kuledzera pa intaneti . (Zonena zawo zinatsutsidwa m'mapepala angapo ndi akatswiri, mu magazini ino ya Journal of Behavioral Addictions .)

Diamond, M., Jozifkova, E., & Weiss, P. (2011). Zithunzi zolaula ndi milandu yogonana ku Czech Republic. Zolemba zakale za khalidwe logonana, 40(5), 1037-1043 . Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Chidule cha Alliance ndi cholondola: “ Nthawi yayitali yomwe kukhala ndi zithunzi zolaula za ana sikunali koletsedwa … kunawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zochitika za nkhanza zogonana ndi ana.” Nayi zomwe Malamuth adanena za kafukufuku wa Diamond pakukambirana pa mndandanda wa maphunziro okhudza kugonana (“Mwalemba” ndi wofunsa mafunso, yankho ndi Malamuth):

Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi milandu yokhudza kugonana: Ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri akuwoneka kuti ali ndi lingaliro lakuti kafukufuku wapadziko lonse lapansi wasonyeza kugwirizana kosiyana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kugwiririra. Sindikukhulupirira kuti izi ndi zoona konse. Ngati mupita patsamba la Milton Diamond mutha kuwona kuti deta ikalekanitsidwa pakati pa nkhanza zogonana ndi kugwiririra ana, ndizodziwikiratu kuti yachiwiriyo sinachepe (komanso sinachuluke) pamene zolaula zinayamba kupezeka. Kuphatikiza apo mutha kuwona kuti pali zitsanzo za mayiko komwe, pamakhala mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa awiriwa. Mwachitsanzo, pali nkhani pamenepo yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti,

"Papua New Guinea, ndi dziko lomwe limakonda kwambiri zolaula padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi Google Trends. PNG ili ndi anthu ochepera 8 miliyoni ndipo anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, koma ili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe amafufuza mawu oti "zolaula" ndi "zolaula" poyerekeza ndi anthu onse omwe amafufuza mdzikolo. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu The Lancet adati amuna 59 pa 100 aliwonse ku PNG Autonomous Region ku Bougainville adagwiririra akazi awo ndipo 41 pa 100 aliwonse adagwiririra mkazi yemwe sanali mnzake.

Kuphatikiza apo, nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kuti mayiko khumi apamwamba omwe akusaka 'zolaula': Google Trends
1. Papua New Guinea
2. Zimbabwe
3. Kenya
4. Botswana
5. Zambia
6. Ethiopia
7. Malawi
8 Uganda
9. Fiji
10 Nigeria

Ndikuganiza kuti pakati pawo pamakhalanso maiko omwe ali ndi ziwengo zambiri zakugonana ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza kwa amayi. Chonde dziwani kuti sindikutsutsa kuti zolaula ndi "zofunikira" kapena "ndizoyambitsa" koma ndikutsutsana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti padziko lonse lapansi kapena kwa nthawi yayitali kuti gulu losagwirizana lawonetsedwa pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kuchititsa kafukufuku yemwe amayang'ana pamwambowu pambuyo poti awongolere ziwopsezo za Confluence Model, makamaka Hantic Masculinity. Ndikulosera kuti m'maiko omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, pali ubale wabwino pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kugwiririra (makamaka pakati pa amuna makamaka pamilandu yongowerengedwa) koma osagwirizana kapena osagwirizana m'mayiko omwe ali ndi amuna ochepa omwe ali chiopsezo malinga ndi Confluence Model.

ZINTHU ZONSE: Pakati pa anthu, zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino pa zolakwa za kugonana

YANKHO: Monga ndanenera kale, sindikukhulupirira kuti deta ya Diamond ndi yofanana nayo imasonyeza zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa pankhani ya milandu yogonana. Monga momwe Diamond ndi anzake adanenera, detayo ikuwonetsa ubale wosiyana pakati pa kupezeka kwa zolaula ndi nkhanza zogonana ndi ana. Palibe mgwirizano wofanana pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiriridwa. Zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiriridwa ndi makhalidwe a ogwiririra ndi ogwirira ana nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndipo siziyenera kuikidwa pamodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, detayo ndi yogwirizana pamlingo wa dziko lonse ndipo imafuna kusamala kwambiri za ubale womwe umayambitsa, chifukwa cha "vuto lonse" (Kingston & Malamuth, 2011).

