Tlhahlobo ea "Data ha e tšehetse thobalano e le meriana" (Prause et al., 2017)

Selelekela

Nicole Prause e ama lengolo le leng la hae le eang ho mohlophisi e le "debunking" boteng ba bokhoba ba thobalano le bokhoba ba thobalano. ICD-11). Empa ha ho joalo. Sena Puo ea maikutlo ea 240 (Prause et al., 2017) e qotsa lithuto tsa zero ho ts'ehetsa lipolelo tsa eona, pe palamang polelo e le 'ngoe feela, e hanoang habonolo e le eona "bopaki" ba eona bo khahlano le mofuta oa bokhoba.

Lengolo lena le ngotsoeng ka Letlalo la ho ngola Lancet, e ngotsoeng ke lilekane tse 'nè (Erick Janssen, Janniko Georgiadis, Peter Finn le James Pfaus), e ne e le karabo ea lengolo le leng le lekhutšoanyane: Na boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho kopanela liphate ke lefu la ho lemala? (Potenza et. al., 2017), e ngotsoeng ke Marc Potenza, Mateusz Gola, Valerie Voon, Ariel Kor le Shane Kraus. (Ka bobeli li hlahisoa ka tlase ka botlalo.)

Ka ts'ebetso, ba bararo ba balekane ba bane ba Prause Lancet o ile a ba a mo fa lebitso la hae 2016 pejana Salt Lake Tribune Tlhōlisano ea ho loantšana ha Op-Ed ea Meriana e Mecha le boemo ba eona litabeng tsa bootsoa ba inthanete. Seo Salt Lake Tribune Mantsoe a 600-Ed Op-Ed a ne a tletse lipolelo tse sa tšehetsoeng tse neng li sekiselitsoe ho khelosa sechaba se neng se le teng. 'Me bangoli ba eona, Prause le metsoalle, ba hlōlehile ho tšehetsa ntho e le' ngoe. Op-Ed e boletse feela lipampiri tsa 4 - ho ne ho se letho le amanang le ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate, liphello tsa bootsoa likamanong, kapa mathata a ho kopanela liphate a bakoang ke ho kopanela liphate. Litsebi tse 'maloa li ile tsa arabela ka ho qhaqhoa ha Puseletso ea Ed-Prause: Mohlophisi: Ke mang ea hlalosang hampe saense litšoantšong tsa bootsoa? (2016). Ho fapana le "litsebi tsa methapo ea kutlo" tsa Op-Ed ea pele, bangoli ba karabelo ba bontšitse lipalo tse makholo tsa lithuto le litlhahlobo tse ngata tsa lingoliloeng e neng e tšehetsa lipolelo tsa bona.

PhD e le 'ngoe Lancet boiteko bo hlokang ho Salt Lake Tribune Op-Ed (Peter Finn) o ile a etsahalla moemeli oa liphatlalatso tsa 2014 le Prause le David Ley (mongoli oa Khopolo-taba ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate), e nang le sehlooho Moemphera ha a na liaparo: Tlhaloso ea 'Mofuta oa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa' (2014). Pampiri eo e ne e se tlhahlobo ea sebele, 'me, ho le thata ho lumela, ha ho letho le leng ho Ley / Prause / Finn pampiri e nepahetseng kapa e tšehetsoa ke litemana tse ka hare ho pampiri. Tlhaloso e latelang ke nako e telele haholo ea pampiri e tsamaeang ka ho latellana, ka mantsoe a hlalositsoeng, ho pepesa li-shenanigans tse ngata Ley / Prause / Finn tse kenyelletsoeng "tlhahlobo" ea tsona: Moemphera ha a na liaparo: Fairytale e qhetsoeng e hlahang e le tlhahlobo. Karolo ea eona e makatsang ke hore e tlohetse thuto efe kapa efe e ka bang le litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa ea fumana bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa - leha ho le joalo ea ipitsa "tlhahlobo!"

Phetoho (April, 2019): E le ho leka ho khutsisa ho nyatsa ha YBOP, bangoli ba fokolang ba thehile sehlopha (ho kenyeletsoa le bangoli ba 4 ho ba 5 ho Prause et al., 2017 - Nicole Prause, Erick Janssen, Janniko Georgiadis, Peter Finn) ho utsoa letšoao la khoebo la YBOP le ho theha sebaka sa seipone sa bogus 'me litlaleho tsa litaba tsa sechaba. Sheba leqephe lena bakeng sa lintlha: Letšoao la Boitšoaro la Bohlokoa le Tšoaroang Tlas'a Tlhekefetso e Hlalositsoeng ke Litlokotsi Tsa Bokhoba ba Bootsoa (www.realyourbrainonporn.com).

Retelehela ho Prause Lancet boiteko, re lokela ho bolela hore hase e 'ngoe ea tse hlano Prause et al., Baemeli ba 2017 ba kileng ba hatisa thuto e amanang netefatsoa "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa tsa ho kopanela liphate."Ho feta moo, ba bang ba ngotseng Prause Lancet lengolo le na le litlaleho tsa ho hlasela ka matla feberu ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate le ho kopanela liphate (ka tsela eo ho bonts'a khethollo e makatsang). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, e mong le e mong oa bahlano Potenza et al. Bitsoli ba 2017 (ba ngotseng lengolo la pele tabeng ena Lancet) o phatlalalitse lithuto tse ngata tse amanang le litaba tse nang le khatello ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate (ho akarelletsa le lithuto tsa bokooa ba bokooa bathong ba bootsoa le ba lemaletseng thobalano) Potso: ke hobane'ng ha motho ea sa sebetsang ke setsi sa thuto ka lilemo tse 'maloa, le hore na ke mang ea bulehileng e kenella ka ho silafatsoa le ho hlekefetsoa ea ba fanang ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka lemalla, ho fanoa ka phepelo bakeng sa mashano a hae a sa tšehetsoeng? Ketsahalong e neng e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng, litlhaloso tse 19 tsa lithuto tse belaetsang tsa Prause li phatlalalitsoe ho lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka:

Steele et al., 2013 - pampiri 1, pampiri 2, pampiri 3, pampiri 4, pampiri 5, pampiri 6, pampiri 7, pampiri 8
Prause et al., 2015 - pampiri 1, pampiri 2, pampiri 3, pampiri 4, pampiri 5, pampiri 6, pampiri 7, pampiri 8, pampiri 9, pampiri 10
Thapelo le Pfaus, 2015 - pampiri 1

Qetellong, ikutloe u lokolohile ho hlokomoloha Prause et al's disinformation (ka tlase) ebe o ea ka kotloloho ho mahlale a tsebahalang lefapheng lena. Mona ke lethathamo la litlhahlobo tsa lingoliloeng tsa 30 tsa neuroscience le litlhaloso tsa CSBD ke tse ling tsa litsebi tsa mantlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Ts'ehetso eohle ea setšoantšo sa lithethefatsi. Kapa, sebelisa palo ena ea Phuputso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e thehiloeng ho neuroscience e phatlalalitsoeng ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba lemaletseng thobalano (ba fetang 50 ho fihlela joale). Ba fana ka ts'ehetso e matla bakeng sa mofuta oa bokhoba ba tahi ha liphetho tsa bona li bonahatsa sephetho sa methapo ea pelo se tlalehiloeng lithutong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (ho fapana le lipolelo tse sa tšehetsoeng ho Prause et al.). Qetellong, nahana ho feta lipatlisiso tsa 60 tse fihletsoeng ke tlaleho tse lumellanang le ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ho mamellana), tloaelo ea bootsoa, esita le matšoao a ho tlohela. Tsena tsohle ke matšoao a amanang le bokhoba ba tahi - ka hona ke debunking Prause et al.'s polelo ea bohata ea hore ho mamelloa kapa ho tlohela ha hoa tlalehoa litokomaneng tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka.

Mona ke mangolo a fapaneng ao a hlahang ho 'ona Lancet:

Lethathamo la Potenza le karabo ea Prause

**Na boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho kopanela liphate ke lefu la ho lemala? (Potenza et al., 2017)**

Marc N Potenza, Mateusz Gola, Valerie Voon, Ariel Kor, Shane W Kraus

E phatlalalitsoe: September, 2017

Lipolelo tsa bona ho Lancet Psychiatry, John B Saunders le basebetsi-'moho¹e hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o nepahetseng mabapi le ho nahanisisa le ho aroloa ha papali ea chelete le mathata a lipapali e le mathata a ho lemalla, a ileng a etsahala nakong ea moloko oa DSM-5² le ka tebello ea ICD-11.³ Ho kula ha boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ho ntse ho etsoa tlhahiso ea hore e be lefu la ho laola maikutlo a ICD-11.³ Leha ho le joalo, re lumela lintlha tse sebelisoang ke Saunders le basebetsi-'moho¹e ka boela ea sebetsa ho khatello ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate. Ho kula ha boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate (ts'ebetsong e le lefu la hypersexual) ho ne ho nkoa e le ho kenngoa DSM-5 empa qetellong ha e kenyelletsoe, ho sa tsotellehe ho hlahisa litekanyetso tsa molao le tlhahlobo ea liteko tsa tšimo.² Ho khethoa hona ho sitisitse boiteko ba ho thibela, ho etsa lipatlisiso, le ho phekola, le ho tloha lingaka lingaka ntle le ho hlahlojoa ka molao bakeng sa khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate.

Lipatlisiso mabapi le methapo ea matšoao ea likokoana-hloko tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate li entse hore ho fumanoe liphuputso tse amanang le ho hlokomoloha lintho, ho ba le boikarabelo ba ho ba le boikutlo bo matla ba ho ba le boikutlo bo matla, le ho ts'oanela ho etsa lintho tse nang le bokooa.⁴ Ho kula ha boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ho ntse ho nkoa e le lefu la ho laola maikutlo ho ICD-11, tumellanong le pono e boletsoeng e lakatsehang, e tsoetse pele ho kopanela ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse bohloko, ho kopanela liphate, le ho laoloa ho emela likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa mathata a ho laola maikutlo.⁵ Pono ena e ka 'na ea e-ba e loketseng mathata a mang a ho laola maikutlo a DSM-IV, haholo-holo ho bapala papali ea chelete. Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tsena li 'nileng tsa nkoa e le tsona tse ka sehloohong tsa lithethefatsi,' me phetohong e tsoang DSM-IV ho DSM-5, sehlopha sa Impulse Control Disorders Ntle ho E 'ngoe Classified e ne e tsosolosoa, ka ho becha ho thoe lebitso le ho khetholloa e le lefu la ho lemala.² Hona joale, mochine oa li-beta oa ICD-11 o thathamisa mathata a ho laola maikutlo, 'me o kenyelletsa khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate, pyromania, kleptomania, le bothata ba ho phatloha ha sekhahla.³

Ho na le melemo le boiketlo mabapi le ho khetholla ha boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate e le lefu la ho laola maikutlo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho kenngoa ha khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka ICD-11 ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho hlahloba, ho phekola le ho ithuta batho ba nang le boloetse bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho hlophisoa ha lefu la boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ho fapana le bothata ba ho lemalla ho ka ba le tšusumetso e mpe khahlanong le phekolo le thuto ka ho fokotsa ho fumaneha kalafo, koetliso ea kalafo le boiteko ba ho etsa lipatlisiso. Ho kula ha boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ho bonahala ho lumellana hantle le mathata a se nang lithethefatsi a lemalletsang ICD-11, e lumellanang le nako e fokolang ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate hona joale e hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali mocheng oa boitsebiso oa ICD-11.³ Re lumela hore likarolo tsa khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate e le bothata ba ho lemalla ho lemalla lits'oaetso li lumellana le lintlha tsa morao-rao 'me li ka' na tsa rua lingaka, bafuputsi le batho ba nang le khatello ea lefu lena.