Chomwe chingatheke ndi chidaliro ndichakuti m'maiko omwe aphunziridwa, palibe kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiririra pamene malamulo a zolaula asinthidwa kuti alole kuti zolaula zipezeke kwambiri. Komanso, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti zikuwoneka kuti mayiko onse omwe aphunziridwa ndi Diamond ndi anzawo akuwoneka kuti ndi omwe angakhale ndi amuna ochepa omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chochita zachiwawa zogonana. Sindinayang'anepo kale ku Croatia, koma kufufuza mwachangu pa google kukuwonetsa kuti 94% sakugwirizana ndi mawu akuti akazi ayenera kulekerera chiwawa kuti banja likhale limodzi.

ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KUTI: Koma, pakati pa anthu omwe akupezekapo kumeneko anthu amatha kuona zolaula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerewere chiwone chiopsezo chogonana, chifukwa cha zifukwa zoopsa

YANKHO: likugwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe mudalemba koma linalembedwa mosiyana pang'ono: kwa amuna ambiri omwe ali ndi milingo yayikulu pazifukwa "zofunikira" zoopsa, deta ikuwonetsa mwamphamvu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula "kwambiri" kungawonjezere malingaliro achiwawa komanso zizolowezi zogonana.

ZINTHU ZONSE: Mabungwe omwe amalola kuti zolaula zizichita malonda, kuvomereza chiwerengero chochepa cha chiopsezo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kuti chiwonongeko chochulukirapo chiwonjezeke pa anthu ambiri

YANKHO: Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kusamala popanga zinthu zambiri zokhudza madera popanda kuganizira kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pawo. Ndikuganiza kuti kusintha malamulo okhudza zolaula ku Saudi Arabia ndi Denmark kukanakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri. Komanso, ndikuganiza kuti kuyang'ana kwambiri milandu yokhudza kugonana, makamaka kugwiririra, kungakhale vuto. Mwachitsanzo, monga talembera kwina, Japan nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati imodzi mwa zitsanzo zazikulu za mayiko omwe zolaula zimapezeka kwambiri (kuphatikizapo zolaula "zachiwawa") ndipo kuchuluka kwa kugwiririra kuli kotsika kwambiri tsopano komanso m'mbiri.

Dziko la Japan ndi dziko lomwe lakhala ndi ziletso zolimbana ndi nkhanza za "mkati mwa gulu" kwa akazi. Komabe, taganizirani zina zomwe zingachitike: "Kuyenda m'sitima zodzaza anthu kwakhala vuto ku Japan: malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Tokyo Metropolitan Police ndi East Japan Railway Company, awiri mwa atatu mwa okwera akazi azaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30 adanena kuti adayenda m'sitima, ndipo ambiri adazunzidwa pafupipafupi." Pamene nkhanza kwa akazi zaloledwa, zakhala zapamwamba kwambiri (monga, onani Chang, *Kugwiriridwa kwa Nanking*,). Ngakhale sindikutsutsana ndi lingaliro lanu, sindikutsimikiza kuti tingafike pamfundo yotereyi pakadali pano.

Mwachidule, kudalira magawo awiri a chidziwitso cha dziko lonse (zomwe zanenedwa zachiwerewere ndi kupezeka kwa zolaula) kuchokera kumayiko ochepa (kwinaku mukunyalanyaza mazana ena), kuthandizira zonena kuti zolaula zambiri zimayambitsa zolakwa zochepa zakugonana, sizitanthauza kuwuluka pakati pa asayansi owona.