References:

1. Ho bapala papali ea chelete le papali ea chelete: ho ba le bothata ba ho lemala? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4: 433-435 E fetotsoe
2. Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika. Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea lipalo-palo ea mafu a kelello (DSM-5). Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Maamerika oa khatiso, Arlington; 2013. Google Setsebi
3. WHO. ICD-11 beta e ngotsoeng. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en (e fihlileng ka July 18, 2017).
4. Na boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate bo lokela ho nkoa e le tahi? Mathata. 2016; 111: 2097-2106 E fetotsoe
5. Mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso le "lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro" ho ICD-11. World Psychiatry. 2014; 13: 125-127 E fetotsoe

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**Lintlha ha li tšehetse thobalano e le lithethefatsi (Prause et al., 2017)**

Nicole Prause, Erick Janssen, Janniko Georgiadis, Peter Finn, James Pfaus

E phatlalalitsoe: December, 2017

Marc Potenza le basebetsi-'moho¹ o buella ho khetholla "boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho kopanela liphate" e le lefu la ho lemalla ho ICD-11. Ho kopanela liphate ho na le likarolo tsa ho rata le ho batla likarolo tse ling tsa neural systems tse nang le mekhoa e mengata e susumetsang.²Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsa liteko ha li tšehetse likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa ho lemalla lintho tse kang ho eketseha ha tšebeliso, ho thatafalloa ho laola litakatso, liphello tse mpe, moputso oa ho haelloa ke moputso, lefu la ho ikhula le ho khaotsa ho mamella, ho mamellana, kapa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba nako. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho sebelisana le lithethefatsi ke ho ba le boikarabelo bo eketsehileng ba glutamate neurons tse lumellanang le nucleus accumbens. Liphetoho tsena li ka 'na tsa ama kutloisiso ea nako e telele ea tsela ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine, joalokaha e bonahatsoa ke matšoao a mangata a akarelletsang takatso e bakoang ke ho qhekella le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho qobella. ³Ho fihlela joale, lipatlisiso ka liphello tsa ho kopanela liphate ka ts'ebetso ea glutamate le tsela ea eona ea ho fetola litsela tsa dopamine e haella.

Ho kopanela liphate ke moputso oa mantlha, o nang le litšoantšiso tse ikhethileng tsa ponahalo. Ho kopanela liphate ka botlalo ho amana le bophelo bo botle le khotsofalo ea bophelo. Ho kopanela liphate ha ho lumelle hore ho be le tšusumetso e matla ea ho kopanela liphate. Lipatlisiso sebakeng sena ha li sa tlameha ho batlisisa mekhoa ea sebele ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Mosebetsi oa boiphihlelo o lekanyelitsoe feela litabeng tsa thobalano, kapa moputso oa bobeli, o sebelisa litšoantšo. Lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng lia hlokahala, empa dintlha tse amanang le thobalano e tloaelehileng kapa e feteletseng ha e tšehetse ho kenngoa ha eona e le tahi. Hape, lintlha ha li lekane ho khetholla lipakeng tsa mekhoa e qobelloang le e sa tsitsang. Mekhoa e meng e mengata e teng, ho kenyeletsa le mehlala e sa tšehetsoeng e sa sebetseng.⁴ Potenza le basebetsi-'moho⁵o ile a boela a bolela hore litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi ha lia ka tsa finyelloa ka mekhoa ea ho kopanela liphate: re lumellana le qeto ena e fetileng

References:

1. Na boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho kopanela liphate ke boloetse ba ho lemalla? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4: 663-664 E fetotsoe
2. Ho kopanela liphate bakeng sa ho ithabisa: ho qaptjoa ha motho le likokoana-hloko tsa nama. Nat Rev Urol. 2012; 9: 486-498 E fetotsoe
3. Ho lemalla lithethefatsi e le mokhoa oa ho fokola ha pelo. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33: 166-180 E fetotsoe
4. Boits'oaro ba botona kapa botšehali: tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa le kenyelletso ea "ho potoloha boitšoaro". Khokahano ea ho kopanela liphate Behav. 2017; DOI:10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8<
5. Na boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate bo lokela ho nkoa e le tahi? Mathata. 2016; 111: 2097-2106 E fetotsoe

**Ho nyatsa polelo e le mong e nang le ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe Prause et al. 2017 o ne a lokela ho nyehela**

Prause's Lancet boiteko bo na le polelo e le 'ngoe feela (' me ha ho na litlhaloso) ho loantša Potenza et al. tlhaloso. (Ho tšehetsa Potenza et al., nahana tsena litlhaloso tsa 25 / litlhaloso ho tiisa hore CSBD lokela ho beoa sehlopheng sa "boitšoaro bo lemalloang" ho ICD-11 e ncha ea WHO.) Prause et al. e fana ka tse supileng tse bitsoang "likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa ho lemalla"Bangoli ba eona ba re lithuto ha li so fumane litšoantšong tsa bootsoa kapa tsa thobalano:

PRAUSE ET AL: Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsa liteko ha li tšehetse likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa ho lemalla lintho tse kang ho eketseha ha tšebeliso, ho thatafalloa ho laola litakatso, liphello tse mpe, moputso oa ho haelloa ke moputso, lefu la ho ikhula le ho khaotsa ho mamella, ho mamellana, kapa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba nako.

Tlhahlobo ea sebele:

Lintho tse tharo ho tse supileng tsa Prause ha li hlile ha li amoheloe e le "lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa bokhoba ba tahi": Lefu la khaello ea moputso, menyetla e ntlafalitsoeng ea kamora nako le ho tlohela. Ebile, leha ho le joalo, liphuputso li tlalehile bothata ba ho tlohela le ho putsa batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba lemaletseng thobalano. Karolo e 'ngoe ea hae ea bohlokoa ea bokhoba ba tahi ("ntlafatso ea menyetla e ntle ea morao") e se e hlahlobiloe ho ba nyatsuoa haholo ka lithuto tsa Nicole Prause EEG. Litokomane tse supileng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka lia lumela hore ho fumana ha Prause lipalo tse tlase tsa EEG (tlaase menyetla ea morao-rao e ntle) ha e le hantle ho bolela hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ba ne ba tenoa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa vanilla (sesupo sa ho lemalla lithethefatsi). Ebile, litlhahlobo tsena tsa semmuso tsa pampiri ea Prause lia lumela hore o fumane ts'oaetso / tloaelo ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa (ho latela mokhoa oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi): 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
Kahoo, ho fapana le seo Prause a se bolelang, tse tšeletseng ho tse supileng tseo ho thoeng ke "likarolo tsa bokhoba" na e fumanoe lithutong tsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate - mme oa bosupa o phomotse feela molemong oa hae o belaetsang (hore ke "senotlolo") le sa hae tlhahlobo ea linyeoe.

Babali ba lokela ho ipotsa hore na ke hobane'ng Prause et al. ba ne ba tla leka ho ba khelosa.

Pele re fana ka ts'ehetso ea matla bakeng sa "lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa bokhoba" hore Prause et al. ba reng ba ne ba le sieo, a re ke re hlahlobe hakhutšoanyane hore na litsebi li lumela hore li lemalla eng ha e le hantle likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa ho lemalla:

Boko bo boholo bo fetoha bo bakoang ke ho lemala bo hlalosoa ke George F. Koob 'me Nora D. Volkow ka tlhahlobo ea bona e ikhethang: Tsoelo-pele ea Neurobiologic ho tswa ho Bothata ba Bokooa Tlhahlobo ea Boitšoaro (2016). Koob ke Mookameli oa Setsi sa Sechaba ka Tlhekefetso ea Joala le Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (NIAAA), le Volkow ke mookameli oa Setsi sa Sechaba sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (NIDA).

Leqephe lena le hlalosa liphetoho tse 'nè tsa bohlokoa tsa boko bo amehang ka lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boitšoaro, le kamoo li bonahatsang boitšoaro kateng: 1) Sensitization, 2) Ho hlaseloa ha maikutlo, 3) Libaka tse sa sebetsaneng tsa lipotoloho (boikaketsi), 4) Tsamaiso ea khatello ea kelello e sa sebetseng. Bohle ba 4 ba liphetoho tsena tsa boko bo fumanoe har'a lithuto tse ngata tsa methapo ea pelo tse thathamisitsoeng leqepheng lena:

Litlaleho tsa liphuputso ho hlohlelletsa ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
E lekantsoe ka lithuto tsa boko le litakatso tsa morao-rao kapa litakatso tse matla tseo u ka li sebelisang.
Litlaleho tsa liphuputso ho hloka boithati kapa tloaelo ho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. E bonahatsa e le ho fokotseha ha moputso oa kutloisiso (boithabiso bo fokolang), tloaelo ea ho kopanela liphate (bokooa bo ka tlase boko), mamello (ho lekana le mefuta e mecha).
Liphuputso tse tlalehoang boemong bo bobebe bo sebetsang (boikaketsi) kapa ts'ebetsong ea li-prefrontal ho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. E bonahatsa e le matla a fokolang, litakatso, ho sitoa ho laola tšebeliso, ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng.
Liphuputso tse bontšang a khatello ea maikutlo e sa sebetseng ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
E bonahatsa khatello ea kelello e nyane e lebisang litakatsong le ho oeleng hape hobane e sebetsa litseleng tse matla tse khothatsang. Ntle le moo, ho khaotsa ho lemalla ho kenya ts'ebetsong ts'ebetso ea khatello ea kelello ho lebisa ho matšoao a mangata a tlisoang ke ho lemalla, a joalo ka ho tšoenyeha, ho se ferekane le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo.

Joalokaha re ka bona Prause et al., 2017, likhetho tse khethiloeng ka ciliegia le tse hlahisitsoeng hampe tsa ho lemalla ho hlahisa lengolo la "semmuso" le hokahanyang le litaba tsa sechaba le ho romella baqolotsi ba litaba ka lengolo-tsoibila.

**Ts'ehetso ea matla ho "likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa bokhoba" tseo Prause et al. ba re ha ba eo**

Karolong ena re fana ka ts'ehetso e matla bakeng sa "lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa bokhoba" tseo Prause a tiisang ka bohata hore ha li eo.

PRAUSE ET AL: Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa liteko ha li tšehetse lintlha tse ka sehloohong tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse kang ho eketseha ha tšebeliso, mathata a ho laola litakatso, liphello tse mpe, moputso oa khaello ea mali, lefu la ho khaotsa ho khaotsa ho mamella, mamello, or ntlafatso e ntle ea nako e telele.

1) "kholo ea ts'ebeliso" le "mamello"

Prause et al. thathamisa ka nepo "mamello" le "kholo ea ts'ebeliso" joalo ka likarolo tse arohaneng tsa bokhoba. Mamello, e leng tlhoko ea ts'usumetso e kholo ho fihlela maemo a ts'oanang a ho tsosa e boetse e bitsoa tloaelo (karabelo e nyane ea sethethefatsi kapa tšusumetso). Ka tšebeliso e mpe ea batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe mamello e bonahala e hloka litekanyetso tse phahameng ho fihlela e tšoanang. Ena ke kholo ea tšebeliso. Le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, mamello / tloaelo e lebisa ho jeoa ke bolutu ka mofuta oa hajoale kapa mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: khothaletso e kholo e fihlelleha ka ho nyolohela mefuteng e mecha kapa e feteletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Le hoja ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle le bo bong bo teng bakeng sa mamello e lebisang ho eketseha ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo, na ho na le lithuto leha e le life? Haele hantle, ho feta lipatlisiso tsa 50 li tlalehile ho fumanoa ho tloaelehileng ho tloaelehileng kapa ho eketseha ha basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa - tsohle tse hlokomolohuoang ke Prause le li-co-author tsa eona tse nang le mekete. Mona re fana ka mehlala e seng mekae ea lekhalo le tloaelo / mamello ho tsoa lenaneng lena la lithuto tsa 50:

E 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa pele tsa ho botsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo ka kotloloho mabapi le keketseho: “Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate ka Inthaneteng: Ho ithuta ka ho hlahloba litsebi tsa bothata le tse se nang mathata bothateng ba banna "(2016). Phuputso e tlaleha ho eketseha ha maemo, kaha 49% ea banna bao e tlalehile ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tseo pele li neng li sa li thahasellise kapa tseo pele li neng li nahana hore ke tse nyonyehang. Tlhaloso:

Ba etsang karolo ea mashome a mane a metso e robong ba boletse bonyane ka linako tse ling ba batla litaba tsa thobalano kapa ba ameha ho li-OSA tseo pele li neng li sa li thahasellise kapa hore li nka ho nyonyeha.

"Mohlala oa Taolo ea Kopanelo: Karolo ea ho Thibela ho Kopanela Liphate le Thabo Ho Tsosa Thobalano Le Boitšoaro," 2007. University Press Indiana, Editor: Erick Janssen, pp.197-222. Nakong ea liteko tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (tsa mofuta o sebelisitsoeng litsing tse fetileng), 50% ea bahlankana ba ne ba sitoa ho tsosoa kapa ho finyelloa liphallelo tse nang le litšoantšo tse hlephisang boitšoaro (lilemo tse tloaelehileng e ne e le 29). Bafuputsi ba tsositseng ba fumana hore ho se sebetse ha banna ho erectile ho ne ho le joalo,

tse amanang le maemo a phahameng a ho hlahella le ho ba le phihlelo ka lintho tse hlalosang thobalano.

Banna ba nang le ho se sebetse ha eretile ba ne ba qetile nako e ngata ba le libakeng tsa matloana le matlong a ho jela moo ho kopanela liphate "ho neng ho le hohle" le "ho bapala ka ho sa feleng." Bafuputsi ba itse:

Lipuisano le lihlooho li ile tsa matlafatsa khopolo ea rona hore ho ba bang ba bona ba bangata ba bona hore ho ba le tšusumetso e matla ea maikutlo ho bonahala eka ho entse hore ho be le boikarabelo bo tlase ba "vanilla" le ho ba le tlhoko e eketsehileng ea ho fetoha le ho fetoha, maemong a mang ho kopane le tlhokahalo e tobileng haholo mefuta ea ts'oaetso e le hore e tsohe.

Ho thoe'ng ka thuto ea ho hlahloba boko? "B pula e ts'ebetsoe le e sebetsang e sebelisana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tshebeliso: (Kühn le Gallinat, 2014). Phuputso ena ea Max Planck Institute fMRI e fumane taba e nyane haholo tsamaisong ea moputso (dorsal striatum) e tsamaellanang le palo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse jeoang. E boetse e fumane hore litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li tsamaisana le moputso o fokolang oa ts'ebetso ea potoloho ha o ntse o shebile lifoto tsa thobalano hakhutšoanyane. Bafuputsi ba ile ba nahana hore liphuputso tsa bona li bonts'a ho hloka boithati, mohlomong le mamello, e leng tlhoko ea ts'usumetso e kholo ho fihlela boemo bo ts'oanang ba tsoho. Sengoli se etelletseng pele Simone Kühn o itse se latelang mabapi le thuto ea hae:

Sena se ka bolela hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e senya tsamaiso ea moputso. ... Ka hona re nahana hore lihlooho tse nang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hloka khothaletso e matla ho fihlela tekanyo e lekanang ea moputso .... Sena se lumellana le liphuputso tse amanang le ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetsong ea libaka tse ling tsa boko: ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho fumanoe ho amana le puisano e fokolang pakeng tsa sebaka sa moputso le prefrontal cortex.

Tlhahlobo e 'Mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, boemo bo botle le ho ela hloko lithahasello tsa thobalano"(2015). Phuputso ea fMRI ea Univesithi ea Cambridge e tlaleha tloaelo e kholo ea thobalano ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlhaloso:

Lits'oants'o tse hlakileng tsa inthanete li kholo ebile lia atoloha, 'me karolo ena e ka khothaletsa kholo ea ts'ebeliso ho batho ba bang. Mohlala, banna ba phetseng hantle ba shebang filimi e ts'oanang e hlakileng ba fumanoe ba tloaetse ho susumetsa mme ba fumana tšusumetso e hlakileng joalo ka ha e ntse e tsosa takatso ea thobalano hanyane ka hanyane, e se na takatso ea lijo ebile e sa monye letho (Koukounas le Over, 2000). … Re bonts'a ka liteko tse bonoang tleliniking hore Boitšoaro bo Qobellang ba Thobalano bo khetholloa ka ho batla lintho tse ncha, ho ba maemong a tloaelehileng le tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano ho banna.

Ho tsoa tokomaneng e amanang le eona:

Phello e tšoanang ea tloaelo e hlaha ho banna ba phetseng hantle ba bonts'itsoeng khafetsa video e ts'oanang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Empa ha ba shebella video e ncha, boemo ba phaello le tsoso bo khutlela boemong ba mantlha. Sena se bolela hore, ho thibela tloaelo, lekhoba la thobalano le tla hloka ho fumana litšoantšo tse ncha khafetsa. Ka mantsoe a mang, tloaelo e ka etsa hore ho batloe litšoantšo tse ncha.
"Liphuputso tsa rona li bohlokoa haholo molemong oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng," ho eketsa Dr Voon. "Ha ho hlake hore na ke eng e bakang bokhoba ba thobalano mme ho ka etsahala hore batho ba bang ba sekametse ho lemaletseng lithethefatsi ho feta ba bang, empa phepelo e sa feleng ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang li thusa ho fepa bokhoba ba bona, ho e etsa le ho feta ho ba thata le ho feta ho baleha. ”

Ho thoe'ng ka thuto ea EEG ea Prause, eo ka boeona e fumaneng tloaelo? Ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a nako e khutšoanyane ea bokhoni bo botle ka litšoantšo tsa thobalano ka bothata ba basebetsi le litsamaiso tse sa lumellaneng le "lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa" (Prause et al., 2015). Ha li bapisoa le litsamaiso "batho ba nang le mathata a laolang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa" ba ne ba e-na le likarabo tse fokolang tsa bokooa ka nako e le 'ngoe ho lifoto tsa vanilla tsa bootsoa. The mongoli oa pele e bolela liphello tsena "ho etsa hore ho be le lithethefatsi tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo hlephileng." Ha e le hantle, ke setsebi sa molao se tummeng se neng se tla bolela hore thuto ea bona e se nang boits'oaro e entse qeto ea tšimo e tsitsitseng ea thuto?

Ha e le hantle, liphuputso tsa Prause et al. 2015 lumellana ka ho phethahetseng le Kühn & GallinaT (2014), e fumaneng hore litšoantšo tse ling tsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li tsamaisana le ho sebetsa ha boko bo fokolang ho latela litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo tsa vanilla. The Prause et al. Liphuputso li boetse li lumellana le Banca et al. 2015, e tlalehileng hore lipalo tse tlase tsa EEG li bolela hore lihlooho li ne li sa tsotelle litšoantšo ho feta taolo. Ka mantsoe a bonolo, basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ba ne ba sa rate litšoantšo tse litšila tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa vanilla. Ba ne ba jeoa ke bolutu (ba tloaetse kapa ba sa rate). Bona sena YBOP e batsi haholo. Ha ho lipampiri tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tse ka tlase ho 9 tse lumellanang joalo Prause et al. 2015 ha e le hantle e fumane boikemisetso / bolulo ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa (e lumellanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi): Litlhaloso tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tsa Prause et al., 2015

Phuputso e tlalehileng mamello le ho tlohela (lintho tse peli tsa Prause Lancet ntho e boletsoeng ka bohata hore ha ho na thuto e tlalehileng): "Tsoelo-pele ea Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Boitsebiso bo Bobebe (PPCS)" (2017) - Pampiri ena e ile ea ntlafatsa le ho hlahloba bothata ba lipotso tse sebelisoang ke litšoantšo tse hlalositsoeng ka mor'a lipotso tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Potso ena ea 18-ntlha e hlahlobisitsoe ho mamellana le ho tlosoa ka lipotso tse latelang tsa 6:

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Potso ka 'ngoe e fumanoe ho tloha ho ea pele ho isa ho e supileng sekaleng sa Likert: 1- Le ka mohla, 2- Hangata, 3- Ka linako tse ling, 4- Ka linako tse ling, 5- Hangata, 6- Haholo, 7- Nako eohle. Kerafo e ka tlase e hlophisitse basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mekhahlelo e meraro ho ipapisitse le lintlha tsa bona kaofela: "Ha e na mathata," "Kotsi e tlase" le "Ho kotsing." Liphetho tse ka tlase li bonts'a basebelisi ba bangata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba mamellana le ho ikhula

Ka bokhutšoanyane, thuto ena e hlile e botsa ka ho eketseha ha maemo (ho mamellana) le ho tlohela - 'me ka bobeli li tlalehoa ke basebelisi ba bang ba litšoantšo.

Sena se seholo haholo (n = 6463) ho ithuta ka bacha haholo debunks mong le e mong Prause et al. boitlamo - Bothata, Mekhoa le Liphello Tse Ikhethang Tse Ikhethang Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsebeliso ea Liithuti tsa Univesithing ea Poland: Thuto ea sepakapaka (2019). E tlalehile ntho e ngoe le e ngoe eo ho thoeng ke Prause ha e eo: mamello / tloaelo, ho eketseha ha ts'ebeliso, ho hloka mefuta e fetelletseng ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, matšoao a ho tlohela ha o tlohela, mathata a amanang le thobalano, ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa le tse ling. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa tse amanang le mamello / tloaelo / ho eketseha:

Lintho tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa tseo motho a li bonang ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li kenyeletsa: tlhokahalo ea ho susumetsa nako e teletsana (12.0%) le litlhaloso tse eketsehileng tsa thobalano (17.6%) ho fihlella likhahla, le ho fokotsa ho khotsofatsoa ke thobalano (24.5%) ...
Thuto ea hona joale e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepeseha ha pejana ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa le ho ba le takatso e matla ea ho kopanela liphate joalokaha ho bontšoa ke tlhokahalo ea ho susumetsa nako e teletsana le ho susumetsoa ke takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho finyella sekhahla ha ho jeoa lintho tse hlakileng,' me ka kakaretso ho fokotseha khotsofalong ea thobalano ....
Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse etsahetseng nakong ea nako ea ho pepesetsoa li tlalehiloe: ho fetohela mofuta oa lipale tse hlakileng (46.0%), ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse sa lumellaneng le maikutlo a thobalano (60.9%) mme o hloka ho sebelisa tse ling thepa e feteletseng (e mabifi) (32.0%). Tsena tsa morao-rao li ne li tlalehoa khafetsa ke basali ba inka e le ba bohelehele ha ba bapisoa le ba ipitsang ba sa tsebe letho
phuputso ea hona joale e fumane hore tlhokahalo ea ho sebelisa boitsebiso bo feteletseng ba bootsoa e ne e atisa ho tlalehoa ke banna ba ipolelang hore ba mabifi.

Matšoao a mang a ho mamella / ho eketseha: ho hloka litapole tse ngata tse bulehileng le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le malapa:

Boholo ba liithuti li lumeletse hore li sebelise mokhoa oa boipheliso (76.5%, n = 3256) le lifensetere tse ngata (51.5%, n = 2190) ha u sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka ntle ho naha e phatlalalitsoe ke 33.0% (n = 1404).

Pejana ea tšebeliso ea pele e amanang le mathata a mangata le ho lemalla (ka tsela e sa tobang ho bontša ho mamellana-habituation-escalation):

Lilemo tsa ho qala ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse hlakileng li amana le monyetla o eketsehileng oa liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho batho ba banyenyane-lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa li fumanoe bakeng sa basali le banna ba pepesehileng lilemong tsa 12 kapa ka tlase. Le hoja tlhahlobo ea li-cross-section ha e lumelle tlhahlobo ea ho baka, mokhoa ona o ka 'na oa bontša hore ho ba le bana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka ba le liphello tsa nako e telele ....

Lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi li ne li le boemong bo phahameng, le hoja e ne e "itlhahloba":

Ho sebelisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng le ho itšepa ho itlhahloba ho tlalehiloe ke 10.7% le 15.5%, ka ho latellana.

Phuputso e ile ea tlaleha matšoao a ho tlohela, esita le ho batho bao e seng lithethefatsi (pontšo e hlakileng ea liphetoho tsa boko bo amanang le lithethefatsi):

Har'a ba ileng ba hlahlobeloa ba ipoletseng e le bareki ba litsoantso tsa bootsoa hona joale (n = 4260), 51.0% e amohetse ho etsa bonyane teko e le ngoe ea ho tlohela ho e sebelisa ntle le tefo e lekanang khafetsa ea liteko tsena pakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali. 72.2% ea ba lekang ho tlohela ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bonts'itse boiphihlelo ba bonyane e le 'ngoe e amanang le bophelo bo botle, mme tse shebiloeng khafetsa li kenyelletsa litoro tse nyonyehang (53.5%), ho se ts'oanehe (26.4%), ho sitisoa ha tlhokomelo (26.0%), le kutloisiso ea bolutu (22.2%) (Lethathamo la 2).

Nka fana ka Liphuputso tse ling tsa 45 ho tlaleha kapa ho fana ka maikutlo a ho tloaela "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tloahelehileng" mmoho le ho nyolohela mefuteng e fetelletseng le e sa tloaelehang, empa Prause et al. e se e pepesitsoe hore na ke eng - mashano a ikhakantseng e le lengolo la borutehi le eang ho mohlophisi.

2) "litlamorao tse mpe"

Ho tloha ka lithuto tse makholo ba hokahantsoe le lithethefatsi tsa thobalano le thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ba le litlamorao tse ngata, Prause's Lancet ba re ha ho na thuto e tlalehileng hore ho na le liphello tse mpe tse hlahisang lengolo le le letšoao.

Tlhaloso ena ea bohata e hlahisoa ke lithuto tse makholo tse hlahlobang boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate, tseo bongata ba tsona li sebelisitseng e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tse latelang tsa ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate / thobalano. Karolo ea mantlha ea bokhoba ba tahi ke "ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe." Ke ka lebaka leo lipotso tse latelang li botsoang ka litlamorao tse amanang le CSB (likhokahano ke tsa lithuto tsa boithuto ba Google):

Esita le ntle le bothata ba ts'oaetsano ea lithethefatsi, ho senyeha ha bopaki ba bopaki bo amahanya tšebeliso ea litšoantšo le litlhahiso tse sa tšoaneng. Ka mohlala, ho feta lipatlisiso tsa 70 ho kopanya liphate tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sebelisa thobalano le ho khotsofala kamanong. Ho ea kamoo re tsebang kateng bohle lithuto tse amanang le banna li tlalehile hore tšebeliso e meng ea litšoantšo tse amanang le litšoantšo e amana le ea futsanehile thobalano kapa khotsofalo ea kamano. Mathata a bootsoa le tsa thobalano? Lethathamo lena le na le Lipatlisiso tsa 35 tse amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / bootsoa bo hlephileng ba mathata a thobalano le ho tsosoa habonolo litabeng tsa thobalano.

Ho sebelisa litšoantšo ho ama bophelo ba kelello le kelellong? Liphuputso tse fetang 65 li hokahanya litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo futsanehileng ba kelello le maikutlo le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello.

Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo e ama litumelo, maikutlo le boitšoaro? Hlahloba lithuto ka bomong: ho feta lipatlisiso tsa 35 tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa "maikutlo a sa lokelang" ho basali le maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate. Kapa nahana ka kakaretso ena ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ena ea 2016 - Mecha ea phatlalatso le ho kopanela liphate: Puso ea Boipheliso ba Puso, 1995-2015. Tlhaloso:

Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng tsa 109 tse nang le lithuto tsa 135 li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Liphuputso tsena li fane ka bopaki bo tsitsitseng ba hore bohlahlobi ba laboratori le kakaretso ea letsatsi le leng le le leng ho tse kenyelletsoeng letsatsi le leng le le leng li amana ka ho toba le liphello tse ngata, ho kenyelletsa le maemo a phahameng a ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, ho ikemela ho hoholo, tšehetso e kholo ea litumelo tsa thobalano le litumelo tsa thobalano, mamello e kholo ea thobalano ho basali. Ho feta moo, tlhahiso ea liteko ho tsena li lebisa basali le banna ho ba le maikutlo a fokolang a bokhoni ba basali, boitšoaro le botho.

Ho thoe'ng ka tlhekefetso ea ho kopanela liphate le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea litlhahlobo: Tlhahlobo ea Litšoantšo tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le 'Nete Liketso Tsa Liketso Tsa Botona le Botšehali ho Lipatlisiso ka Kakaretso Tsa Batho (2015). Tlhaloso:

Lipatlisiso tsa 22 tse tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng tsa 7 li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Tšebeliso e ne e amahanngoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano United States le linaheng tse ling, har'a banna le basali, le lipatlisong tse fapaneng le tsa nako e telele. Mekhatlo e ne e le matla haholo bakeng sa mantsoe ho feta thobalano ea thobalano, le hoja ka bobeli e ne e le ea bohlokoa. Liphello tsa kakaretso li fana ka maikutlo a hore litaba tse mabifi li ka 'na tsa e-ba matla haholo.

Ho thoe'ng ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bacha? Sheba lenane lena la ka lipatlisiso tsa bocha ba 250, kapa litlhahlobo tsena tsa lingoliloeng: tlhahlobo ea # 1, hlahloba2, tlhahlobo ea # 3, tlhahlobo ea # 4, tlhahlobo ea # 5, tlhahlobo ea # 6, tlhahlobo ea # 7, tlhahlobo ea # 8, tlhahlobo ea # 9, tlhahlobo ea # 10, tlhahlobo ea # 11, tlhahlobo ea # 12, tlhahlobo ea # 13. Ho tloha qetellong ea tlhahlobo ena ea 2012 ea lipatlisiso - Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng ho Bacha: Tlhahlobo ea Lipatlisiso:

Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena li bontša hore mocha ea jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro a ka 'na a hlaolela mekhoa ea ho kopanela liphate le litumelo tsa sebele. Har'a lintho tse fumanoeng, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate a lumellanang le thobalano, ho ameha ka thobalano, le liteko tsa pele tsa thobalano li amana le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata .... Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse tsitsitseng li hlahisitse mokhoa oa bocha oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse bontšang pefo ka likarolo tse eketsehileng tsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate. Lingoliloeng li bontša hore ho na le likamano pakeng tsa bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a bona. Basali ba tlaleha hore ba ikutloa ba le tlaasana ho basali bao ba ba bonang litabeng tsa bootsoa, ha bashanyana ba tšaba hore ba ka 'na ba se ke ba tšoara kapa ba khona ho etsa joalo ka banna ba mecha ea litaba. Bacha ba boetse ba tlaleha hore tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ile ea fokotseha ha ba ntse ba itšepa le ntlafatso ea sechaba. Ho phaella moo, lipatlisiso li bontša hore bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, haholo-holo ba fumanoang Inthaneteng, ba na le likarolo tse fokolang tsa ho ikopanya ha batho, ho eketseha ha mathata a boitšoaro, mekhoa e phahameng ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng, matšoao a phahameng a matšoao a nyahamisang, le ho fokotsa likamano tsa maikutlo le bahlokomeli.

3) "bothata ba ho laola litakatso"

Taba ea hore ha ho thuto e tlalehileng "litakatso tse thata ho laola" ha e na nnete joalo ka polelo e fetileng e mabapi le litlamorao. Lipotso tse ngata tsa lipotso tsa thobalano le tsa thobalano tse thathamisitsoeng tlasa # 2 li lekotse hore na lihlooho li na le bothata ba ho laola tšebeliso ea tsona ea bootsoa kapa boits'oaro ba thobalano. Hape, "ho se khone ho laola ts'ebeliso, leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe" ke lets'oao la ts'ebetso ea bokhoba - mme e hlahlojoa ke lipotso tse tloaelehileng. Re fana ka mehlala e 'maloa ho tsoa lenaneng le kaholimo la lisebelisoa tsa bokhoba ba thobalano / thobalano.

Bootsoa ba Cyber Sebelisa Inventory (CPUI) -

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Bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa sekhahla (PPUS) -

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Tekano ea ho qobella ho kopanela liphate (SCS) -

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Inthaneteng ea Boitšoaro bo Bobebe (HBI) -

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Ha ho na tlhoko ea ho tlatsa karolo ena ka lipotso tsa lipotso tsa CSB. O fumana mohopolo - Prause et al's bolela hore ha ho boithuto bo kileng ba tlaleha "ho se khone ho laola ts'ebeliso" ke bosaoana ebile e nyenyefatsa Lancet koranta e ileng ea hatisa lengolo la tsona.

4) "lefu la khaello ea moputso"

Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo "Reward Defence Syndrome" (RDS) ha se ntho e lumellanoeng hohle ho lemalla. Prause et al. ba akhela RDS ka lethathamong la bona ho fana ka maikutlo a bohata a hore e ne e le ntho e ka sehloohong e lemalloang e neng e e-s'o tlalehoe. Le hoja ho se na tumellano ea litsebi mabapi le RDS, e na e hlahlobisitsoe (e ka tlase ho mona).

As o emolelitsoe ke mofuputsi Kenneth Blum, "Reward Defence Syndrome" e hlalosoa e le sesupo sa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse susumetsoang ke lefutso, mohlomong tse hlahisoang ke khaello ea li-receptor tsa dopamine. Ho latela khopolo-taba ea Blum, RDS e iponahatsa e ikutloa e sa natefeloe (anhedonia) ho feta batho ba nang le se bitsoang dopamine e tloaelehileng e sebetsang. Ho feta moo, ba nang le RDS ba na le monyetla oa ho lefella dopamine e tlase (menyaka e fokolang) ka meputso ea tlhaho e jang haholo (lijo tse se nang phepo, papali ea chelete ea thobalano) le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang, ka hona ba ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho ba makhoba.

Ke fana ka maikutlo a hore sena se bonolo ho utloisisa se ngotsoeng ke Marc Lewis: Ha Thrill e se e fetile: Moputso oa Khaello ea Syndrome. Lewis o hlalosa bothata bo ka sehloohong ka likhopolo-taba:

Leha e ipilelitse, ho na le mathata a tebileng ka mofuta oa RDS. Ke tla bolela tse peli feela. Rea tseba ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse ngata hore ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa joala ka boeona e lebisa phokotso ea letsoalo la dopamine receptor, kapa bonyane ts'ebetso ea dopamine receptor, hobane li-receptor li tloaetse ho cha kapa ho nyahama ha re lula re li hlasela ka lintho tse monate.

Ka mantsoe a mang, RDS ha se kamehla e leng liphatsa tsa lefutso, hobane e ka bakoa ke ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ha bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo baka sesupo se tlase sa dopamine, kapa ho fokotseha ha kutlo ea moputso, ho bitsoa ho hloka boithati. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana, ho hloka boithati ho lebisa ho mamellaneng, e leng tlhoko ea ho hlasimolla ho hoholo ho fihlela mmuso o tšoanang o phahameng kapa o tsohileng. Ho fapana le lipolelo tse sa hlakang tsa Prause mabapi le RDS, lithuto tse tšeletseng tse thehiloeng ho neuroscience li tlalehile liphuputso tse lumellanang le ts'oaetso kapa tloaelo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Haeba le rona re nahana ka tse ngata ho lula le ho nyoloha lithuto tse thathamisitsoeng kaholimo, Tse ling tse 40 li ka oela tlasa "desensitization" kapa "ho fokotsa kutloisiso ea moputso.".

Khopolo e atileng ea bokhoba - the mokhoa oa ho susumetsa batho ho khothatsa le bopaki bo e tšehetsang - bo ile ba hlokomolohuoa ka botlalo ke Prause et al. Liphetoho tsa menahano tse bakoang ke ho matlafatsoa ho bonahatsa joalo ho "batla" ho eketsehileng kapa ho lakatsa ha ho rata kapa thabo ho fokotseha. Joalokaha Potenza et al e bontšitse hore liphuputso tse ngata tsa CSB li tlalehile liphuputso tse lumellanang le mokhoa oa ho susumetsa batho ho susumetsa:

Lipatlisiso mabapi le methapo ea matšoao ea likokoana-hloko tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate li entse hore ho fumanoe liphuputso tse amanang le ho hlokomoloha lintho, ho ba le boikarabelo ba ho ba le boikutlo bo matla ba ho ba le boikutlo bo matla, le ho ts'oanela ho etsa lintho tse nang le bokooa.

Tsohle tse kaholimo li ka nkuoa e le ts'ehetso bakeng sa mofuta oa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso. Lithuto tsa CSB tse thehiloeng ho neuroscience tse tsamaellanang le mohlala ona: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

5) "lefu la ho khaotsa ho tsuba"

Taba ke hore matšoao a ho khaotsa ha a hlokehe ho fumana bokhoba ba tahi. Pele, o tla fumana puo "ha ho hlokahale ho mamelloa kapa ho tlohela ho hlokahalang kapa hona ho lekaneng hore u fumane lefu la ho ..."Ka bobeli DSM-IV-TR le DSM-5. Ntlha ea bobeli, thobalano e phetoang khafetsa e bolela hore lits'ebetso tsa "sebele" li baka ho teba, matšoao a ho tlohela bophelo a sokang a fositse ka phoso ho itšetleha ka 'mele le ho fetoha ha boko bo amanang le lithethefatsi. Tlhaloso ea tlhahlobo ena ea 2015 ea lingoliloeng e fana ka tlhaloso ea litsebi (Litsebi tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng Ho lemalla: Tlhahlobo le Tlhahlobo):

Ntlha ea bohlokoa ea sethaleng sena ke hore ho tlohela ha hoa ka ha e-ba le liphello tsa 'mele ho tsoa ho ntho e itseng. Ho e-na le hoo, mohlala ona o lekanyetsa ho tlohela ka tsela e mpe e bakoang ke ts'ebetso e ka holimo. Maikutlo a mangata a kang ho tšoenyeha, ho tetebela maikutlong, dysphoria, le ho halefa ke matšoao a ho tlohela mokhoa ona oa ho lemala [43,45]. Bafuputsi ba hanyetsang khopolo ea boitšoaro ba ho lemalla hangata ba hlokomoloha kapa ha ba utloisise tlhaloso ena e boima, ho ferekanya ho tlohela le ho senya [46,47].

Ha a bolela hore matšoao a ho itokolla a tlameha ho ba teng ho fumana hore o lemaletse Prause et al. e etsa phoso ea rookie ea ho ferekana ho itšetleha ka 'mele le lemalla ntho. Mantsoe ana ha a tšoane (Pfaus o entse phoso e tšoanang le sehloohong sa 2016 seo YBOP se ileng sa se botsa: Karabelo ea YBOP ho Jim Pfaus "Tšepa rasaense: ho lemalla thobalano ke tšōmo"January, 2016)

Seo se boletse, lipatlisiso tsa bootsoa ba Internet le litlaleho tse ngata bontša hore batho ba bang ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ba le phihlelo a khaotsa ho tsuba Le / kapa mamello - tseo hape li atisang ho ba litšobotsi tsa ho itšetleha ka 'mele. Ha e le hantle, basebeletsi ba mehleng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ba tlaleha ka ho makatsang matšoao a ho ikhula, e leng sehopotso sa ho khaotsa lithethefatsi: ho hlobaela, ho tšoenyeha, ho tsuba, ho fetoha maikutlo, hlooho ea kelello, ho hloka botsitso, ho senyeha ha maemo, mokhathala, ho tepella maikutlo le ho shoeloa ke sechaba, hammoho le ho lahleheloa ha libido tseo bashanyana ba li bitsang ka tšohanyetso 'flatline' (ho hlakileng ho ikhethang ho tlosa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa). Pontšo e 'ngoe ea ho itšetleha ka' mele e tlalehiloeng ke ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke ho sitoa ho fumana erection kapa ho ba le setlolo ntle le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ha e le lithuto, ke tse 'ne feela tse entseng ka kotloloho o ile a botsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa thobalano / ba lemaletseng thobalano ka matšoao a bang teng ha motho a khaotsa ho tsuba. Matšoao ohle a 4 a tlalehile ho khaotsa: 1, 2, 3. 4. Tse tharo tsa lithuto li hlalositsoe ka tlase.

Pele ha re shebeng hape thuto e hlalositsoeng karolong ea mamello / kholo e kaholimo, sepheo sa eona e ne e le ho nts'etsapele le ho leka bothata bo botle ba bootsoa bo sebelisa lipotso. Hlokomela hore bopaki bo bongata ba "mamello" le "ho tlohela" ho fumanoe ho basebelisi ba kotsing le basebelisi ba kotsi.

Ea bobeli, pampiri ea 2018 e tlalehiloe Ntšetso-pele le ho tiisoa ha Bergen-Yale ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka ho kopanela liphate ka sekhahla se seholo sa naha. E boetse e lekola ho tlohela le ho mamellana. Likarolo tse atileng haholo tsa "bokhoba ba thobalano" tse boneng lithutong tsena e ne e le bohlasoa / takatso le mamello, empa likarolo tse ling, ho kenyelletsa ho tlohela, le tsona tsa hlaha.

E qotsitsoe kaholimo - Bothata, Mekhoa le Liphello Tse Ikhethang Tse Ikhethang Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsebeliso ea Liithuti tsa Univesithing ea Poland: Thuto ea sepakapaka (2019). Phuputso e tlalehile ntho e ngoe le e ngoe eo Prause e reng ha e eo: mamello / tloaelo, ho eketseha ha ts'ebeliso, ho hloka mefuta e fetelletseng ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, matšoao a ho tlohela ha o tlohela, mathata a amanang le thobalano, ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa le tse ling. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa tse amanang le mamello / tloaelo / ho eketseha:

Phuputso e tlaleha matšoao a bang teng ha motho a khaotsa ho tlohela, leha a sa lemale (letšoao le hlakileng la liphetoho tse amanang le tšebeliso ea bokhoba):

Har'a ba ileng ba hlahlobeloa ba ipoletseng e le bareki ba litsoantso tsa bootsoa hona joale (n = 4260), 51.0% e amohetse ho etsa bonyane teko e le ngoe ea ho tlohela ho e sebelisa ntle le tefo e lekanang khafetsa ea liteko tsena pakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali. 72.2% ea ba lekang ho tlohela ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bonts'itse boiphihlelo ba bonyane e le 'ngoe e amanang le bophelo bo botle, mme tse shebiloeng khafetsa li kenyelletsa litoro tse nyonyehang (53.5%), ho se ts'oanehe (26.4%), ho sitisoa ha tlhokomelo (26.0%), le kutloisiso ea bolutu (22.2%) (Lethathamo la 2).

Lithuto tse ling tse fanang ka bopaki ba ho tlohela kapa ho mamella ke bokelloa mona.

6) "ntlafatso ea menyetla e nepahetseng ea morao"

Lebaka leo Prause a Lancet Lengolo le thathamisitsoeng "menyetla e ntlafalitsoeng ea kamora nako" ke hobane eena le sehlopha sa hae ba fumane tlaase menyetla ea morao-rao thutong ea hae ea 2015 - Prause et al., 2015.

Li-EEG li lekanya tšebetso ea motlakase, kapa maqhubu a boko, hloohong. "Ho ntlafatsa menyetla e nepahetseng ea morao" ke litemiso tsa EEG tse lekantsoeng hang kamora setšoantšo se bonoang ke taba eo. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea li-spike tse ngata mesebetsing ea motlakase e hlahlojoang ke EEG,' me e ikemiselitse haholo ho tolokoa.

Seo ho lumellanoeng ka sona ke hore litemana tse tlase tsa EEG ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Prause li ne li bolela hore ha ba tsotelle lifoto tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa vanilla ho feta batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ba pele ba ne ba borehile. Ha a nyahama, Prause o ile a bolela ka sebete "Mokhoa ona o bonahala o fapane le mefuta ea lithethefatsi e lemalloang. "

Empa ho fumanoa ha Prause ea ho sebelisoa ha boko bo tlase bakeng sa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha e le hantle ho lumellana le mokhoa oa ho lemala: e bontša ho hloka boithati (tloaelo) le mamello, e leng tlhokahalo e kholo ea ho tsosolosa ho tsosa tsoho. Litokomane tse robong tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka li lumellana le tsona Prause et al., 2015 e hlile e fumane lesensitization / habituation (letšoao la tahi):

Esita le haeba Prause e ne e nepahetse hore bafo ba eona ba na le Nyane "Cue-reactivity," ho e-na le tloaelo, o hlokomoloha habonolo bothata ba hae ba "bohata": Liphuputso tse ling tsa meriana ea 26 li tlalehile hore ho na le boikutlo bo botle ba maikutlo kapa litakatso (ts'usumetso ea ho susumetsa batho) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Tumellano ea mahlale ha e itšetlehe ka seo motho e mong a se bolelang mabapi le boithuto bo le bong bo sitisoang ke liphoso tse tebileng tsa mekhoa. tumellano ea mahlale e ipapisitse le ho putlama ha bopaki (ntle le haeba u li tsamaisoa).

**Ho arabela ho Prause et al., 2017 "phetiso ea" glutamate "herring e khubelu**

PRAUSE ET AL: Karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho sebelisana le lithethefatsi ke ho ba le boikarabelo bo eketsehileng ba glutamate neurons tse lumellanang le nucleus accumbens. Liphetoho tsena li ka 'na tsa ama kutloisiso ea nako e telele ea tsela ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine, joalokaha e bonahatsoa ke matšoao a mangata a akarelletsang takatso e bakoang ke ho qhekella le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho qobella. ³ Ho fihlela joale, lipatlisiso ka liphello tsa ho kopanela liphate ka ts'ebetso ea glutamate le tsela ea eona ea ho fetola litsela tsa dopamine e haella.

Ke hobane'ng ha see se ne se kenyelelitsoe lengolong la Lethathamo? Lilemo tse mashome tsa lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo li bōpile khopolo e tloaelehileng ea ho lemalla: e mokhoa oa ho khothalletsa batho ho tsuba. Boko bo bohareng bo fetohang kamora mohopolo joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo - khothatso ea nako e telele ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine ka li-glutamate neurons. Ke molomo haholo, empa YBOP e ngotse sengoloa se batlang se le bonolo ka eona ho 2011 (ka litšoantšo tse 'maloa): Ke Hobane'ng ha ke Fumana Porn e Thabisang ho Feta Motsoalle? (2011).

Ka mantsoe a bonolo, mehopolo, maikutlo le mehopolo e tsoang hohle bokong li romelloa tsamaisong ea moputso ea boko ka litsela tse lokollang glutamate. Ka bokhoba ba tahi, litsela tsena tsa glutamate li ba matla haholo, kapa li matlafatsoe. Tsena litsela tse hlokomelisitsoeng e ka nahanoa joalo ka Boemo ba li-Pavlovia holim'a li-turbo. Ha e tsositsoe ke mehopolo kapa litlhahiso, litsela tse matlafatsang li phalla potoloho ea moputso, ho chesa ka thata-ho hlokomoloha litakatso.

Empa mosebetsi ke ona. Ho se ho ntse ho e-na le lithuto tsa 24 tse thehiloeng ho neuroscience tse tlalehang mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea boko le litakatso tse susumetsoang ke maikutlo tse bonts'ang ho hlohlelletsa lithuto tsa CSB le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.

Ha re hloke "lithuto tsa glutamate", tse sa tsoa etsoa lithutong tsa batho, 'me li theko e boima haholo ebile li thata ho li toloka.

**Ho arabela Prause et al., 2017 "ts'usumetso ea supraphysiological" herring e khubelu**

PRAUSE ET AL: Ho kopanela liphate ke moputso oa mantlha, o nang le litšoantšiso tse ikhethileng tsa ponahalo. Ho kopanela liphate ka botlalo ho amana le bophelo bo botle le khotsofalo ea bophelo. Ho kopanela liphate ha ho lumelle hore ho be le tšusumetso e matla ea ho kopanela liphate.

Phumiso e re hlahisa ka mekhapo e 'meli e khubelu e se nang letho le ts'oanang le moqoqo o pota-potileng khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate.

Red herring #1: "Ho kopanela liphate ka botlalo ho amana le bophelo bo botle le khotsofalo ea bophelo".

Ha u ntse u kena ho kopanela liphate hangata e amahanngoa le li-indices tsa bophelo bo botle, sena ha se amane le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, bokhoba ba thobalano, bokhoba ba thobalano, kapa ho etsa mefuta e meng ea liketso tsa thobalano (poleloana "thobalano" ha e hlakisehe, ha se ea mahlale ebile ha ea lokela ho sebelisoa joalo ka ho ts'oasa-tsohle koranteng ea thuto).

Ntlha ea pele, tse ngata tsa ho thoeng ke melemo ea bophelo bo botle o ile a bolela ho amahanngoa le mokhelo, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kapa "thobalano" ha e le hantle ho amahanngoa le kamano e haufi le motho e mong, ha se hakaalo hore ke mokhelo, 'me eseng ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Haholo-holo, likamano tse kopaneng lipakeng tsa matšoao a fokolang a bophelo bo botle le likamano tsa botona le botšehali mohlomong ke maiketsetso a hlahang ho batho ba phetseng hantle bao ka tlhaho ba kopanelang thobalanong le ho ipholla litho. Ha li qalelle.

Ka ho khetheha, tlhahlobo ena ea lingoliloeng (Melemo ea Bophelo bo Amanang le Bophelo bo Botle ba Botona le Botšehali, 2010) o fumane hore ho kopanela liphate ho amana le liphello tse ntle, ha ho ipholla litho ho ne ho se joalo. Maemong a mang, ho ikhotsofatsa litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ne ho amana le melemo ea bophelo bo botle - ho bolela hore ho ikhotsofatsa ho hoholo ho amana le lits'oaetso tse futsanehileng. Qetello ea tlhahlobo:

"Ho itšetlehile ka mefuta e mengata ea litsela, mehlala le litekanyetso, liphuputso tsa lipatlisiso li tsitsitse ka ho hlakileng ho bontša hore thobalano e le 'ngoe (Penile-Vaginal Inthaneteng le karabo ea' mele ho eona) e amahanngoa le, 'me maemong a mang, e baka ts'ebetso e amanang le eona ka tsela e molemo ea kelello le ea 'mele. "
"Litloaelo tse ling tsa thobalano (ho kenyeletsa ha Penile-Vaginal Likamano tsa botona le botšehali li sa sebetse, joalo ka likhohlopo kapa ho sutumelloa ke maikutlo a penile-tsa botšehali) ha li kopane, kapa maemong a mang (ho ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali) ho amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e molemo ea kelello le ea 'mele . "
"Meriana ea thobalano, thuto ea thobalano, phekolo ea ho kopanela liphate, le patlisiso ea thobalano e lokela ho phatlalatsa lintlha tsa melemo ea bophelo bo botle ba Penile-Vaginal Sex, 'me e ba tse tobileng haholoanyane litabeng tsa tlhahlobo ea bona le mekhoa ea bona ea ho kenella."

Taba ea bobeli, Prause o re ho lemalla thobalano ho ke ke ha ba teng hobane "thobalano" e ka ba le litlamorao tse ntle. Sena se ts'oana le ho re ho ja lijo tse se nang phepo ho baka mathata hobane ho ja lijo ho thibela khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng le lefu. Litla-morao tse tlalehiloeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea kajeno mafura a phahameng / tsoekere ea lijo bolela joalo. Joalokaha taba ea hore 39% ea batho ba baholo ba Maamerika ba fetile 'me 75% kapa ho feta ke boima bo feteletseng. Ho feta moo, makholo a lithuto tsa batho le liphoofolo tšehetsa taba ea hore ho feteletsoa ha lijo tse se nang letho ho ka khoneha fetola boko ka litsela tse tšoanang le lithethefatsi tse lemalang.

Red herring #2: "Ho kopanela liphate ha ho lumelle hore ho be le tšusumetso e matla ea ho kopanela liphate".

Ke batho ba fokolang feela ba neng ba tla tseba seo Prause et al. e leka ho nyenyefatsa mohopolo oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e le tšusumetso e fetisisang. Joalokaha bangoli-'moho le eona ba sebelisa hampe poleloana e reng "matla a phahametseng tlhaho," ho hlakile hore ha ba tsebe letho ka moputso oa Nobel. Nikolaas Tinbergen e bolela ha a ne a qapa lentsoe 'khothalletso e phahameng ' (kapa supranormal).

Taba ea mantlha, maemo a supraphysiological a li-neurotransmitters, joalo ka dopamine kapa li-opioid tse sa feleng, ha a hlokehe bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e sa foleng ea ho baka liphetoho tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi. Mohlala, lithethefatsi tse peli tse lemalloang ka ho fetesisa (ho bolelang tse sebelisang palo e kholo ea basebelisi) - nicotine le opiates - eketsa setsi sa moputso dopamine ka 200%. Ena ke litekanyo tse tšoanang tsa dopamine tse bonoang ka ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (thobalano le sethoathoa se hlahisa maemo a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a dopamine le li-opioid tse sa feleng tse fumanehang ka tlhaho).

Ho feta moo, lithethefatsi tsa ho kopanela liphate le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li nolofalletsa mefuta e tšoanang ea moputso oa methapo ea methapo ea potoloho. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le feela karolo e nyenyane ea ts'ebeliso ea methapo-e kopaneloang lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi tse lemalang le meputso e meng ea tlhaho e kang lijo kapa metsi. Taba ea hore meth, k'hok'heine le heroine fetola lisele tse tšoanang tsa methapo e etsang ho tsosoa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali e le thata ho thusa ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha ba ka lemalla haholo.

Lipatlisiso li senola hore "ho susumetsa ka mokhoa o fetelletseng" ha ho hlokehe bakeng sa ho lemalla. Lithaba tsa lipatlisiso li senola hore ho lemalla boitšoaro (lijo tse lemalla lijo , papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea video, Inthaneteng e lemalla 'me ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate) le lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi li na le tse ngata tse tšoanang mekhoa ea motheo e lebisang ho pokello ea liphetoho tse arolelanoeng ka mokhoa oa boko ba bokhoni le oa chemistry.

Qetellong re na le se hlakileng: bobeli ba DSM5 le ICD-11 ba hlokomela ho lemalla boitšoaro. DSM5 (2013) e na le ho hlahlojoa ha papali ea chelete e lemalla, ha e ntse e le e ncha ICD-11 (2018) o na le liteko tsa ho becha le ho lemalla papali ea video, le e na le tšoaetso e loketseng ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa kapa ho lemalla thobalano: "Bothata ba ho Kopanela Liphate ka ho Kopanela Liphate. "

Ea bobeli, bangoli ba Prause et al. ha ba tsebe hore na ho boleloa eng e tsoetseng pele lapeng tshireletso stimulus (ka phoso ba e bitsa "tlhasimollo ea supraphysiological"). Bakeng sa kutloisiso e ntle, ke khothaletsa sena sehlooho se khutšoanyane ke moprofesa oa Harvard, kapa sena se ratoang haholo tlhaloso e hlalositsoeng ka Stuart McMillen. Mohlomong Prause le k'hamphani ba ka bula buka, joalo ka Tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang: Mokhoa oa Primal o Kōpa Thuso ho Hlōla Morero oa Bona oa ho Fetoha by Deirdre Barrett. Tlhaloso e tsoang bukeng ea khatiso ea 2010 ea buka:

Ha joale re na le phihlello ea liteko tse kholo ho feta bophelo, ho tloha lipompong ho ea ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ea ho libomo tsa athomo, tse fanang ka lits'oants'o tsa tlhaho tse tsoileng tseleng empa tse phehellang tse nang le litholoana tse kotsi. Lilemong tsa bo-1930, Niko Tinbergen, ea hapileng khau ea Nobel ea Madache, o ile a fumana hore linonyana tse behelang mahe a manyane a maputsoa a maputsoa a matheba a maputsoa li rata ho lula holim'a li-dummies tse khōlō tse khanyang tse putsoa tse nang le matheba a matšo. Serurubele se tona se hlatsoitsoeng sa silevera se ile sa tsosoa haholo ke silindara se potolohang se boholo ba serurubele se nang le methalo e metelele e sootho ho feta mosali oa 'nete ea phelang oa mofuta oa sona. Linonyana tsa bo-mme li ne li khetha ho leka ho fepa molomo oa nonyana oa bohata o ts'oeroeng ka molamu ke baithuti ba Tinbergen haeba molomo oa dummy o ne o pharalletse ebile o le mofubelu ho feta oa tsuonyana ea 'nete. Litlhapi tse tona tse khomarelang li ile tsa hlokomoloha e tona ea 'nete ho loants'a dummy haeba bokatlase ba eona bo le bofubelu bo khanyang ho feta tlhapi efe kapa efe ea tlhaho. Tinbergen o ile a qapa poleloana e reng "lintho tse sa tloaelehang" ho hlalosa lits'oants'o tsena, tse hohelang litloaelo tsa khale mme, ka ho makatsang, li hohela ho feta lintho tsa 'nete. Liphoofolo li kopana le litšusumetso tse sa tloaelehang haholo ha liteko li li aha. Rona batho re ka hlahisa tsa rona: lino tse tahang tse nang le tsoekere e ngata, li-fries tsa Mafora, liphoofolo tse mahlo a maholo, li-diatribes mabapi le lira tse tšosang.

Tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang ha e hlalosoe e le ho feta-tsa bophelo karabo. Ho e-na le hoo, e itšetlehile ka papiso pakeng tsa seo phoofolo e ileng ea iphetola ho sona e matlafatsang le e feteletsang (mohlomong ea maiketsetso) ea phetoho e ts'oanang e susumetsang. Ka mohlala, linonyana tse tšehali li ne li loanela ho lula likhutsaneng tsa Tinbergen ho feta bophelo, mahe a palesa a bonahalang ha a ntse a le maqeba, mahe a nang le majoe a bolaeang a ne a senyehile.

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng li nkoa e le tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang hobane e fana ka setšoantšo se sa feleng sa thobalano. Ka li-porno tsa Inthanete, hase feela thobalano e sa feleng E ncha e hlasimollang tsamaiso ea rona ea moputso. Lenaneo la moputso lea chesa maikutlo a mang le tšusumetso le eona, tseo hangata li hlahang ka ho hlaka ho bashebelli:

Maikutlo a matla - joalo ka ho ba molato, ho nyonya, ho hlajoa ke lihlong, ho tšoenyeha & tšabo
Ho batla le ho batla - potoloho ea moputso e atisa ho bitsoa potoloho e batlang
ntho efe kapa efe seo se tlola ditebello – ho tshoha, ho makala, kapa ho feta kamoo re neng re nahanne

Mantsoe a litšoantšo le litšoantšo li 'nile tsa e-ba teng ka nako e telele. E boetse e na le ho potlakela ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale ho tsoa ho balekane ba romane. Leha ho le joalo e ncha ea nako e le 'ngoe naga e fofa hang hang ha u fetola maqephe. Ho na le motho ea ka bitsang naga kapa li-video tse bonolo tse "tšosang" kapa "ho hlahisa matšoenyeho?" Na e ka tlōla tebello ea moshanyana ea nang le k'homphieutha ho feta lilemo tsa 12? Ha e bapisoe le "ho batlisisa le ho batla" ea tabo e mengata ea Google ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Se etsang hore Internet e be e ikhethang ke hore u ka boloka dopamine ea hau (le tsoho ea thobalano) e koahetsoeng ka ho penya ha mouse kapa ho tlanya skrineng.

Tse ngata tsa lipolelo tsena tsa maikutlo (ho tšoenyeha, ho hlajoa ke lihlong, ho tšoha, ho makala) eseng feela phahamisa dopamine, empa e mong le e mong a ka matlafatsa li-hormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo le li-neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol). Likhatello tsena tsa khatello ea kelello eketsa thabo ha a ntse a ho eketsa dopamine liphetoho tse seng li le teng. Litšoaneleho tse ling tse behang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba inthanete ntle le lintho tse ling tse ka 'nang tsa lemalla le boitšoaro:

Liphuputso li senola hore livideo tsa bootsoa ke ho tsosoa ho feta litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Ho eketsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate (le ho eketsa ho fokotseha ha dopamine) motho a ka fetola mefuta ea mofuta hang-hang nakong ea thuto ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Ha o khone ho etsa joalo pele 2006 le ho fihla ha li-tube tube tse phallelang.
Ho fapana le lifoto tsa batho ba hlobotseng, livideo li fetola monahano oa hau, 'me li ka' na tsa u fetola litakatso tsa thobalano, boitshwaro ja, kapa trajectory (haholo-holo joalo bakeng sa bacha).
Litšoantšo li bolokoa bokong ba hau, e leng se u lumellang hore u ho hopole neng kapa neng ha u hloka "hit".
Ho fapana le lijo le lithethefatsi, tseo ho nang le moeli o sebelisoang ho tsona, ha ho na mefokolo ea 'mele ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Mekhoa ea boko ba tlhaho ea ho satiation ha e etsoe, ntle le hore e fokotsehe. Leha ho le joalo, mochine o ka tobetsa ho hong ho thabisang ho tsosoa hape.
Ka lijo le lithethefatsi motho a ka fela feela (letšoao la ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso) ka ho ja haholo. Ka bootsoa ba Inthanete, motho a ka eketsa ka bobeli "lilekane" 'me ka ho sheba mefuta e mecha le e sa tloaelehang. Ho tloaelehile haholo ho motho ea sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ea litšoantšong tsa bootsoa bo feteletseng. Motho e mong le e mong ea sebetsang le eena o ka eketseha ka ho sheba livideo tsa ho kopanya kapa ka ho sebelisa VR porn.

Lijo tse phahameng haholo (tse tsoekere tse tsoekere / mafura / letsoai), lipapali tsa video, le li-porno tsa inthanete li nkoa e le tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang. Litokomane tse seng kae tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka li hlahloba lik'homphieutha (lipapali tsa bootsoa, lipapali tsa video, Facebook) e le tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang:

1) Boitsebiso bo bongata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng Ho lemalla: Tlhahlobo le Tlhahlobo (2015) - Excerpt:

Mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete, ka lebaka la matla a bona a ho fana ka ts'usumetso e sa feleng (le ho ts'ebetswa ha tsamaiso ea moputso), ho nahanoa hore e etsa mohopolo o sa tloaelehang [24], e thusang ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha basebelisi bao boko ba bona bo bonahatsang liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi ba tšoaroa ka ho phehella ha bona. Mopholosi oa Nobel Mopholosi Nikolaas Tinbergen [25] e ile ea beha khopolo ea "ho susumetsa ka tsela e sa tloaelehang," ntho e 'ngoe eo ho eona ho ka etsoang tšusumetso ea maiketsetso e tla fetela ho iphetola ha liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho bontša mohlala ona, Tinbergen o ile a etsa mahe a linonyana a maiketsetso a neng a le kholoanyane le a mebala-bala ho feta mahe a linonyana. Ho makatsang ke hore linonyana tsena li ile tsa khetha ho lula mahe a maiketsetso a maholo le ho tlohela mahe a tsona a tlhaho. Ka tsela e tšoanang, Tinbergen e ile ea etsa lirurubele tse nang le mapheo a maholoanyane le a mebala-bala, 'me hangata lirurubele li leka ho kopana le lirurubele tsena tsa maiketsetso sebakeng sa lirurubele tse tšehali. Setsebi sa kelello ea ho iphetola ha lintho Dierdre Barrett o ile a nka khopolo ena bukeng ea hae ea morao-rao e bitsoang Supernormal Stimuli: Kamoo Primal e Khothalletsang ho Hlōla Morero oa Bona oa ho Fetoha [26]. "Liphoofolo li na le tšusumetso e khōlō haholo ha liteko li li haha. Rōna batho re ka hlahisa tsa rona. "[4] (leq. 4). Mehlala ea Barrett e fapana le lipompong ho ea ho litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le lijo tse nang le letsoho tse monate tse sa letsoho kapa tse sa natsoeng ka letsoho ho bapala papali ea video e bapalang haholo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, internet e tloaelehileng e sa sebelisetsoeng ho sebelisoa haholo e khothatsa haholo. E sebelisa mekhoa ea rona ea moputso oa tlhaho, empa e ka etsa hore e sebetse ka maemo a phahameng ho feta maemo ao baholo-holo ba rona ba atisang ho kopana le 'ona ha boitsebiso ba rona bo fetoha, ho etsa hore bo khone ho fetoha mokhoa oa ho lemalla [27].

2) Ho lekanya ho khetholoha ho sa tloaelehang ka melemo ea tlhaho: Tlhahlobo e 'meli ea boikutlo ba ho lebella boipheliso (2015) - Excerpt:

Ntle ho tlhaho (SN) lihlahisoa ke lihlahisoa tsa maiketsetso tse kenyang litsela tsa meputso le mokhoa oa ho itšoara ka mokhoa o joalo ho feta tšusumetso ea tlhaho eo litsamaiso tsena li neng li reriloe ho tsona. Lintho tse ngata tsa kajeno tsa bareki (mohlala, lijo tse hajoang ke linokoane, joala le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) li bonahala li kenyelletsa lintlha tsa SN, tse lebisang tlhobelisong e feteletseng, ho latela mekhoa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho. Ha ho tekanyo ea hona joale e teng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea likhaohano ka bomong kapa liphetoho tse kenyelletsoeng ho joalo. Ka lebaka leo, tekanyetso ea ho khahloa ke menyetla e ne e fetotsoe ho kenyelletsa lintho tse neng li emela ka bobeli SN le lihlopha tsa tlhaho (N) tse khotsofatsang. Tlhahlobo ea ho hlahloba lintlha e hlahisitse tharollo e 'meli,' me joalokaha ho boletsoe esale pele, lintho tsa N le SN li ne li jere ka litekanyo tse fapaneng. Tšepo ea ka hare ea litekanyetso tse peli e ne e le phahameng, ρ = .93 le ρ = .90, ka ho latellana. Mekhahlelo ea bobeli e ne e hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea N le SN e bolelang e le li-predictors le litlaleho tsa boithaopo ba letsatsi le leng le le leng la lihlahisoa tsa 21 le likarolo tsa SN e le liphello. Joalokaha ho ne ho lebeletsoe, litekanyetso tsa SN tsa boithabiso li ne li amana le tšebeliso e phahameng ea SN, ha N litekanyetso tsa boithabiso li ne li le mekhatlo e mpe kapa e sa jeleng paate ea lihlahisoa tsena. Re etsa qeto ea hore tekanyo ea bobeli ba litekanyetso ke boikutlo bo ka tšeptjoang le bo nepahetseng ba ho fana ka tlaleho ea khethollo ea khethollo bakeng sa ts'oaetso ea SN. Ha ho ntse ho hlokahala tlhahlobo e eketsehileng (mohlala, ho sebelisa litekanyetso tsa liteko), tekanyo e hlakileng e ka ba le karolo ea bohlokoa ho ithuta ka mekhoa e mabeli le mekhoa ea sechaba e amohelehang ho latela tlhahiso ea SN.
Lijo tse entsoeng ka mekhoa, lisebelisoa tsa khatello ea kelello, lisebelisoa tse ling tsa thepa le mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea litaba tsa sechaba le lipapali tsa lipapali li phathahane hangata, li hlahisa mathata a mangata a bophelo bo botle (Roberts, van Vught, & Dunbar, 2012). Philo ea ho iphetola ha lintho e fana ka tlhaloso e susumetsang ea ho sebelisoa ho feteletseng. Liphoofolo, ho kopanyelletsa le batho, li atisa ho atamela (e leng, bokella, ho fumana le ho ja) sepheo se fanang ka moputso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa boiteko ba bona, kahoo ho ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea bona (Chakravarthy & Booth, 2004; Kacelnik le Bateson, 1996). Mekhoa e metle ea mekhoa ea phekolo e fetoha ho ntlafatsa boitšoaro bo ikemetseng ka ho matlafatsa tšusumetso e romellang matšoao a ho matlafatsa bophelo bo botle, ho fana ka limatlafatsi kapa menyetla ea ho ikatisa. Tinbergen (1948) o ile a kenya lentsoe "Stimulus e sa tloaelehang" ha a fumana hore liphoofolo li atisa ho bontša likarabo tse matla ho li fetoloang tsa tlhaho ea tlhaho. "Khetho ea khethollo" (Staddon, 1975; Ward, 2013) ha ho kotsi ho tikoloho ea tlhaho eo ho eona ho fetoloang liphetoho tse sa tloaelehang-empa ho na le mathata ha ho na le mekhoa ea maiketsetso le e feteletsoeng. Ka mohlala, lesole le sa tsoa rojoa la herring le lakatsa ho phunya molamu o mofubelu o mofubelu o sefubelu o nang le lihlopha tse tšoeu ho eona, ho e-na le molomo o mosesaane oa 'mè oa'Tinbergen le Perdeck, 1951). Moelelong oa khetho ea mehloli, phello ke mokhoa oa boits'oaro oa "ho fumana sohle seo u ka se khonang": leano le ikemiselitseng libakeng tsa tlhaho moo mohloli oa thepa o fokolang kapa o sa tšepahaleng. Sebakeng sa kajeno sa batho, liphihlelo tse ngata tse thabisang li teng ka mokhoa oa lihlahisoa tsa theko ea maiketsetso tse entsoeng kapa tse hloekisitsoeng ho ba tse sa tloaelehang. Ka mantsoe a mang, li susumetsa mokhoa oa moputso o tsoelang pele ho isa tekanyong e sa fumanoeng molemong oa tlhaho (Barrett, 2010). Ka mohlala, lisebelisoa tsa psychoactive (Nesse le Berridge, 1997), lihlahisoa tsa lijo tse potlakileng tsa khoebo (Barrett, 2007), lihlahisoa tsa papali ea chelete (Rockloff, 2014), litšoantšo tsa thelevishene (Barrett, 2010; Derrick, Gabriel, & Hugenberg, 2009), metsoalle ea Inthaneteng le Inthaneteng (Rocci, 2013; Ward, 2013), le lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng tsa thekiso, tse kang likoloi tse theko e boima (Erk, Spitzer, Wunderlich, Galley, le Walter, 2002), lieta tse phahameng tsa heeled (Morris, White, Morrison le Fisher, 2013), litlolo (Etcoff, Stock, Haley, Vickery, & House, 2011), le lipapali tsa bana (Morris, Reddy, & Bunting, 1995) kaofela ha tsona li 'nile tsa tšohloa e le mefuta ea matsatsing a kajeno a susumetsang ka tsela e sa tloaelehang. Bakeng sa tse ling tsa lintho tsena, bopaki ba methapo ea maikutlo bo bontšitse hore ba atisa ho ts'oaea dopamine ka tsela e matla, ho tlatsa karabelo ea moputso e etselitsoeng meputso ea tlhaho, ka hona ho khothalletsa ho sebelisoa ho feteletseng le maemong a mang, ho lemala (Barrett, 2010; Blumenthal & Khauta, 2010; Wang et al., 2001).
Litekong tse sa tšoaneng, tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang e atisa ho ba kotsi. Ho fumaneha ha lijo tsa li-calorie tse jang lijo tse ngata le ho ja lijo tse nooang, chefo ea lino tse tahang le lisebelisoa tse ling, ketsahalo ea ho lula fatše e kenyeletsa ho shebella thelevishene, ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa elektronike le lipapali tsa papali, le litšenyehelo tsa thepa ea thekiso kapa papali ea chelete, bohle ba fana ka tikoloho e khothalletsang khetho e sa nepahaleng ea boitšoaro, e lebisang maemong a kotsi (Barrett, 2007, 2010; Birch, 1999; Hantula, 2003; Ward, 2013). Sena se etsa hore ho be le ts'ebetso ea hore batho ba mehleng ea kajeno ba susumetsoe ka tsela e sa tloaelehang ea bohlokoa. Tlalehong ea morao-rao, re sebelisa lentsoe le leholo ho bua ka lihlahisoa tsa batho tsa kajeno le liphihlelo tse khetholloang ka khetho e sa lekanyetsoang (mokhoa o sa laoleheng oa mefuta e fapaneng haholo) le ho etsoa ka bongata haholo lefatšeng la kajeno. Hangata lihlahisoa tsena li hlophisoa, li hloekisitsoe, kapa lihlahisoa tsa bareki tse kenyelletsang lijo kapa lisebelisoa tsa bohobe. Mehlala e sa totobetseng e kenyelletsa melaetsa e fumanoang ka sechabeng Le hoja ka linako tse ling e le ntho e tsosang e nyenyane ho feta puisano ea sefahla-sefahleho, mokhoa ona oa puisano o fana ka litšobotsi tse bonang, tse potlakileng le tse fanoang ka nako e telele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liaparo tsa mehleng ea kajeno le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa thekiso li bontša batho ba tšoanang le ba nang le mekhoa e mengata ea ho ba le thobalano kapa boemo ba sechaba. Ho sebelisa kapa ho fumana lihlahisoa tsena ho thehiloe ho fana ka moputso o potlakileng ka lebaka la ho fetoleloa e le ho ntlafatsa matla a 'mele.
Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore khetho ea moputso o sa tloaelehang e ka ba phello ea ho se tšoane ha ts'ebetsong ea dopamine. Ho fumanoa ho haelloa ke dopamine ho amana le mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea tšebeliso e feteletseng ea tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, ho ja joala, bothata ba papali ea chelete le ho lemala Inthaneteng (Bergh, Eklund, Södersten, & Nordin, 1997; Blum, Cull, Braverman, & Comings, 1996; Johnson le Kenny, 2010; Kim et al., 2011). Khopolo ea ho ba le tšusumetso e fetisisang e lumellana le tlhaloso ka ho khetholla ha motho ka mong mosebetsing oa dopamine. Litsela tsa Dopaminergic, tse hlahisitsoeng ka ho hlahisa mehloli ea thepa le ho sebelisoa molemong oa libaka tse sa fumaneheng, li ka 'na tsa ameha ka ho khetheha ho lisebelisoa tsa psychoactive, lijo tse matla haholo, le mefuta e meng ea mehleng ea kajeno ea bareki e bontšang meputso e feteletseng ea moputso (Barrett, 2010; Nesse le Berridge, 1997; Wang et al., 2001). Haeba ho le joalo, joale NPS / SNPS e hlalositsoeng mona e tla lebelloa hore e khetholle batho ba nang le ho se sebetse ha dopamine. Liphuputso tsa nakong e tlang li ka 'na tsa sebelisa mekhoa ea ho sebelisa li-neurophysiological tse sebelisanang le mekhoa ea boipheliso, e le ho netefatsa litlhaloso tse pakeng tsa maemo ana a mabeli a tlhaloso.
Liphihlelo tse sa tloaelehang ha li na thuso ebile li na le mekhoa e metle ka lebaka la litšoaneleho tsa bona (mohlala, ho ja lijo le ho tlosa lijo) le ho khothaletsa boitšoaro ba nako e telele (mohlala, liwebsaete tsa metsoalle le lipapali). Ka lebaka leo, bokhoni ba ho khetholla batho ba khethang mefuta ena ea moputso bo fana ka monehelo oa bohlokoa ho ba etsang lipatlisiso, ho phekola le ho thibela mathata a bophelo bo botle ba sechaba a bakiloeng ke ho feta.

3) Ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - ts'usumetso e fetisisang e nkiloeng moelelong oa "neuroplasticity" (2013) - Excerpt:

Tlhekefetso e 'nile ea e-ba lentsoe la likarohano ha le sebelisoa mekhoeng e sa tšoaneng ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali (CSBs), ho akarelletsa le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o feteletseng. Ho sa tsotellehe kamohelo e ntseng e hōla ea ho ba teng ha lits'oants'o tsa tlhaho kapa ts'ebetso e thehiloeng ke kutloisiso e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa mahlaseli a dopaminergic, ho 'nile ha e-ba le boikemelo ba ho re li-CSB li ka lemalla. Le hoja papali ea chelete ea papali ea mali (PG) le botenya ba tsona li fumane tlhokomelo e kholo litabeng tsa ho sebetsa le tsa boitšoaro, bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo tšehetsa tlhaloso ea li-CSB e le tahi. Bopaki bona bo na le mekhoa e mengata 'me bo thehiloe kutloisiso e ntseng e tsoela pele ea karolo ea mokete oa neuronal ka lebaka la ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ho tšehetsoa ke pono ea boitšoaro ba histori. Phello ena ea ho lemalla e ka ntlafatsoa ke mokhoa o tsitsitseng o tsitsitseng le "stimulus supranormal" (polelo e entsoeng ke Nikolaas Tinbergen) ntlha e hlahisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ....
Hoa makatsa hore ebe ho lemalla lijo ho ke keng ha kenyelletsoa ho lemalla boitšoaro, ho sa tsotellehe lipatlisiso tse bontšang ho fokotseha ha dopaminergic ho fumanoa ka botenya (Wang et al., 2001), ka ts'ebetso e ts'oanolloang ka ho ja lijo le ho tloaeleha ha motlakase oa 'mele (BMI) (Steele et al., 2010). Khopolo ea 'stimulus supranormal', e ipiletsang ka nako ea Nikolaas Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1951), e sa tsoa hlalosoa moelelong oa monate o matla o fetang moputso oa k'hok'heine, o ts'ehetsang moelelo oa bokhoba ba lijo (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007). Ka lekhetlo la pele Tinbergen o ile a fumana hore linonyana, lirurubele le liphoofolo tse ling li ka qhekelloa ka ho khetha li-substitutes tse entsoeng ka ho khetheha hore li khahle ho feta mahe a tloaelehileng a mahe le balekane. Ha e le hantle, ho na le ho hloka mosebetsi o ts'oanang le oa boits'oaro ka ho ithuta ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ho batho, ho bapisoa le papali ea chelete le lithethefatsi tsa lijo, empa ho ka phehisana hore boitšoaro bo bong le bo bong bo ka kenyelletsa tšusumetso e phahameng. Deirdre Barrett (2010) e kenyelitse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mohlala oa ts'usumetso e fetisisang ...
Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ke laboratori e phethahetseng bakeng sa thuto ena ea libuka tse ts'oanang le motlakase o matla oa khatello. Ho batlisisa ka hloko le ho tobetsa, ho batla taba e phethahetseng, ke boikoetliso ba ho ithuta ka methapo ea kutlo. Ha e le hantle, e tšoantšetsa khopolo ea Tinbergen ea 'boipheliso bo phahameng' (Tinbergen, 1951), ka matsoho a polasetiki a ntlafalitsoeng a hlahisitsoeng ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang ho batho ba nang le morero o tšoanang le lipapali tsa butterfly tse matlafetseng tsa Tinbergen le Magnus; banna ba mefuta e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ba khetha mokhoa oa tlhaho oa ho iphetola ha tlhaho (Magnus, 1958;; Tinbergen, 1951). Ka kutloisiso ena, popo e ntlafalitsoeng e fana, ka puo ea tšoantšetso, phello e ts'oanang le pheromone ho banna ba banna, joalo ka tšoele, e leng 'ho thibela boits'oaro' le 'ho sitisa puisano pele ho thobalano lipakeng tsa bong ka ho kenella sepakapakeng' (Gaston, Shorey, & Saario, 1967) ... ..
Esita le maikutlo a sechaba a bonahala a ntse a leka ho hlalosa ts'ebetso ena ea biologic, joaloka polelong ena e tsoang ho Naomi Wolf; 'Ka lekhetlo la pele historing ea batho, litšoantšo' matla le ho hlohlelletsa li fetisitse tsa basali ba sebele ba hlobotse. Kajeno basali ba hlobotseng ba hlobotse ba le mpe feela "(Wolf, 2003). Feela joalokaha litšoantšo tsa "Pornbridge 'tsa Tinbergen tsa Magnus' me tsa Magnus 'li ne li atleha ho hlōlisana le banna ka mokhoa oa litšenyehelo tsa basali ba sebele (Magnus, 1958;; Tinbergen, 1951), re bona ts'ebetso ena e etsahala ho batho.

4) Na Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete li baka Mathata a Kopanela Liphate? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Bongaka (2016) - Excerpt:

3.2. Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete ke Tšusumetso e Feteletseng
Ha ho pelaelo hore tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tšimong ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ke tsela eo inthanete e susumetsang le ho tsamaisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate [73]. Maemo a sa lekanyetsoang a phahameng a ho kopanela liphate a phalleloang ka "tube" hona joale a fumaneha mahala le a fumanehang haholo, letsatsi la 24 ka ho sebelisa lik'homphieutha, matlapa le li-smartphone, 'me ho' nile ha boleloa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ke tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang, ho phehella ka lebaka la matla a eona a ho iphetola ha lintho [74,75]. Boitsebiso bo bong bo bontšang thobalano bo 'nile ba e-ba teng ka nako e telele, empa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa video (1) li tsosa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho feta mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [76,77] kapa fantšo [78]; (2) litšoantšiso tsa thobalano li bontšitsoe ho etsa hore motho a tsohe haholoanyane, ho phalla ka potlako, le ho etsa lintho tse ling tse ngata ho feta le tse ling tse tloaelehileng, mohlomong kahobane ho ela hloko molekane ea ka mocha le ho tsosoa ha hae ho ile ha e-ba le boiphihlelo ba ho ikatisa [75,79,80,81,82,83,84]; le (3) bokhoni ba ho ikhethela boitsebiso ka boiketlo bo etsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li tsohe haholo ho feta likhetho tse khethiloeng [79]. Setšoantšo sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se ka boloka kapa sa phahamisa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate ka ho panya-panya hang-hang ho boemo ba libuka, video e ncha kapa ho se mohla u kileng ua kopana le mofuta. Phuputso ea 2015 ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng ka ho lieha ho fokotsa (ho khetha ho khotsofatsoa hang-hang ka meputso e liehang ea bohlokoa bo boholo) e re, "Mokhoa o sa khaotseng oa ho kopanela liphate le litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho ka ho khetheha ho etsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e be moetsi o ikhethileng oa moputso oa boko. ... Ka hona ke habohlokoa ho tšoara litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso e le tšusumetso e ikhethang ea ho ba le moputso, ho ba le tšusumetso ea maikutlo le lithuto tsa lithethefatsi "[75] (maqephe a 1, 10).
Ntho e ncha e ngolisa e le ea bohlokoa, e eketsa bohlokoa ba moputso, ebile e na le liphello tse tšoarellang ho susumetsa, ho ithuta le ho hopola [85]. Joaloka tšusumetso ea thobalano le litšobotsi tse khotsofatsang tsa ho kopanela liphate, mokhoa o tsosolositsoeng o qobella hobane o baka ho phatloha ha dopamine libakeng tsa boko ho amana haholo le moputso le sepheo-boitšoaro bo laoloang [66]. Le hoja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li qobella batho ho rata litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle, dACC (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) e boetse e bontša mokhoa o potlakileng oa ho etsa litšoantšo ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle [86], ho etsa hore ho batloe litšoantšo tse ling tsa thobalano. Joaloka mongoli-co-author Voon o hlalositse ka phuputso ea 2015 ea sehlopha sa hae ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang le ho tloaela batho ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng, "Thepa e bonahalang e sa feleng ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano e fumanehang Inthaneteng [e ka fepa] ho lemalla, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho baleha"87]. Mesolimbic dopamine ts'ebetsong e ka boela ea ntlafatsoa ke lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng tseo hangata li amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete li sebelisa tse kang, tlōlo ea litebello, tebello ea moputso, le ketso ea ho batla / ho etsa lipapali (ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng) [88,89,90,91,92,93]. Matšoenyeho, a bontšitsoeng ho eketsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate [89,94], e ka boela ea tsamaea le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete. Ka bokhutšoanyane, litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa Inthaneteng li fana ka litšobotsi tsena kaofela, tse ngolisang e le tsa bohlokoa, li etsa hore ho be le li-dopamine tse phatlohang le ho ntlafatsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate.

Prause et al., 2017 ha e utloisise mofuta oa tahi

PRAUSE ET AL: Hape, lintlha ha li lekane ho khetholla lipakeng tsa mekhoa e qobelloang le e sa tsitsang.

Mofuta o mong o khubelu. Ho fapana le bangoli ba Potenza et al., bangoli ba Prause et al., ha se litsebi tsa tahi - 'me e ea bontša. Liphuputso li tlaleha khafetsa hore bokhoba bo hlahisa likarolo tsa ka bobeli ho hloka boikutlo le ho qobella. (Patlisiso ea Google Scholar ho lemala + ho se tsitsisehe + ho khutlisetsa maikutlo ho khutlisetsa 22,000 litemana.) Mona ke litlhaloso tse bonolo tsa ho se tsotelle 'me ho qobella:

Ho se tsitsisehe: Ho sebetsana ka potlako le ntle le ho nahana kapa ho rera ka ho lekaneng ho arabela ka maikutlo a ka hare kapa a ka ntle. Sebopeho sa ho amohela mekhoa e menyenyane ea potlako hang-hang ka lebaka la ho lieha ho khotsofatsa le ho sitoa ho emisa boitšoaro ho ho khotsofatsoa hang ha e qalile.
Ho qobelloa: E bua ka mekhoa ea ho pheta-pheta e etsoang ho ea ka melao e itseng kapa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. Boitšoaro bona bo mamella esita leha ho tobane le liphello tse bohloko.

Ho boleloa esale pele, ho lemalla lithethefatsi hangata e bontša ho lemalla joaloka ho ntlafatsa ho tloha ho se nahane boitšoaro bo batlang bo thabisang boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba ho pheta-pheta ho qoba ho se utloise bohloko (joalo ka bohloko ba ho tlohela). Kahoo, lithethefatsi li na le tse ling tsa bobeli, hammoho le lisebelisoa tse ling. Kahoo phapang pakeng tsa "mehlala" ea ho se ts'oane le ho qobella ha li amana le CSBD e batla e le maiketsetso.

Tšebeliso ea "ho qobella" ho hlahlojoa ha ICD-11 e ncha ha e reretsoe ho hlalosa litlhaloso tsa kelello tsa Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: "o ile a tsoela pele ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse bohloko"Ho e-na le hoo" ho qobella, "joalokaha ho sebelisitsoe ICD-11, ke lentsoe le hlalosang le sebelisitsoeng ka lilemo, 'me hangata le sebelisoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le" ho lemala. "(Ka mohlala patlisiso ea litsebi tsa Google ho qobelloa + ho lemalla e khutlela litlhaloso tsa 130,000.)

Kahoo, eng kapa eng o kapa mofani oa hao ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo o batla ho e bitsa - "bosodoma," "ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate," "ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate," "boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate," "ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa thobalano" - haeba boitšoaro bo oela ka tlas'a "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder" tlhaloso, boemo boo bo ka fumanoa bo sebelisa ho hlahloba ICD-11 CSBD.