Goldstein, M., Kant, H., Judd, L., Rice, C., & Green, R. (1971). Zomwe zinachitikira ndi zolaula: Ogwiririra, ogona ana, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osintha kugonana, ndi olamulira. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1(1), 1-15 . Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Kafukufuku wa 1971 pa amuna akuluakulu (mwina obadwa m'ma 1920-40) kuti awone zotsatira za "Makanema Ogonana" pa "osakhulupirika." Dziwani - kafukufukuyu adagawa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi osintha mtundu wa amuna ngati "osakhulupirika." Kafukufuku wambiri waposachedwa (wolembedwa pansipa), akuwonetsa zomwe zapezeka zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kafukufuku wa 1971.

Hald, GM, & Malamuth, NN (2015). Zotsatira zoyesera zowonera zolaula: Zotsatira zochepetsera umunthu ndi zotsatira zoyambitsa chilakolako chogonana. Archives of sexual behavior, 44(1), 99-109 . Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: Kumachirikiza lingaliro lakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse malingaliro ogonana omwe amathandizira nkhanza kwa akazi pakati pa anthu ena. Chidule:

Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha anthu 200 achichepere aku Denmark omwe adasankhidwa mwachisawawa mu kapangidwe koyesera mwachisawawa, kafukufukuyu adafufuza zotsatira za khalidwe la munthu (kuvomereza), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zakale, komanso kuwonetsa zolaula zosachita zachiwawa pamalingaliro othandizira chiwawa kwa akazi (ASV). Tapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa kuvomereza ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zakale kunaneneratu kwambiri ASV. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsa zolaula mwachisawawa kunawonjezera ASV koma mwa amuna okha omwe ali ndi kuvomereza kochepa. Ubalewu unapezeka kuti umachokera kwambiri pakukonda kugonana ndi chilakolako chogonana chomwe chimatanthauza kuwunika kwa munthu payekha kuti akumva kusangalala ndi kugonana, wokonzeka kuchita zogonana , ndi/kapena malingaliro amthupi okhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana. Pogogomezera kufunika kwa kusiyana kwa anthu, zotsatira zake zidathandizira chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa nkhanza zogonana ndi mabuku ofalitsa nkhani okhudza kuchita zinthu motsatira chilakolako ndi zotsatira zoyambira.

Chidziwitso: Amuna omwe ali ndi "zovomerezeka" akhoza kuyimira kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Bauserman, R. (1996). Nkhanza zogonana ndi zolaula: Kuwunikanso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ubale. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18(4), 405-427. Ulalo wa pa intaneti

Kusanthula: A Alliance sanatchule chiganizo chofunikira kuchokera mu chidule chawo (chalembedwa pansipa):

Anthu ochita zachiwerewere nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi zithunzi zolaula akadali ana kapena achinyamata, poyerekeza ndi anthu osachita zachiwerewere. Komabe, ochepa mwa anthu ochita zachiwerewere amanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa milandu yawo. Zomwe zapezeka zikugwirizana ndi momwe anthu amaphunzirira za zolaula, koma osati ndi lingaliro lakuti zinthu zolaula nthawi zambiri zimathandizira mwachindunji ku milandu yokhudza kugonana. Khama lochepetsa milandu yokhudza kugonana liyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri mitundu ya zochitika ndi mbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri ochita zachiwerewere.

Zambiri zafukufuku zasindikizidwa m'zaka zapitazi za 25 zomwe zimalongosola zizindikiro pakati pa kugonana ndi kugonana.

Kafukufuku otsatirawa amalumikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zolaula, zachiwerewere, komanso kukakamizidwa kugonana. Mgwirizanowu udasiya chilichonse mu "tsamba lofufuza":

Realyourbrainonporn (scienceofarousal.com) yawonetsedwa ngati ndalama zogulira zolaula.

Kuti muwulule pazigawo zina zomwe zili patsamba la realyourbrainonporn.com (zolaularesearch.com) onani: