Uhlalutyo lwe "Idatha ayixhaseli ngesondo njengomlutha" (Prause et al., 2017)

intshayelelo

UNicole Prause uchukumisa enye yeeleta zakhe kumhleli njenge- "debunking" ubukho bobukhoboka bezesondo kunye neziyobisi ezingamanyala ("Ukuziphatha gwenxa kwezesondo" kwixesha elizayo ICD-11). Nangona kunjalo. Oku Igama le-240 yeengcamango (Prause et al., 2017) icaphula izifundo zero ukuxhasa amabango ayo, pukukhwela kuphela kwisivakalisi esinye, esichaswa ngokulula njengobungqina bodwa bokuphikisana nemodeli yokulutha.

Le leta ebhaliweyo yoLondolozo Lancet, esayinwe ngabadibanisine abane (u-Erick Janssen, uJanni Georgiadis, uPeter Finn noYames Pfaus), wayephendule enye incwadi emfutshane: Ngaba ukuziphatha ngokwezesondo ngokugqithiseleyo kuyinkinga yomlutha? (IPotenza et. al., 2017), ebhalwe nguMarc Potenza, uMateusz Gola, uValerie Voon, uAriel Kor noShane Kraus. (Zombini ziphinda zenziwe kwakhona ngezantsi.)

Ngokuqinisekileyo, abathathu be-Prause abane abane-co-signers Lancet Wabaleka namagama abo ngaphambili kwe2016 Salt Lake Tribune I-Op-Ed ihlasela iMfazwe entsha kunye nesimo sayo kwi-intanethi. Oko Salt Lake Tribune Igama le-600 Igama lo-Op-Ed luthi ligcwele iziqinisekiso ezingaxhaswanga ezibalwe ukulahlekisa uluntu. Kwaye abalobi balo, Abadumi kunye nabahlobo, abazange baxhase ibango elilodwa. I-Op-Ed icacise kuphela amaphepha e-4 - akukho nanye into eyayinayo nayiphi na into yokulutha kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo, iimiphumo zoononophelo kwizidlelwane, okanye iingxaki zesini ezibangelwa ziisini. Iingcali eziliqela zaphendula ngolu hlobo lwe-Prause Op-Ed: I-Op-Ed: Ngubani na ophikisa i-science kwiimifanekiso engamanyala? (2016). Ngokungafaniyo ne "neuroscientists" ye-Op-Ed yokuqala, ababhali bempendulo bacaphule izifundo eziliqela kunye nokuhlaziywa ezininzi kweencwadi baxhasa zabo ingxelo.

I-PhD enye Lancet umzamo ongekho kwi Salt Lake Tribune I-Op-Ed (uPeter Finn) yenzeka kumbhali-mbambano iqela le propaganda le-2014 kunye noPrause noDavid Ley (umbhali Inkolelo yeTyala loSondo), elinelungelo Umlawuli akanalo iingubo: Ukuhlaziywa kohlobo lwe- 'Pornography Addiction' Model (2014). Eli phepha alizange lihlaziywe ngokwenene, kwaye, kunzima njengoko kukho ukukholelwa, akukho nto kwiphepha le-Ley / Prause / iFinn elichanekileyo okanye lixhaswa ngamagama achazwe kwiphepha. Olu lulandelayo luhlalutyo olude kakhulu lwephepha elihambelana nomgca-ngqa, ucatshulwa ngecatshulwa, ukucacisa ezininzi iintetho ze-Ley / Prause / Finn ezibandakanya "ukuhlaziywa" kwazo: Umlawuli akanalo iingubo: iFairytale echithweyo ibeka iNgxelo. Eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukuba ishiye naluphi na uphononongo oluchaze iziphumo ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn okanye kwafunyanwa ukuba likhoboka le-porn -kwaye kwathiwa "luphononongo!"

Uhlaziyo (Aprili, 2019): Kwimizamo yokuthula ukugxeka kwe-YBOP, bambalwa ababhali ababumba iqela (kubandakanya i-4 yababhali be-5 Prause et al., I-2017-Nicole Prause, u-Erick Janssen, uJanniko Georgiadis, uPeter Finn) weba uphawu lwentengiso lwe-YBOP kunye nokwenza indawo yesibuko se-bogus kwaye akhawunti zentlalo. Jonga eli phepha ngeenkcukacha: Ukwephulwa kweMpawu zoTywala eziKhuselekileyo ezixhaswe yi-Porn Addiction Deniers (www.realyourbrainonporn.com).

Ukuphendulela kwiNdumiso Lancet umgudu, sifanele sikhankanye ukuba ayikho enye yeyintlanu Prause et al., Abathunywa be-2017 bakhicilele isifundo esibandakanya uqinisekisile "uononophala okanye umlingo wesondo."Ngaphezu koko, abanye basayine iPrause Lancet ileta Iimbali zokuhlaselwa ngentsholongwane yombono wobugqwetha obunobunono bobulili kunye nocansi (ngaloo ndlela kubonisa ubuhlanga obukhulu). Ngokwahlukileyo, ngasinye sihlanu Potenza et al. Ababhali be-2017 ababhali (abhale ileta yokuqala kulo mbandela Lancet) uye wapapasha izifundo ezininzi ezibandakanya izifundo ngokunyanzeliswa kwezifo zokuziphatha ngokwesini (kubandakanywa nezifundo zobuchopho bezakhono zobungqina bezononono kunye nabaxhatshazwa ngokwesondo). Umbuzo: kutheni umntu ongeqeshwanga liziko lemfundo iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ngubani ovulekileyo libandakanya ukuchaswa okujoliswe kuyo kunye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabo bacebisa ukuba iphonografi inokuba ngumlutha, inikwe ipherch yepropaganda yayo engasekelwanga? Kwimeko engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, iimpendulo ze-19 zezifundo ezingathandabuzekiyo ziye zapapashwa kwincwadi ehlaziywe ngontanga:

Steele et al., 2013 - iphepha 1, iphepha 2, iphepha 3, iphepha 4, iphepha 5, iphepha 6, iphepha 7, iphepha 8
Prause et al., 2015 - iphepha 1, iphepha 2, iphepha 3, iphepha 4, iphepha 5, iphepha 6, iphepha 7, iphepha 8, iphepha 9, iphepha 10
Udumo kunye nePfaus, 2015 - iphepha 1

Ekugqibeleni, zizwe ukhululekile ukungahoywa Prause et al I-disinformation (ngezantsi) kwaye uye ngqo kwisayensi eyaziwayo kweli candelo. Nantsi Uluhlu lwe-30 ye-neuroscience esekwe kuphononongo loncwadi kunye neenkcazo kwi-CSBD ngenye yezinzulu zenzululwazi kwihlabathi. Yonke inkxaso ngenkxaso yomzobo. Ngapha koko, phinda uluhlu lwale lonke uphononongo olusekwe kwi-neuroscience olupapashwe kubasebenzisi be-porn kunye neziyobisi ngokwesondo (ngaphezulu kwe-50 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku). Babonelela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yemodeli yokulutha njengoko iziphumo zabo zibonisa isiphelo semithambo-luvo esichazwe kwizifundo zeziyobisi (ngokuchasene neziqinisekiso ezingaxhaswanga Prause et al.). Ekugqibeleni, cinga Izifundo ezingaphezulu kweengxelo ze-60 zivakalisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo nokukhula kwezilwanyana (ukunyamezela), ukuhlala kwimeko yezononophelo, kunye neempawu zokulahla. Zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu ezinxulumene nokulutha-yiyo loo nto debunking Prause et al .'s ibango lamanga lokuba ukunyamezela okanye ukuhoxiswa kuye kwaxelwa kwiimviwo ezibukeziwe ngabangane.

Nazi ezinye iileta ezibhalwe kuyo Lancet:

Incwadi yePotenza kunye neempendulo zeMpendulo

Ngaba ukuziphatha ngokwezesondo ngokugqithiseleyo kuyinkinga yomlutha? (IPotenza et al., 2017)

UMarc N Potenza, Mateusz Gola, Valerie Voon, Ariel Kor, Shane W Kraus

Yashicilelwe: NgoSeptemba, i-2017

Kwiingxelo zabo kwi I-Lancet Psychiatry, UJohn B Saunders kunye noogxa¹ngokucacileyo ichaza iingxoxo ezikhoyo ngokuphathelele ukuqwalaselwa kunye nokuhlelwa kwezokugembula kunye neengxaki zokudlala njengemingcipheko yomlutha, eyenzeka ngexesha lokuveliswa kwe-DSM-5² kunye nokulindela kwe-ICD-11.³ Inkqubo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ephosakeleyo iyacetyiswa njenge-disorder-control control disorder ye-ICD-11.³ Nangona kunjalo, sikholelwa ingcamango esetyenziswa yi-Saunders kunye noogxa nabo¹inokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwisifo sokunyanzelisa isondo. Ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwezesondo zoxinzelelo (ukusetyenziswa njengengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwe-hypersexual) yayicingelwa ukuba ifakwe kwi-DSM-5 kodwa ekugqibeleni ikhutshwe, nangona kuveliswa iziganeko ezisesikweni kunye nokuhlolwa kwetyala lokuhlola.² Ukukhutshwa oku kuye kwaphazamisa ukukhusela, ukuphanda, kunye nonyango, kunye nabakliniki abashiya ngaphandle kokuxilongwa ngokusemthethweni kwintlungu yokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

Uphando kwi-neurobiology ye-compulsive disorder behavior disorder iye yavelisa iziphumo ezinxulumene nokukhawuleza, ukuxhaswa kweengqondo, kunye nokuxilongwa kwengqondo esekelwe ngqondweni.⁴ Inkqubo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ephosakeleyo iphakanyiswa njenge-disorder-control control in ICD-11, ehambelana nombono ohlongozwayo ukuba ukuthanda, ukuqhubela phambili ngokuqhubekayo nemiphumo emibi, ukubandakanyeka ngokunyanzeliswayo, kunye nokulawulwa kokunciphisa kubonisa iimpawu eziphambili zengxaki yokulawula umtsalane.⁵ Lo mbono usenokuba ufanelekile kwi-DSM-IV iziphazamiso zokulawulwa kwempembelelo, ngokukhawuleza ukugembula. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto sele zibhekiselwe kwiinkqubo zokulutha, kwaye kwinguqulelo esuka kwi-DSM-IV ukuya kwi-DSM-5, udidi lwe-Impulse Control Disorders Akunjalo nakwezinye iindawo ezithengiswayo luye lwahlengahlengiswa, kunye ne-pathological gaming.² Okwangoku, i-ICD-11 yeprogram ye-beta iluhlu lweengxaki zokulawulwa kwempembelelo, kwaye ibandakanya ukukhubazeka kokuziphatha ngokwesondo, i-pyromania, i-kleptomania, kunye ne-dispersion disorder disorder.³

Kukho ubuhle kunye nobutyebi malunga nokuhlelwa kwesifo sengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufakwa kweengxaki zokuziphatha ngokwezesondo kwi-ICD-11 kunokuphucula ukuchaneka kokuxilongwa, unyango, kunye nokufunda ngabantu abane-disorder. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlelwa kwesifo sengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo njengengxaki yokulawulwa kwemizwa ngokuchasene nengxaki yomlutha kunokuthintela kakubi unyango kunye nokufundiswa ngokunciphisa ukutholakala kwonyango, uqeqesho lwezocwangciso, kunye nemigudu yophando. Ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwezesondo ebonakalayo ifanelana kakuhle kunye neengxaki ezingabonakali kweziyobisi ezicetywayo ze-ICD-11, ezihambelanayo nexesha elincinci lokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini ngokucetywayo ngokunyanzeliswa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-website ye-ICD-11.³ Siyakholelwa ukuba udidi lwesifo sengqondo sokunyanzelisa ngokwesondo njengengxaki yokulahla i-addictive disorder ihambelana nedatha yakutshanje kwaye inokuncedisa iikliniki, abaphandi kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo kwaye bachaphazelekayo ngokwabo.

Ucaphulo:

1. Ukugqithisa ukugembula kunye nokudlala: ukukhathazeka komlutha? I-Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4: 433-435 PubMed
2. Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (i-DSM-5). I-American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Arlington; 2013. Google
3. WHO. Iprogram ye-beta ye-ICD-11. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en (kufumaneka ngoJulayi 18, 2017).
4. Ngaba ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunokuthathwa njengomlutha? Umlutha. 2016; 111: 2097-2106 PubMed
5. Iziphazamiso zokulawula iimpembelelo kunye "nezilingo zokuziphatha" kwi-ICD-11. Ihlabathi leengqondo. 2014; 13: 125-127 PubMed

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ndandiyenza ke loo nto. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

**Iinkcukacha azixhaseli ngesondo njengomlutha (Prause et al., 2017)**

UNicole Prause, Erick Janssen, UJanniko Georgiadis, UPeter Finn, James Pfaus

Yashicilelwe: Disemba, 2017

UMarc Potenza kunye noogxa¹ ikhuthaza ukukhetha "ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo" njengengxaki yomlingo kwi-ICD-11. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunamalungu okuthanda nokufuna isabelo se-neural nezinye iindlela ezininzi ezikhuthazayo.²Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zophando azixhaseli izinto eziphambili zokuxhatshazwa ezifana nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa, ubunzima bokulawula izibongozo, iziphumo ezimbi, ukulahlekelwa ngumvuzo, ukunyamezela, okanye ukuphuculwa kwexesha elifanelekileyo. Isici esibalulekileyo se-neurobiological ye-addiction yi-response accruity of glutamate neurons ezidibanisa kwi-nucleus accumbens. Ezi zinguqu zinokuchaphazela ukukhuthazwa kwexesha elide lomzila we-mesocorticolimbic dopamine, njengoko kubonakaliswe ngoluhlu lweempawu ezibandakanya ukukhanga ukukhutshwa nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. ³Okwangoku, uphando ngemiphumo yesondo kwi-glutamate umsebenzi kunye nokumodululwa kwayo kweendlela zokudopamine kunqongophala.

Ukwabelana ngesondo ngumvuzo oyintloko, ngokubonakaliswa kwee-pipeline. Ukuzibandakanya ngesondo kuhambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nempilo kunye nokwaneliseka kobomi. Ubundlobongela abuvumeli ukukhuthazwa kwe-supraphysiological. Uphando kulo mmandla awusayi kuphanda iimpawu zokuziphatha zesondo ezidibeneyo. Umsebenzi wokuhlola ulinganiselwe kwiziganeko zesondo, okanye imivuzo yesibini, usebenzisa imifanekiso. Uphando oluthe lufunekayo, kodwa iinkcukacha eziphathelele isondo rhoqo okanye ngokugqithisileyo azixhaseli ukufakwa kwayo njengomlutha. Kwakhona, idatha ayaneleyo ukuhlula phakathi kohlobo olunyanzelisayo nolushukumisayo. Zininzi ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo, kubandakanywa nemizekelo engaxhaswanga kakuhle.⁴ Potenza kunye noogxa⁵Kwakhona kwachazwa ukuba imigaqo yokuxhatshazwayo ayizange ifumaneke kwizenzo zesondo: siyavumelana nesi sigqibo sangaphambilini.

Iingxelo:

1. Ngaba ukuziphatha ngokwezesondo ngokugqithiseleyo kuyinkinga yomlutha? I-Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4: 663-664 PubMed
2. Ubundlobongela bokuzonwabisa: ukuhlanganiswa kwe-neurobiology yabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Nat Rev Urol. 2012; 9: 486-498 PubMed
3. Umlutha weziyobisi njenge-pathology ye-neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33: 166-180 PubMed
4. Ubuxhatshazo: ukuhlaziywa okubalulekileyo kunye nokusungulwa kwindlela "yokuziphatha ngokwesondo". Ukwabelana ngesondo ngoBhahav. 2017; DOI:10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8<
5. Ngaba ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunokuthathwa njengomlutha? Umlutha. 2016; 111: 2097-2106 PubMed

**Debunking isigwebo esisodwa esinezinto zonke Prause et al. 2017 kwakufuneka anikele**

Prause Lancet Inzame iqulethe isigwebo esisodwa (kwaye akukho ziqendu ezixhasayo) ukulwa nayo Potenza et al. ngcaciso. (Ukuxhasa Potenza et al, cinga ezi ngxelo ze-25 / ukuhlaziywa eqinisekisa ukuba i-CSBD kufanele Ukwahlulahlulwa phantsi kwecandelo "lokuziphatha gwenxa" kwi-ICD-11 entsha ye-WHO.) Prause et al. inikeza ezisixhenxe ekuthiwa “izinto eziphambili zomlutha”Ababhali bayo bathi izifundo abasazifumani kwi-porn okanye kwizini:

PRAUSE ET AL: Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zophando azixhaseli izinto eziphambili zokuxhatshazwa ezifana nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa, ubunzima bokulawula izibongozo, iziphumo ezimbi, ukulahlekelwa ngumvuzo, ukunyamezela, okanye ukuphuculwa kwexesha elifanelekileyo.

Uhlolo lwangempela:

Izinto ezintathu zePrause ezisixhenxe azamkelwa njenge "zinto ziphambili zokulutha": Isifo sokunqongophala kwesifo, amandla okwandiswa kwexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokurhoxa. Ngapha koko, nangona kunjalo, izifundo zichaze zombini ukurhoxa kunye nomvuzo wokushota kwesifo kubasebenzisi be-porn kunye neziyobisi. Olunye uphawu oluphambili lokulutha ("ukuphucula amandla anokubakho emva kwexesha") kuvavanywe kuphela kwi ukugxeka ngokubanzi isifundo se-Nicole Prause EEG. Amaphepha asixhenxe aqwalaselwe ngoontanga ayavuma ukuba ukufunyanwa kukaPrause kokufunda okungaphantsi kwe-EEG (ezantsi ezinokubakho emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo) ngokuqinisekileyo kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi be-porn bahlala benesithukuthezi nge-vanilla ye-porn (isibonakaliso sokulutha). Ngapha koko, olu hlalutyo lusemthethweni lwephepha likaPrause liyavuma ukuba ufumene ukungafuni / ukuhlala kubasebenzisi be-porn rhoqo (ngokuhambelana nemodeli yokulutha): 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
Ke, ngokuchasene namabango kaPrause, ezintandathu kwezi sixhenxe zibizwa ngokuba "zizinto zokulutha" baye ichongiwe kwizifundo zabasebenzisi be-porn kunye / okanye iziyobisi ngokwesondo- kwaye owesixhenxe uphumle kuphela kwibango lakhe elithandabuzekayo (ukuba "sisitshixo") kunye nesakhe uhlalutyo oluphikisanayo.

Abafundi kufuneka bazibuze ukuba kutheni Prause et al. uya kuzama ukuwadukisa.

Ngaphambi kokuba sinikeze inkxaso yenkxaso "kwizinto eziphambili zokulutha" Prause et al. ibango bebengekho, masiqwalasele ngokufutshane ukuba zeziphi iingcali zeziyobisi ngokoqobo izinto eziphambili zokulutha:

Inguqu enkulu yenguqu eyenziwa ngumlutha ichazwa ngu UGeorge F. Koob kwaye Nora D. Volkow ekuhlaziyweni kwawo okubalulekileyo: I-Neurobiologic Intuthuko evela kwi-Brain Disease Model of Addiction (2016). U-Koob unguMlawuli weSizwe soNxila kuTywala nokuTywala (iNIAAA), kunye noVolkow ngumlawuli weSizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi (NIDA).

Eli phepha lichaza ezine iinguqu eziphambili zengqondo ezibandakanyekayo kunye nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwazo: 1) Sensitization, 2) Ukuxhatshazwa, 3) Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi (unobungqina), i-4) Inkqubo yokuxinzelela ingxaki. Zonke i-4 zale nguqu zengqondo ziye zafunyanwa phakathi kwezifundo ezininzi zeengqondo zidweliswe kweli phepha:

Ukuhlolwa kwengxelo ku khuthazwa kubasebenzisi bamaselula / izilonda zesini: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Ukuvavanywa kusetyenziswa ubuchopho be-cue-reactivity okanye iminqweno enamandla yokusebenzisa.
Ukuhlolwa kwengxelo ukungafuneki okanye isiqhelo kubasebenzisi be-porn / izilonda zesini: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Ubonakalisa njengokunciphisa ubuchule bokufumana umvuzo (ubuncwane obungaphantsi), ukuhlala kwimeko yesono (ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo engaphantsi), ukunyamezela (ukunyuka kwamanani amatsha).
Izifundo zokubika ukusebenza komsebenzi osweleyo (ukungazenzisi) okanye utshintshile umsebenzi wokubambisana nabaselula bezondo / izilwanyana zesini: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Ibonakalisa njengobuthathaka obunamandla, iminqweno, ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusetyenziswa, ukwenza izigqibo gwenxa.
Izifundo ezibonisa inkqubo yoxinzelelo engasebenzi kubasebenzisi bamaselula / izilonda zesini: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Ibonakalisa njengoxinzelelo oluncinci olukhokelela kwiminqweno kwaye iphinde ibuyele ngenxa yokuba isebenzisa iindlela ezinamandla ezivuselelweyo. Ukongeza, ukuyeka ukutshaya kusebenze kuzisa iinkqubo zoxinzelelo lobuchopho ezikhokelela kwiimpawu ezininzi zokurhoxa ziqhelekile kuzo zonke iziyobisi, ezinje ngexhala, ukungabinangqondo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Njengoko sibona Prause et al., I-2017, i-cherry-ikhethwe kwaye ichazwe kakubi izinto eziphambili zokulutha ukuvelisa "i-official" ileta yokudibanisa kumajelo asekuhlaleni kunye ne-imeyile yeendaba.

**Inkxaso yezobukhosi "kwizinto eziphambili zokulutha" Prause et al. bebengekho**

Kule candelo sinika inkxaso yenkxaso "kwizinto eziphambili zokulutha" ukuba iPrause iqinisekisile ukuba ayikho.

PRAUSE ET AL: Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zophando azixhaseli izinto eziphambili zoluhlobo olunjalo ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa, ubunzima bokulawula izibongozo, iziphumo ezimbi, ukulahlekelwa ngumvuzo wokugula, isifo sokuyeka ukuyeka, ukunyamezela, or ezinokuthi ziphuculwe ngokukhawuleza.

1) "ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa" kunye "nokunyamezelana"

Prause et al. Uluhlu olungachanekanga "ukunyamezelana" kunye "nokwanda kokusetyenziswa" njengezinto ezahlukileyo zokulutha. Ukunyamezelana, esisidingo sokukhuthaza ngakumbi ukufikelela kwinqanaba elifanayo lokuvuselela ikwabizwa ngokuba yindawo yokuhlala (impendulo encinci nencinci kwichiza okanye kwisishukumisi). Kunye nokunyamezelwa kwabaxhaphazi beziyobisi / indawo yokuhlala kubonakala njengokufuna iidosi eziphezulu ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Oku kunyuka kokusetyenziswa. Ngabasebenzisi be-porn, ukunyamezelana / ukuhlala kwindawo ekhokelela ekukruqukeni luhlobo lwangoku okanye uhlobo lwe-porn: ukukhuthaza okukhulu kuhlala kufezekiswa ngokunyuka ukuya kuhlobo olutsha okanye olugqithisileyo lwe-porn.

Nangona ixabiso elikhulu lekliniki kunye ne-anecdotal kukho ukunyamezela okukhokelela ekunyuseni kwabasebenzisi bezononophelo, ngaba kukho naziphi izifundo? Inyaniso, Izifundo ze-50 zixelele ukufunyaniswa okuqhelekileyo okanye ukunyuka kwamabonakude kubasebenzisi bezononono - konke okungafunekiyo ngokunyanzeliswa nguPrause kunye nababhali be-co-author. Apha sinikeza imizekelo embalwa yokunyuka kwamanani kunye nokuhlala nokunyamezela kuluhlu lwezifundo ze-50:

Enye yezifundo zokuqala zokubuza abasebenzisi bezentle ngqo malunga nokunyuka: “Imisebenzi yezesondo kwi-Intanethi: Ukufunda ngokuphandaleleyo kwimizekelo yokusebenzisa ingxaki kunye nokungabikho ingxaki kwi sampulu yamadoda "(2016). Ucwaningo lwengxelo yokukhula, njengoko i-49% yamadoda ibike ukubukela i-porn eyayingeyona nto ibangel 'umdla kubo okanye ukuba babeyicinga njengento enyanyekayo. Ingqungquthela:

Amashumi amabini anesithoba ekhulwini akhankanya amaxesha athile afuna umxholo wesondo okanye abandakanyeka kwii-OSA ezazingekho umdla kubo ngaphambili okanye ukuba zicinge njengezothe.

"Imodeli yoLawulo oluBini: Indima yokuthintelwa kwezesondo kunye noKonwabela ukuvuswa kwesondo kunye nokuziphatha," ngo-2007. IYunivesithi ye-Indiana University, Umhleli: Erick Janssen, iphe.197-222. Kuvavanyo olusebenzisa i-video ye-porn (yohlobo olusetyenziswe kwizilingo zangaphambili), i-50% yabaselula abazange bakwazi ukuvuswa okanye ukufezekisa izilungiso kunye ne-porn (iminyaka yobudala yayingu-29). Abaphandi abatshitshisayo bafumanisa ukuba i-erectile dysfunction yabesilisa yayinguye,

ezinxulumene namanqanaba aphakamileyo ekuvezeni kunye namava ngezinto ezicacileyo zesini.

Amadoda abhekene nokusebenza kakubi kwe-erectile aye achitha ixesha elininzi kwiimivalo kunye neendawo zokuhlambela apho ubonwabo "bebonke" kunye "nokudlala ngokuqhubekayo." Abaphandi bathi:

Ingxoxo kunye nezifundo zomeleza ingcamango yethu yokuba kwezinye iindawo ezikhuselekileyo kwi-erotica kubonakala zibangele ukunyaniseka okuphantsi kwe "vanilla ngokwesini" kunye neyodingo olwandisiweyo lwezinto ezintsha kunye nokuhluka, kwezinye iimeko zidibaniswe nemfuno ethile iintlobo zesistim ukuze uvuse.

Kuthiwani ngovavanyo lokuskena kwengqondo? "B Ukwakhiwa kwemvula kunye nokuQhagamshelana okuSebenzayo Okuxhamene neZonografi Ukusetyenziswa: Ubunono kwi-Porn " (Kühn kunye neGallinat, 2014). Olu phononongo lweMax Planck fMRI lufumene into engwevu kwinkqubo yomvuzo (dorsal striatum) ehambelana nenani le-porn elityiweyo. Kwakhona kwafumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koononophelo okungaphezulu kunxulumene nomvuzo omncinci wokusebenza kwesekethe ngelixa ujonga ngokufutshane iifoto zesondo. Abaphandi bacinga ukuba iziphumo zabo zibonisa ukungafuneki, kunye nokunyamezelana, esisidingo sokukhuthaza ngakumbi ukufikelela kwinqanaba elifanayo lokuvuka. Umbhali okhokelayo USimone Kühn uthe oku kulandelayo malunga nokufunda kwakhe:

Oku kusenokuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweentlophu zoonografi kutyhubela inkqubo yokuvuza. ... Ngoko ke, sicinga ukuba izifundo ezinokusetyenziswa kwezonyango eziphezulu zifuna imfutho engapheliyo ukufikelela kumgangatho ofanayo wokuvuza .... Oku kuyahambelana neziphumo ekusebenziseni ukusebenza kwe-striatum kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho: ukusetyenziswa kokugqithisa okubonakalayo kudibene nokudibanisa nokunciphisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwendawo yomvuzo kunye ne-prefrontal cortex.

Olunye uhlolisiso lobuchopho "Ukwazisa, ukulungiswa kwemeko kunye nokukhathalela ingqalelo kwimivuzo yesondo"(2015). Ucwaningo lwe-fMRI yeYunivesithi yaseCambridge inika ingxelo yokuziqhelanisa nokuziphatha ngokwesini kubasebenzisi abanyanzelekileyo Isicatshulwa:

Inkuthazo ecacileyo ekwi-Intanethi inkulu kwaye iyanda, kwaye eli nqaku linokukhuthaza ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwabanye abantu. Umzekelo, amadoda aphilileyo abukela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ifilimu efanayo ecacileyo ifunyenwe ukuba ihlale kwindawo yokuvuselela kwaye ifumane ukukhuthazwa okucacileyo njengokuqhubeka kancinci kokuvuselela ngokwesondo, ukunganiki mdla kwaye kungafunisi kangako (IKoukounas kunye neNgaphezulu, 2000). … Sibonisa ngokuzama oko kubonwa eklinikhi ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo ibonakaliswa kukufuna izinto ezintsha, imeko kunye nokuziqhelanisa nezesondo kumadoda.

Ukususela ekukhululweni kwenkcazelo ehambelanayo:

Esi siphumo sokuhlala sinye senzeka kumadoda aphilileyo aboniswa rhoqo kwividiyo efanayo ye-porn. Kodwa xa bejonga ividiyo entsha, inqanaba lomdla kunye nokuvuka kubuyela kwinqanaba lokuqala. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuthintela ukuhlala, umlutha wesondo kuya kufuneka afune ukuhanjiswa rhoqo kwemifanekiso emitsha. Ngamanye amagama, ukuhlala kunokuqhuba ukukhangela imifanekiso yenoveli.
"Iziphumo zethu zichaphazeleka ngokukodwa kwimeko ye-intanethi ye-intanethi," wongeza uDkt Voon. "Akucaci ukuba yintoni ebangela ukuba likhoboka lesini kwasekuqaleni kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba abanye abantu babe nomkhwa wokulutha ngakumbi kunabanye, kodwa ukubonakala okungapheliyo kwemifanekiso yesondo yenoveli ekhoyo kwi-intanethi inceda ukondla iziyobisi zabo, kuyenza ngakumbi kunzima kakhulu ukubaleka. ”

Kuthiwani ngoPrause we-EEG yokufunda, eyona nto ifumene ukuhlala? Ukumodareyithwa kwezinto ezinokuthi zifikeleleke kwiindawo ezinokubakho eziphathekayo ngeZithombe zoSondo kwi-Problem Users and Controls.Prause et al., 2015). Ukuthelekiswa nokulawula "abantu abajongene neengxaki ezilawula ukujonga kwabo ngoonobumba" babe neempendulo ezingaphantsi kweengqondo kwisithuba esinye sesibini kwizithombe ze-porno ye-vanilla. I umbhali okhokelayo ibango le miphumo "debunk umlutha wezobisi." Ngokweqileko, yintoni inzululwazi oyimfuneko ebanga ukuba ukufundwa kwabo okungabikho komntu kwintsimi efunyenweyo yokufunda?

Enyanisweni, iziphumo ze Prause et al. I2015 ihambelanise ngokupheleleyo Kühn & Gallinat (2014), ofumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonobumba obuninzi kunxulumene nokusebenza kwengqondo engaphantsi ekuphenduleni imifanekiso ye-porno ye-vanilla. I Prause et al. iziphumo zihambelana nazo Banca et al. 2015, oxele ukuba ukufundwa kwe-EEG esezantsi kuthetha ukuba izifundo bezinganikeli ngqalelo kwimifanekiso kunolawulo. Ngokucacileyo, abasebenzisi bezononophelo abaqhelekileyo babengenasidingo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ye-vanilla porn. Babenesithukuthezi (behlala okanye bengenasiphelo). Bona oku iYBOP ebanzi. Akukho ngaphantsi kwamaphepha e-9 ehlolwe ngoontanga ayavuma ukuba Prause et al. I-2015 ngokwenene ifumene ukuzithoba / ukuhlala endaweni yabasebenzisi rhoqo be-porn (ehambelana nesiyobisi): Iingcaphephe ezihlaziyiweyo zontanga Prause et al., 2015

Isifundo esichaze ukunyamezelana kunye nokurhoxa (izinto ezimbini uPrause's Lancet isiqwenga sokuthi akukho zifundo ezithe zachazwa): "Ukuphuhliswa kweNgxaki yokuTyekisa i-Pornography Scale (PPCS)" (2017) - Eli phepha liphuhlise kwaye livavanya i-questionnaire esetyenziswayo ingxaki yokujongana neentlobo zezilwanyana eziye zahlonywa emva kwemibuzo yoluhlu lwezilwanyana. Le mibuzo yemibuzo ye-18 ihlolisise ukunyamezela kunye nokuhoxiswa ngale mibuzo ilandelayo ye-6:

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Umbuzo ngamnye wafunyanwa kumanqaku asixhenxe ukuya kwasixhenxe kwisikali seLikert: 1- Zange, 2- Rare, 3- Ngamanye amaxesha, 4- Ngamanye amaxesha, 5- Rhoqo, 6- Rhoqo, 7- Ngalo lonke ixesha. Igrafu engezantsi iqokelele abasebenzisi be-porn kwiindidi ze-3 ngokusekwe kumanqaku abo apheleleyo: "Ukungabinangxaki," "Umngcipheko ophantsi," kunye "Nomngcipheko." Iziphumo ezingezantsi zibonisa ukuba abasebenzisi abaninzi be-porn bahlangabezana nokunyamezelana kunye nokurhoxa

Ngokucacileyo, olu cwaningo luyibuze ngokumalunga nokunyuka (ukunyamezela) kunye nokuhoxiswa - kunye bobabini bachazwa ngabasebenzisi abathile bezentlekisa.

Oku kukhulu kakhulu (n = 6463) yokufunda ngabantu abancinci kakhulu debunks yonke iPrause et al. ibango - Ubuninzi, iipatheni kunye neempembelelo ezizimeleyo zoTyhila. Ukusetyenziswa kwabafundi bePolish University Students: IsiCwangciso seSigqeba seCandelo (2019). Ixele yonke into ibango le-Prause alikho: ukunyamezelana / ukuhlala, ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa, ukufuna iintlobo ezigqithileyo zokuvuselelwa ngokwesondo, iimpawu zokurhoxa xa uyeka, iingxaki zesondo ezibangelwa zi-porn, umlutha we-porn kunye nokunye. Iinkcazo ezimbalwa ezinxulumene nokunyamezelana / ukuhlala / ukunyuka:

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ezizimeleyo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zokusetyenziswa koonografi zibandakanya: imfuneko yokuvuselela ixesha elide (12.0%) kunye nesistim sezesondo (17.6%) ukufikelela kwi-orgasm, kunye nokunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo (24.5%) ...
Uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwangaphambili kunokunxulumaniswa nokungafuneki kwisistim sezesondo njengoko kuboniswe yimfuneko yokuvuselela ixesha elide kunye nesistim sezesondo ezifunekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe kwi-orgasm xa kudla izinto ezicacileyo, kwaye ngokubanzi kuncipha ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo ....
Iinguqu ezahlukeneyo zepatheni yokusebenzisa iphonografi eyenzeka ngexesha lokuchazwa kwabikwa: ukutshintshela kuhlobo lwenoveli lwezinto ezibonakalayo (i-46.0%), ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingahambelani nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo (i-60.9%) kwaye kufuneka zisebenzise ngaphezulu izinto ezigqithisileyo (ezinobundlobongela) (32.0%). Le yokugqibela yayixelwa rhoqo ngabantu ababhinqileyo bezithathela ingqalelo njengabanomdla wokuthelekisa nabo bazithatha njengabangenalwazi
Uphononongo lwangoku lufumene ukuba imfuneko yokusebenzisa izinto ezigqithiseleyo zoononografi yayidla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamadoda azichaza ngokwazo.

Imiqondiso eyongezelelweyo yokunyamezela / ukunyuka: ukufuna iithebhu ezininzi ezivulekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa ii-porn ngaphandle kwekhaya:

Uninzi lwabafundi abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa imodare yangasese (i-76.5%, n = 3256) kunye neefestile ezininzi (51.5%, n = 2190) xa ukhangela i-intanethi ye-intanethi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezingekho phantsi kwezilwanyana kwakungabhengezwa ngu-33.0% (n = 1404).

Ngaphambilini ubudala bokusetyenziswa kokuqala ezinxulumene neengxaki ezinkulu kunye noxilongo (oku kuthetha ngokuchanekileyo ukubonisa ukunyamezela-ukunyuka kwamanani):

Ubudala bokuqala kokubhengezwa kwezinto ezicacileyo kuhlanganiswe nokunyuka kwimiba emibi yecalografi kubantu abaselula-iimpawu eziphezulu zifunyenwe kubafazi kunye nabesilisa abonakaliswe kwiminyaka eyi-12 okanye ngaphantsi. Nangona isifundo esinqamlezileyo singavumeli uvavanyo lwe-causation, oku kufumanisa ngokwenene kubonisa ukuba ubumbano obuntwaneni kunye nomxholo woononografi unokuba neziphumo zesikhathi eside ....

Izinga lomlingo laliphezulu, nangona "kwakuzibona":

Ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kunye nokuzikhohlisa komzimba kubalwe ngu-10.7% kunye ne-15.5%, ngokulandelanayo.

Uphononongo lubonise iimpawu zokurhoxisa, nangona kungabikho izilutha (uphawu olucacileyo lweenguqu zengqondo ezinxulumene neziyobisi):

Phakathi kwabafundi abaphononongiweyo abathi bangabathengi bemifanekiso engamanyala (n = 4260), i-51.0% ivumile ukuba yenze iinzame enye yokuyeka ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kwesiqhelo sokuphindaphindiweyo kwezi nzame phakathi kwabesilisa nabasetyhini. I-72.2% yabo bazama ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi ibonise amava okuphila ngokudibeneyo, kwaye uninzi olujongwa rhoqo lubandakanya amaphupha amnyama (i-53.5%), ukurhawuzelelwa (26.4%), ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (26.0%), kunye nengqondo isizungu (22.2%) (Itheyibhile 2).

Ndi no kunika Izifundo ezininzi ze-45 Ukuxela okanye ukucebisa ukuziqhelanisa "ne-porn rhoqo" kunye nokunyuka ukuya kwiindidi ezigwenxa nezingaqhelekanga, kodwa Prause et al. Sele ibonakalisiwe ukuba iyintoni na - ipropaganda ezenza ngathi yeyonobumba abaphengululi eya kumhleli.

2) "iziphumo ezibi"

ukusukela amakhulu emfundo Ndidibanise iziyobisi ezingamanyala / ezesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-porn kwimiphumela emibi emininzi, iPrause's Lancet ibango lokuba akukho zifundo ezichaze imiphumo emibi ibonakalisa ileta njenge-scam.

Eli bango lokuphambuka lifunyenwe ngamakhulu ezifundo kuvavanywa indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo, uninzi lwazo luqeshe enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi zixhobo zilandelayo. Eyona nto iphambili kubukhoboka “kukusetyenziswa okuqhubekekayo ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi.” Kungenxa yoko le mibuzo ilandelayo ibuzwa malunga neziphumo ezibi ezinxulumene ne-CSB (amakhonkco kwizifundo zikaGoogle):

Ngaphandle kwenkinga yomngcipheko wokulutha umlutha, ukuxhaswa kobufakazi obunobungqina obuqhagamshelana nokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana kwiimpawu ezahlukileyo. Umzekelo, Izifundo ze-70 zidibanisa ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kwisini esincinci kunye nokwaneliseka kobudlelwano. Ngokuba sifuna zonke Izifundo ezibandakanya abesilisa ziye zaxela ukuba ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kudibeneyo zihlwempu Ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo okanye ubudlelwane. Iidemon kunye neengxaki zesondo? Olu luhlu luqulathe Izifundo ze-35 ezidibanisa ukusetyenziswa koonwabo / ukuxhatshazwa koononophelo kwiingxaki zesini kunye nokwenyuka kokunciphisa isisombululo sezesondo.

Ukusetyenziswa koonobumba kunokuchaphazela impilo yengqondo nengqondo? Izifundo ezingaphezulu kwe-65 zidibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn nakwimpilo yengqondo-yeemvakalelo kunye neziphumo zokuqonda ezihlwempuzekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa koonobumba kunokuchaphazela iinkolelo, iingcinga kunye nokuziphatha? Hlola uphando ngabanye: Izifundo ze-35 zidibanisa ukusetyenziswa koononophelo "kwiingcamango ezingafaniyo" malunga nabasetyhini kunye neengcamango zesondo. Okanye qwalasela esi sishwankathelo kule mvavanyo-meta ye-2016 - Imidiya kunye nokuSondo: I-State of Research Empirical, 1995-2015. Ngcaciso:

Iimpapasho ze-109 eziqulethwe zifundo ze-135 zahlaziywa. Iziphumo zanikezela ubungqina obuqhubekayo bokuthi ukuboniswa kwebhubhoratri kunye nokuhlaliswa rhoqo kwimihla ngemihla kuhambelana ngqo nemiphumo eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa amanqanaba aphezulu ekunganeliseki komzimba, ukuzithemba okukhulu, ukuxhaswa okukhulu kweenkolelo zesini kunye neenkolelo zentlobano zesini, kwaye ukunyamezela okukhulu kobundlobongela ngesondo malunga nabasetyhini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchazwa kokulinga kwesi siqulatho kubangela ukuba amabhinqa namadoda abe nombono oncitshiswe ngokubhekisele kwiinkalo zabasetyhini, ukuziphatha kunye noluntu.

Kuthiwani ngoxhatshazo ngokwesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana? Olunye uhlalutyo lweemeta: I-Meta-Uhlalutyo lweeNzame zoTywala kunye nezoNyathelo zeZenzo zoLwabizo ngokwesondo kwi-Studies General Population (2015). Ngcaciso:

Izifundo ze-22 ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo akwa-7 zahlaziywa. Ukusetyenziswa kwakunxulumene nobudlova ngokwesini kwi-United States nakumazwe ngamazwe, phakathi kwamadoda kunye nabafazi, kunye nokufundiswa kwexesha kunye nexesha elide. Amanyano ayomelele ngokuthetha ngaphezu kwesondo, nangona bobabini bebalulekileyo. Umzekelo jikelele weziphumo uphakamise ukuba umxholo onobundlobongela unokuthi ube yinto enzima.

Kuthiwani malunga nokusetyenziswa koonwabo kunye nentsha? Khangela olu uluhlu izifundo ze-250 eziselula, okanye oku kuhlolwa kweencwadi: uhlaziyo # # 1, hlaziya2, uhlaziyo # # 3, uhlaziyo # # 4, uhlaziyo # # 5, uhlaziyo # # 6, uhlaziyo # # 7, uhlaziyo # # 8, uhlaziyo # # 9, uhlaziyo # # 10, uhlaziyo # # 11, uhlaziyo # # 12, uhlaziyo # # 13. Ukususela kwisiphelo sesiphumo se-2012 yophando - Impembelelo ye-intanethi ye-Internet kwi-Adolescents: Ukuphononongwa koPhando:

Ngokuhlangeneyo, ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba ulutsha oludla uonografi luya kuba neengcinga kunye neenkolelo zesini. Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo, amanqanaba aphezulu eengqondo zengqondo, ukukhathazeka ngokwesondo, kunye nokuhlola kwangaphambili kwezesondo kuhambelana nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kweentlekiso zoonografi .... Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyaniswa okuqhubekayo kuye kwavela ekusebenzisaneni kweentlobo zoononografi ezibonisa ulutsha olubonisa ubundlobongela ngamanqanaba okwanda okuziphatha ngokwesondo. Uncwadi lubonisa ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwentetho yeentlekele kunye neengcinga zobuqu. Amantombazana abika baziva bengaphantsi kwababhinqa ababujonga kwizinto eziphathekayo zobulili, ngelixa abafana bekwesaba ukuba bangabi njengobomi okanye abakwazi ukwenza njengabo bantu kule mijelo. Iintsholongwane zivakalisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwezonografi kunciphile njengoko ukuzithemba kwabo nentlalo yoluntu kwanda. Ukongezelela, uphando lubonisa ukuba abatsha abasebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala, ngokukodwa efumaneka kwi-Intanethi, banamazinga aphantsi ekuhlanganisweni koluntu, ukwanda kweengxaki zokuziphatha, amanqanaba aphezulu okuziphatha kakubi, iziganeko eziphezulu zeempawu ezixinzelelekileyo, kunye nokunciphisa ukunyaniseka kwengqondo kunye nabaxhasi.

3) "kunzima ukulawula izikhalazo"

Ibango lokuba akukho sifundo sichaze "kunzima ukulawula iminqweno" asiyonyani njengebango elandulelayo ngokubhekisele kwiziphumo ezibi. Uninzi lwemibuzo ephathelele kwezesondo kunye nezesini ezidweliswe phantsi kwe- # 2 kuvavanyiwe ukuba ingaba izifundo zinengxaki yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-porn okanye indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Kwakhona, "ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusetyenziswa, ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi" luphawu lwenkqubo yokulutha- kwaye kuvavanywa amaphepha emibuzo aqhelekileyo. Sinikezela ngemizekelo embalwa kuluhlu olungentla lwezixhobo zoononophala / ezesondo.

I-Cyber Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory (CPUI) -

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Iingxaki zoononografi zoBuchule Sebenzisa i-Scale (PPUS) -

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Isisombululo sokunyanzelisa ngokwesondo (SCS) -

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Uxanduva lokuSetyenziswa koBucala (HBI) -

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Akukho sidingo sokugcwalisa eli candelo ngemibuzo ye-CSB. Ufumana umbono - Prause et al ibango lokuba akukho sifundo sakha saxela "ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusetyenziswa" bububhanxa kwaye kuyadelela Lancet iphephandaba elipapashile incwadi.

4) "ukunqongophala komvuzo"

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla "Umvuzo wokunqongophala kwesifo" (i-RDS) ayisiyiyo into ekuvunyelwene ngayo ngokubanzi ngesiyobisi. Prause et al. bagxotha i-RDS kwiluhlu lwabo ukunika ubungqina bobuxoki ukuba kwakuyinto ebalulekileyo yokulutha komzimba eyayingakabikwa. Nangona kungekho sivumelwaniso se-scholarly malunga ne-RDS, it Unayo ihlolwe (ngaphezulu ngaphantsi).

As ukhulelwe ngumphandi uKenneth Blum, "Umvuzo wokunqongophala kwesifo" ichazwa njengophawu lwe-dopamine ephantsi yemfuza, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ivela kukungabikho kwe-dopamine receptors. NgokukaBlum's hypothesis, i-RDS ibonakalisa ukuziva ungonwabanga kangako (anhedonia) kunabantu ababizwa ngokuba yinto eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwe-dopamine. Ngaphaya koko, abo bane-RDS abanokubhatala i-dopamine ephantsi (ulonwabo oluncinci) ngokutya kakhulu imbuyekezo yendalo (ukutya okungenamsoco, ukungcakaza ngokwesini) kunye neziyobisi ezichasayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko baqhuba ithuba eliphezulu lokuba ngamakhoboka.

Ndicetyisa ukuba kulula ukuqonda inkcazelo kaMarc Lewis: Xa i-Thrill is gone: Umvuzo wokuSweleka kwesifo. Lewis uchaza ingxaki ephambili ngeengcamango:

Ngaphandle kwesibheno sayo, kukho iingxaki ezinzulu kwimodeli ye-RDS. Ndiza kubiza nje ezimbini. Siyazi kwizifundo ezininzi ukuba ukusebenzisa iziyobisi okanye utywala uqobo kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuxinana kwe-dopamine receptor, okanye ubuncinci ukwenziwa kwe-dopamine receptor, kuba ezo zinto zifunyanwa zivutha ukutshisa okanye ziphelelwe lithemba xa siqhubeka sizibhombisa ngezinto ezimnandi.

Ngamanye amagama, i-RDS ayisoloko ifana nemfuza, njengoko inokubangelwa yinkqubo yokulutha ngokwayo. Xa umlutha ubangela ukutyikitywa kwe-dopamine esezantsi, okanye ukwehla kobuntununtunu bemivuzo, kubizwa njalo ukungafuneki. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukungafuneki kukhokelela kunyamezelo, esisidingo sokwenyusa ngakumbi ukufezekisa imeko efanayo ephezulu okanye evusayo. Ngokuchasene nokungaqondakali okungathandabuzekiyo kukaPrause malunga ne-RDS, izifundo ezithandathu ezisekwe kwi-neuroscience zichaze iziphumo ezihambelana nokungafuneki okanye ukuhlala: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Ukuba sijonga uninzi Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokunyuka Izifundo ezidweliswe apha ngasentla, I-40 ngaphezulu ngokungathandabuzekiyo iwela phantsi kwe- "desensitization" okanye "ukuncipha kobuntununtunu bomvuzo.".

Ithiyori exhaphakileyo yokuba likhoboka imodeli yokukhuthaza kwaye ubungqina obabuxhasayo- babengahoywa ngokupheleleyo Prause et al. Utshintsho lwengqondo olubangelwa kukukhuthaza ukubonakalisa ukwandisa "ukufunwa" okanye ukuthanda xa kunqwenela okanye ukuzonwabisa kunciphisa. Njengoko Potenza et al Ubonise, ezininzi izifundo ze-CSB zixelele iziphumo ezihambelanayo nomzekelo wokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza:

Uphando kwi-neurobiology ye-compulsive disorder behavior disorder iye yavelisa iziphumo ezinxulumene nokukhawuleza, ukuxhaswa kweengqondo, kunye nokuxilongwa kwengqondo esekelwe ngqondweni.

Zonke ezi zinto zingentla zinokuthathelwa ingqalelo njengenxaso yemodeli yokuvuselela amandla okukhuthaza. Ufundo lwe-CSB olusekwe kwi-neuroscience oluhambelana nale modeli: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

5) "ukurhoxisa isifo ngokuyeka"

Inyani yile, iimpawu zokurhoxa azifuneki ekuchongeni ukuba likhoboka lotywala. Kuqala, uya kufumana ulwimi "ukunyamezela okanye ukuhoxiswa kuyimfuneko okanye kwanele ukuxilongwa ..."Kwi-DSM-IV-TR kunye ne-DSM-5. Okwesibini, i-sexology ephindaphindiwe ithi "ukunyaniseka" okwenene kubangelwa ukonakala, ukuphazamiseka komntu ukuyeka ukuphazamiseka kukuphazamisa ukuxhomekeka komzimba kunye inguqu enxulumene neziyobisi. Ingqungquthela yokuhlaziywa kweencwadi ze-2015 inikeza inkcazo yobugcisa (I-neuroscience ye-Intanethi yezoLimo: Ukuhlaziya nokuhlaziywa):

Ingongoma ephambili kweli nqanaba kukuba ukuhoxiswa akukona ngemiphumo yomzimba evela kwinto ethile. Kunoko, lo mzekelo ulungisa ukuhoxiswa ngefuthe elibi elibangelwa kwinkqubo engentla. Iimvakalelo ezinzulu ezifana nokuxhalaba, ukuxinezeleka, i-dysphoria, kunye nokugwenxa zibonakalisa ukuhoxiswa kule modeli yomlutha [43,45]. Abaphandi abachasene nombono wokuziphatha okuba ngumlutha badla ngokugqithisileyo okanye ukungaqondi kakuhle lo mbandela ogqithisileyo, ukudibanisa ukuxothwa ngokuxilongwa [46,47].

Xa ebanga ukuba iimpawu zokurhoxisa kufuneka zibe khona ukuxilonga umlutha Prause et al. yenza i-rookie iphutha lokudideka ukuxhomekeke emzimbeni kunye likhoboka. Le migaqo ayifani ngokufanayo (i-Pfaus yenza le mpazamo efanayo kwi-2016 ngcaciso ethi i-YBOP iyixabise: Impendulo ye-YBOP kuJim Pfaus "Yithemba inzululwazi: ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kukuyingcamango"NgoJanuwari, i-2016)

Oko kwathiwa, uphando lwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kunye ezininzi iingxelo bonise ukuba abanye abasebenzisi bezonyango bafumana amava rhoxiswa kunye / okanye unyamezelo - ezo zihlala zizibonakaliso zokuxhomekeka komzimba. Enyanisweni, abasebenzisi bokuqala bezononophelo bahlala bexela ngokumangalisayo iimpawu zokuhoxiswa, ezikhunjulwayo zokurhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa: ukulala, ukukhathazeka, ukunyanzeliswa, ukuguquka kwemizwelo, intloko, ukungazinzi, ukuxinwa, ukunyamezela, ukuxinezeleka, nokukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle, kunye nokulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza kwe-libido efana nabafana 'flatline' (ngokucacileyo eyingqamaniso yokuhoxiswa koononophelo). Esinye isibonakaliso sokuxhomekeka komzimba esibikwe ngabasebenzisi bezentlebo ukungakwazi ukufumana ulungiso okanye ukuba ne-orgasm ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-porn.

Ngokubhekisele kwizifundo, zizine kuphela ezinayo ngqo wabuza abasebenzisi porn / iziyobisi ngokwesondo malunga neempawu zokurhoxa. Zonke i-4 zibike iimpawu zokurhoxa: 1, 2, 3. 4. Ezintathu kwezi zifundo zichazwe apha ngezantsi.

Kuqala masiqwalasele kwakhona isifundo esichazwe kwicandelo lokunyamezelana / ukunyuka apha ngasentla, injongo yayikukukhulisa kunye nokuvavanya i-questionnotes problem using questionnaire. Qaphela ukuba ubungqina obuninzi bokuthi "ukunyamezela" kunye "nokuhoxiswa" kufunyenwe kubasebenzisi abasengozini kunye nabasebenzisi abasengozini.

Okwesibini, iphepha le-2018 lichazwe Uphuhliso kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale ngeSampula enkulu kaZwelonke. Ikwavavanye ukurhoxa nokunyamezelana. Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo "zikhobokazana ngokwesini" ezibonwe kwezi zifundo yayikukungakhathali / ukunqwenela kunye nokunyamezelana, kodwa ezinye izinto, kuquka nokurhoxa, zabonisa.

Icatshulwe ngasentla - Ubuninzi, iipatheni kunye neempembelelo ezizimeleyo zoTyhila. Ukusetyenziswa kwabafundi bePolish University Students: IsiCwangciso seSigqeba seCandelo (2019). Uphononongo luxele yonke into ibango le-Prause alikho: ukunyamezelana / ukuhlala, ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa, ukufuna iintlobo ezigwenxa kakhulu zokuvuselelwa ngokwesondo, iimpawu zokurhoxa xa uyeka, iingxaki zesondo ezibangelwa isondo, umlutha we-porn kunye nokunye. Iinkcazo ezimbalwa ezinxulumene nokunyamezelana / ukuhlala / ukunyuka:

Olu phando luchaze iimpawu zokurhoxa ekuyekeni, nakwizinto ezingezizo iziyobisi (uphawu oluchaziweyo lotshintsho olwenziweyo lobuchopho):

Phakathi kwabafundi abaphononongiweyo abathi bangabathengi bemifanekiso engamanyala (n = 4260), i-51.0% ivumile ukuba yenze iinzame enye yokuyeka ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kwesiqhelo sokuphindaphindiweyo kwezi nzame phakathi kwabesilisa nabasetyhini. I-72.2% yabo bazama ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi ibonise amava okuphila ngokudibeneyo, kwaye uninzi olujongwa rhoqo lubandakanya amaphupha amnyama (i-53.5%), ukurhawuzelelwa (26.4%), ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (26.0%), kunye nengqondo isizungu (22.2%) (Itheyibhile 2).

Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezixela ubungqina bokurhoxa okanye ukunyamezelana qo kelelwe apha.

6) "kuphuculwe amandla anokubakho emva kwexesha"

Isizathu sokuba uPrause Lancet Ileta edweliswe "kwandiswa okunokwenzeka emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo" kungenxa yokuba yena neqela lakhe bafumene ezantsi ezinokwenzeka emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo kwisifundo sakhe sika-2015 - Prause et al., 2015.

Ii-EEG zilinganisela umsebenzi wombane, okanye amaza obuchopho, entlonzeni. "Ukuphuculwa kwezinto ezinokubakho emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo" kukufundwa kwe-EEG kulinganiswa kwangoko emva komfanekiso obonwe sisihloko. Le yenye yeepikhi ezininzi zomsebenzi wombane ovavanywe yi-EEG, kwaye kakhulu kakhulu ukutolikwa.

Into ekuvunyelwene ngayo kukuba ukufundwa kwe-EEG esezantsi kubasebenzisi be-porn abaPrause bahlala bethetha ukuba abahlawulanga kangako kwiifoto ze-vanilla porn kunezifundo ezazisebenzisa iphonografi. Abokuqala babekruqukile. Engadimazeki, uPrause ngesibindi wathi "Le pateni ibonakala ehlukileyo kwimimiselo yokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi. "

Kodwa ukufunyanwa kwee-Prause ukusetyenziswa kombono ongaphantsi kubasebenzisi abangaphantsi koononophelo ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo uhambelana nomzekelo wokuxhatshazwa: kubonisa ukungafuneki (ukuhlala) kunye nokunyamezela, oku kuyimfuneko yokuvuselela okukhulu ukuphumeza ukuvusa. Amaphepha ahlaziyiweyo oontanga avuma ukuba Prause et al., I-2015 yifumaneke ukungafuni / ukuhlala (uphawu loxhatshazo):

Nangona ukuba iPrause yayilungile ukuba izifundo zakhe zazinjalo Ngaphantsi "Ukukhangela," kunokuba ahlale ekhwabaneni, uyayigcina ngokukhawuleza umgodi owenzela "ukunyaniseka" kokuthi: i-26 nezinye izifundo ze-neurological zivakalise ukukhwabanisa okanye izifiso (ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza abantu) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Imvumelwano yezenzululwazi ayixhomekeki kumabango omntu malunga nesifundo esisodwa esingathandekiyo esithintelwe ziimpazamo zendlela; Imvumelwano yesayensi ixhomekeke ekuhambeleni phambili kobungqina (ngaphandle kokuba wena ziqhutywa nge-ajenda).

**Ukuphendula kwi Prause et al., 2017 "ukuhanjiswa kwe-glutamate" i-herring ebomvu**

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Isici esibalulekileyo se-neurobiological ye-addiction yi-response accruity of glutamate neurons ezidibanisa kwi-nucleus accumbens. Ezi zinguqu zinokuchaphazela ukukhuthazwa kwexesha elide lomzila we-mesocorticolimbic dopamine, njengoko kubonakaliswe ngoluhlu lweempawu ezibandakanya ukukhanga ukukhutshwa nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. ³ Okwangoku, uphando ngemiphumo yesondo kwi-glutamate umsebenzi kunye nokumodululwa kwayo kweendlela zokudopamine kunqongophala.

Kutheni le nto yayiqukelelwe kwiNobumba yoLungiso? Iminyaka emashumi emininzi yokuphanda kwezilwanyana sele ibumba ingcamango ekhoyo yokulutha: i umzekelo wokuvuselela umlutha. Utshintsho oluphakathi kwengqondo emva kwethiyori njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla- uvakalelo lwexesha elide lwe-mesocorticolimbic dopamine nge-glutamate neurons. Oko ngumlomo, kodwa i-YBOP ibhale inqaku elilula malunga nayo ngo-2011 (ngemifanekiso embalwa): Kutheni Ndifumana Unobomi Obunomdla Kunokuba Ngumlingani? (2011).

Ngamagama alula, iingcinga, iimvakalelo, kunye neenkumbulo ezivela kuyo yonke indawo yobuchopho zithunyelwa kwinkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho ngendlela yokukhupha i-glutamate. Ngokulutha, ezi ndlela ze-glutamate ziba namandla amakhulu, okanye zivuselelwe. Ezi iindlela ezichanekileyo kunokucingwa ngathi Isimo sePavlovian kwii-turbos. Xa isebenze iingcamango okanye iziphumo, iindlela ezenziwayo zikhupha isiphaluka somvuzo, zikhwela ngamandla-ukungazinaki izifiso.

Kodwa nantsi le nto. Sele zikhona i-24 yezifundo ezisekwe kwi-neuroscience ezichaza iipateni zokwenza ubuchopho kunye neminqweno ebangelwa yiminqweno ebonisa ngokucacileyo uvakalelo kwizifundo ze-CSB kunye nabasebenzisi be-porn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.

Asizidingi “izifundo ze-glutamate”, eziye zenziwa kutshanje kwizifundo zabantu, kwaye zibiza kakhulu kwaye zinzima ukutolika.

**Ukuphendula Prause et al., 2017 "ukukhuthaza okungaphezulu komzimba" i-herring ebomvu**

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Ukwabelana ngesondo ngumvuzo oyintloko, ngokubonakaliswa kwee-pipeline. Ukuzibandakanya ngesondo kuhambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nempilo kunye nokwaneliseka kobomi. Ubundlobongela abuvumeli ukukhuthazwa kwe-supraphysiological.

Umdumo usinika izibini ezibomvu ezingenanto yokwenza nxamnye neengxoxo ezithintela ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

Uluhlu olubomvu #1: "Ukuzibandakanya ngesondo kuhambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nempilo kunye nokwaneliseka kobomi".

Ngethuba lo kungena isondo ihlala inxulunyaniswa nezalathiso zempilo ezingcono, oku akunanto yakwenza nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn, ikhoboka lesini, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwezinye iintlobo zezenzo zesondo (igama elithi "isini" alicacanga, alinasayensi, kwaye akufuneki lisetyenziswe njenge ukubamba konke kwincwadana yemfundo).

Okokuqala, ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba yizibonelelo zezempilo zifunyenwe ukunxulunyaniswa ne-orgasm, ukuphulula amalungu esini okanye "isini" enyanisweni kunxulunyaniswa nokunxibelelana ngokusondeleyo nomnye umntu, ayisiyiyo ne-orgasm, kwaye kungekhona nge-masturbation. Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, amabango okudibana phakathi kwezalathiso zempilo ezimbalwa ezisele zodwa kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo mhlawumbi zizilungelelaniso ezivela kubantu abaphilayo abazibandakanya ngokwesondo ngakumbi kunye nokuziphulula amalungu esini. Ababangelwa.

Ngokukodwa, oku kuhlaziywa kweencwadi (IiNzuzo zeMpilo eziHlangeneyo zeZenzo zoSondo ezahlukeneyo, i-2010) yafumanisa ukuba ukulala ngesondo kwakuxhomekeke kwimiphumo emihle, ngelixa i-masturbation ayikho. Kwezinye iziganeko ukuxhatshazwa kwezidlova kwakunxulumene kakubi neenzuzo zezempilo-oko kuthetha ukuba i-masturbation enye ihambelane neenkcukacha zezempilo ezihluphekileyo. Isiphelo sokuhlaziywa:

"Ngokusekelwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, iisampuli kunye nemilinganiselo, ukufunyaniswa kuphando kuhambelana ngokugqithiseleyo ekuboniseni ukuba omnye umsebenzi wesondo (i-Penile-Vaginal Sex and response response to it) idibene kunye, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, kubangele iinkqubo ezinxulumene kunye nokusebenza okungcono kwengqondo nokusebenza ngokomzimba. "
Ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesini (kubandakanywa ne-Penile-Vaginal Sexual intercourse, njengokuba kukho ikhondom okanye ukuphazamiseka kude ne-peneni-zangaphakathi), okanye kwezinye iimeko (ezifana nokuhlambalaza kunye nokulala komzimba) kuhambelana nokusebenza okungcono kwengqondo nokusebenza ngokomzimba . "
Iyeza zonyango, imfundo yesondo, ulwabelana ngesondo, kunye nophando lwezesondo kufuneka kuhanjiswe iinkcukacha zeempilo zePenile-Vaginal Intercourse, kwaye zenzeke ngakumbi kwiindawo zabo zokuvavanya nokungenelela. "

Okwesibini, uMdumo uthi ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo akunakubakho ngenxa yokuba "isini" sinokuba neziphumo ezilungileyo. Oku kuyafana nokutya ukutya okungekho mpilweni akubangeli ngxaki kuba ukutya ukutya kuthintela ukungondleki kunye nokufa. Iziphumo ezibhaliweyo zempilo yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwanamhlanje Ukutya okunamafutha / ishukela ephezulu kuthetha ngenye indlela. Njengoko kunjalo I-39% yabantu baseMerika abadala bayagqitha kwaye i-75% okanye ngaphezulu ikhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, amakhulu izifundo zezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana ukuxhasa ukuba ukugqithiswa kokutya okungenamsoco kunakho ukuguqula ingqondo ngendlela efana neziyobisi eziluthayo.

Uluhlu olubomvu #2: "Ubundlobongela abuvumeli ukukhuthazwa kwe-supraphysiological".

Abantu abambalwa kuphela bayazi ukuba oko Prause et al. izama ukunyelisa umxholo we-intanethi njenge-stimulus ephezulu. Njengababhali-mbhali bayo belisebenzisa gwenxa igama elithi "supraphysiological stimulation," kuyacaca ukuba abanalo nofifi ngembasa kaNobel. Nikolaas Tinbergen Kuthetha ntoni xa wayila igama 'ukuvuselela okungaphezulu (okanye i-supranormal).

Okokuqala, amanqanaba e-supraphysiological of neurotransmitters, anje nge-dopamine okanye i-endo native opioids, ayimfuneko ekusetyenzisweni okungapheliyo ukwenza utshintsho olunxulumene nomlutha. Umzekelo, ezona ziyobisi zimbini zikhobokisayo (oko kuthetha ukuba zezona zibambe ipesenti enkulu yabasebenzisi) -i-nicotine kunye ne-opiates-zonyusa indawo yokufumana umvuzo nge-200%. La manqanaba afanayo edopamine abonwa kwimvuselelo yesini (isini kunye ne-orgasm ivelisa amanqanaba aphezulu edopamine kunye ne-opioids engapheliyo ifumaneka ngokwendalo).

Ukongezelela koko, ukuvuswa kwezesondo kunye neziyobisi ezinomlutha kusebenze ngokufanayo umvuzo wesiphaluka seeseli. Ngokwahlukileyo, kukho kuphela ipesenti ukusetyenziswa kwe-nerve cell-overlap between drug addictive kunye neminye imivuzo yemvelo efana nokutya okanye amanzi. Inyaniso yokuba Imeth, cocaine, kunye heroin vula iiseli ezifanayo zesenzayo ukuvuselela ngokwesondo ngokunyanzelayo uncedisa ukucacisa isizathu sokuba banokuba ngumlutha.

Uphando lutyhila ukuba "ukukhuthaza okungaphaya kwengqondo" akufuneki kwikhoboka leziyobisi. Iintaba zophando zityhila ukuba ikhoboka lokuziphatha kakubi (utywala , ngcakazo, yokudlala ividiyo, Umlutha we-Intanethi kwaye umlutha wezobisi) kunye nezidakamizwa zeziyobisi zibandakanya ezininzi ezifanayo iindlela eziphambili khokela kwi ukuqokelela ukuguqulwa okwabiwo kwi-anatomy yengqondo kunye ne-chemistry.

Ekugqibeleni sinezinto ezicacileyo: zombini iDSM5 kunye ne-ICD-11 bayazibona izilingo zokuziphatha. I-DSM5 (2013) iqulethwe ukuxilongwa kokungcakaza komngcakaza, ngelixa elitsha I-ICD-11 (2018) ufumanisa ukuxilwa komngcipheko kunye nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo, kunye iqulethe ukuxilongwa esifanelekile ukuxhatshazwa koononophelo okanye ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo: "Ukuxhatshazwa kwezesondo ngokunyanisekileyo. "

Okwesibini, ababhali be Prause et al. awazi ukuba yintoni ekuthethwa ngayo ukuvuselela okungaphezulu (ngempazamo bakubiza ngokuba “kukuvuseleleka okungaphaya kwemvelo”). Ukuqonda okungcono, ndicebisa oku Inqaku elifutshane ngumfundisi weHarvard, okanye olu ludume kakhulu Inkcazo ecaciswa nguStuart McMillen. Mhlawumbi uPrause kunye nenkampani banokuyivula incwadi, enje I-Stimuli engapheliyo: Indlela yokuQala i-Primal ikhuthaza ukuba ixhomekeke kwiNjongo yazo yokuguquka by Deirdre Barrett. Isicatshulwa esivela kwincwadi epapashwe ngo-2010:

Ngoku sinokufikelela kwisilingo sezilingo ezikhulu kunobomi, ukusuka kwiilekese ukuya kwimifanekiso engamanyala ukuya kwiibhombu zeatom, ezinikezela ekuqhubekeni kwexesha kodwa okuqhubekekayo okuqhubayo okuneziphumo eziyingozi. Ngo-1930 owathweswa imbasa kaNobel waseNetherlands uNiko Tinbergen wafumanisa ukuba iintaka ezizalela amaqanda amancinci, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka amachaphaza amhlophe nangwevu zithanda ukuhlala kwizigantsontso ezibengezelayo eziqaqambileyo eziluhlaza ezinamachaphaza amnyama. Ibhabhathane lesilivere elihlanjwe ngesilivere lahlanjwa ngakumbi ngokwesondo yibhabhathane elijikelezayo elilinganayo elijikelezwe ngemigca emdaka ethe tyaba kunokuba kunjalo ngowasetyhini, ophila ngokwalo. Oomama iintaka bakhetha ukuzama ukondla umntwana wobuxoki wentaka ngomlomo ophethwe ngentonga ngabafundi bakaTinbergen ukuba umlomo wesidumm ubanzi kwaye ubomvu krwe kunenkukhu yenene. I-sticklebackback yamadoda ayihoyanga eyindoda yokwenene ukuba ilwe nedummy ukuba ngaphantsi kwayo kwakubomvu ngokuqaqambileyo kunayo nayiphi na intlanzi yendalo. U-Tinbergen waqulunqa igama elithi "izinto ezingaphaya kwamandla" ukuchaza ezi ngxeliso, ezinomtsalane kwinto yakudala kwaye, ngokungaqhelekanga, zinomtsalane onamandla kunezinto zokwenyani. Izilwanyana zihlangabezana nezikhuthazi ezingaphaya kwamandla xa uninzi lwazo luzakha. Thina bantu sinokuvelisa ezethu: iziselo ezineswekile enkulu, iifriji zaseFrance, izilwanyana ezinamehlo amakhulu, iidayiti ezitshabalalisa iintshaba ezisongelayo.

Isikhuthazo esingaqhelekanga sichazwa nje phezulu impendulo. Kunoko, isekelwe ekuthelekisweni phakathi kwezilwanyana eziguqukayo ukuze zifumane ukunyanzelisa nokugqwetha (mhlawumbi ingqinisiso) inguqulelo efanayo. Ngokomzekelo, iintaka zeentombi zazinzima ukuhlala kwi-Tinbergen ezinkulu kunezo zobomi, amaqanda atyhidiweyo atyhidiweyo xa amaqanda abo aphuliweyo, amaqabunga aphihliweyo abulawa.

I-intanethi ye-intanethi ithathwa njengesiqhelo esingaqhelekanga kuba inika umdlalo wesini ongapheliyo. Nge-intanethi ye-intanethi, akusiyo nje isondo esingapheliyo izinto ezintsha ehlawulela inkqubo yethu yomvuzo. Inkqubo yokuvuza iyavutha nezinye iimvakalelo kunye nesishukumiso, zonke ezidla ngokubonakala ngokugqithiseleyo kubabukeli:

Imvakalelo enamandla - njenge netyala, ukunyaniseka, ukuhlazeka, ixhala & Ukoyika
Ukufuna kunye nokukhangela - i-circuit circuit ekufuneni isiphaluka
nantoni oko kwaphula okulindelekileyo - ukothuka, ukothuka, okanye ngaphezulu kunokuba besicinga

Amagama ama-Erotic nemifanekiso sele ijikeleze ixesha elide. Kwakhona kunjalo ukukhawuleza kwe-neurochemical ukusuka kumalungu omtshato. Sekunjalo i-innovative ye-once-month-month playboy ikhuphuka ngokukhawuleza nje xa uvula amaphepha. Ngaba umntu unokubiza playboy okanye ii-softcore zevidiyo "ezothusayo" okanye "ukuvelisa ukuxhalabisa"? Ngaba ngaba zichasene nokulindela kwenkwenkwezi yokufunda ikhompyutha ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12? Awufani noko "ukukhangela kunye nokufuna" kwe-multiple-tab yeGoogle porn prowl. Yintoni eyenza i-intanethi yeyona nto iyingqayizivele kukuba unako ukugcina i-dopamine yakho (kunye nokuvuswa kwezesondo) ifakwe ngokukrola kwe mouse okanye thintela kwisikrini.

Uninzi lwaloo mvakalelo womoya (ukuxhala, ukuhlazeka, ukutshatyalaliswa, ukumangaliswa) kungekhona kuphela ukuphakamisa i-dopamine, kodwa nganye inokukhuthaza i-hormone yoxinzelelo kunye neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol). Ezi zixinzelelo zeeurochemicals ukwandisa ukonwaba lo gama ukukhulisa i-dopamine iziphumo ezinamandla. Ezinye iimpawu ezibeka i-intanethi kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kwezinye izinto ezinokubangela izilingo kunye nokuziphatha:

Uphando lubonakalisa ukuba i-video yoononophelo ukuvusa ngakumbi kunezocatshulwa.
Ukwandisa ukuvuswa kwezesondo (kunye nokwehlisa i-dopamine) umntu unokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza iintlobo ngexesha leseshoni yesithombeni. Ayikwazanga ukwenza oko ngaphambi kwe-2006 nokufika kwayo indawo yokuhambisa ityhubhu.
Ngokungafani neefoto zabantu abafihliweyo, iividiyo zibeka ingcamango yakho, kwaye iyakwazi ukuyibeka zothando, ukuziphatha, okanye i-trajectory (ingakumbi kubantwana abaselula).
Iphonografi igcinwe kwingqondo yakho, ekuvumela ukuba uyikhumbule nayiphi na ixesha xa ufuna "i-hit".
Ngokungafani nokutya kunye neziyobisi, apho kukho umda wokusetyenziswa, akukho nciphisa ngokomzimba kwi-intanethi. Iinkqubo zengqondo zendalo zengqondo azenziwanga, ngaphandle kokuba enye ingqungquthela. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzisi unokucofa kwinto enomdla ngakumbi ukuvuswa kwakhona.
Ngokutya kunye neziyobisi unokwanda kuphela (umakishi wenkqubo yokulutha) ngokutya ngaphezulu. I-intanethi ye-intanethi iyakwazi ukuphakamisa zombini kunye neelveli "amaqabane" kwaye Ngokujonga iintlobo ezintsha nezingaqhelekanga. Kuqhelekile kumsebenzisi we-porn ukunyuka kwizitho zoononophelo ezigqithiseleyo. Umsebenzisi unokunyuka kwakhona ngokubukela iividiyo zokuhlanganiswa okanye ngokusebenzisa i-VR porn.

Ukutya okunomdla kakhulu (i-sugar concentrated / fats / ityuwa), imidlalo yevidiyo kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi ibonwa njengemifanekiso engavamile. Apha amaphepha ambalwa ahloliswe ngontanga ahlola izicelo ze-intanethi (i-porn, imidlalo yevidiyo, i-Facebook) njenge-stimuli engavamile.

1) I-neuroscience ye-Intanethi yoTywala: Ukubuyiselwa nokuHlaziya (2015) - Inkcazo:

Eminye imisebenzi ye-intanethi, ngenxa yamandla abo okuhambisa ukuvuselela okungapheliyo (kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvuza), kucatshangelwa ukuba yinto ephezulu kakhulu [24], ekunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni abasebenzisi abanengqondo abonakalisa utshintsho olunxulumene nezilwanyana babanjwe ekufuneni kwabo. Umvuzo weNobel owawunqoba usosayensi uNikolaas Tinbergen [25] yafaka ingcamango "yezinto ezingapheliyo," into apho kungenziwa khona izinto ezinokuthi zenziwe ngaphezulu eziza kubangela ukuphendulwa kwemvelo. Ukuzekelise le ngxaki, i-Tinbergen yakha amaqanda entaka ebonakalayo amakhulu kwaye anemibala ngaphezu kwamaqanda. Okumangalisa kukuba, iintaka zezinyokazi zakhetha ukuhlala kumaqanda angamaqhinga amaninzi kwaye ziyeke amaqanda azo. Ngokufanayo, i-Tinbergen yakha amabhabhathane afanelekileyo anamaphiko amakhulu kwaye anemibala, kwaye iiglane zamadoda zizama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuxhatshazwa ngamagqabhengqele angamaqhekeza endaweni yamabhobhofini. Ingqungquthela yeengqondo iDierdre Barrett yathatha le ngcamango kwincwadi yakhe yakutshanje i-Supernormal Stimuli: Indlela ye-Primal Inxusa ngayo Ukugqithisa Injongo Yabo Yokuguquka [26]. "Izilwanyana zihlangabezana neziqhelo ezingapheliyo xa zizama ukwakha. Thina bantu sinokuvelisa lethu. "[4] (iphe. 4). Iimpawu zeBarrett zivela kwi-candy kwi-pornography kunye nokutya okunomsoco okanye okungafunekiyo ngokungaqhelekanga kumdlalo wevidiyo. Ngamafutshane, i-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ishukumisa kakhulu. Iyayifumana inkqubo yethu yokufumana umvuzo, kodwa inokuyenza iyenze kumanqanaba aphezulu kunamanqanaba osebenze ookhokho abaye bahlangabezana nawo njengoko ubuchopho bethu buguqukile, okwenza ukuba kube nomthwalo wokutshintsha kwindlela yokulutha [27].

2) Ukulinganisa Ukukhethwa Kwimivuzo Engaphezu Kwemvelo Ngemivuzo Yendalo: I-Two-Dimensional Expendedure Scale (2015) - Inkcazo:

I-Supernormal (SN) i-stimuli yintengiso yemveliso eyenza indlela yokuvuza kunye nendlela yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni ngokukodwa ngokwemvelo eyenziwa yile nkqubo. Iimveliso ezininzi zabathengi banamhlanje (umzekelo, ukutya okunxila, utywala kunye noonografi) kubonakala kufaka iinkalo ze-SN, ezikhokelela ekusebenziseni ngokugqithiseleyo, ngokukhethekileyo kwindlela engokwemvelo. Akukho mlinganiselo okwangoku okwangoku ukuvavanya ingxelo-ngokwabo ngokwahlukileyo komntu ngamnye okanye utshintsho kwiimeko ezinjalo. Ngako oko, isilinganiselo sokuzonwabisa esilungelelanisiweyo satshintshelwe ukubandakanya izinto ezimelela zombini i-SN kunye neeklasi (N) zeeklasi ezivuyisayo. Uhlalutyo lwezinto ezihlolisayo luvelise isisombululo sezimbini, kwaye njengoko kuqikelelwe, izinto ze-N kunye ne-SN zithembeke ngokulinganisa ngokwahlukileyo. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwezikali zombini kwaphezulu, ρ = .93 kunye ρ = .90, ngokulandelanayo. Isilinganiselo sesibini sasivavanywa nge-regression ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-N ne-SN njengendlela yokucwangcisa kunye neengxelo zemihla ngemihla yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso ye-21 kunye neempawu ze-SN njengeziphumo. Njengoko kulindelwe, i-SN yokulinganiswa kwemihlali yayihlobene nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso eziphezulu ze-SN, ngelixa i-N ezinkqonkcozo zokuzonwabisa zibenokubambisana okanye ukungathathi hlangothi ukusetyenziswa kwezi mveliso. Siya kugqiba ekubeni umlinganiselo owenziwe ngamabini amabini yindlela enokuthenjwa kunye neyobungqina yokuzikhethela ngokwahlukileyo kokukhethiweyo kwi-SN stimuli. Nangona uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lufunekayo (umz., Ukusebenzisa amanyathelo okuhlola), isiqendu esicetywayo singadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni kokuhlukahluka kohlobo kunye nolwaseburhulumenteni kwisimo sengqondo somntu kwiSN stimuli.
Ukutya okucutshungulwayo, izinto eziphathekayo, izinto ezithengiswayo, kunye nemidiya yeentlalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemikhiqizo yokudlala ibonakala ngokugqithiseleyo, kubonisa imingeni yempilo yabantu abaninzi (URoberts, van Vught, kunye noDunbar, 2012). Iingqondo zengqungquthela zinika ingcaciso ekholisayo yokusetyenziswa ngokweqile. Izilwanyana, kubandakanywa nabantu, zivame ukuhamba (oko kukuthi, zibuthe, zifumane, kwaye zidle) i-stimuli enika umvuzo ophezulu kunabo bonke kwimigudu yabo, ngaloo ndlela ikulungiselele ukusetyenziswa kwazo (I-Chakravarthy kunye neBooth, ngo-2004; IKacelnik kunye neBateson, ngo-1996). Iinkqubo zeempembelelo ze-neurological evolved for the promotion of behavioral behavior by reinforcing stimuli ezithumela iimpawu zokukhuthaza ukuqina, njengokubonelela izondlo okanye amathuba okuzala. I-Tinbergen (1948) waqulunqa igama elithi "Stimulus Overnormal" ekufumaneni ukuba izilwanyana zivame ukubonisa iimpendulo eziphakanyisiweyo kwiinguqulelo ezigqithisileyo zemvelo. "Ukukhethwa kwe-asymmetry" (Staddon, 1975; Ward, 2013) ayikho imfucala kwimimandla engokwemvelo apho iinguqulelo ezigqithisileyo ze-stimulus ziqabile-kodwa ziba neengxaki xa kukho ezinye iindlela zokuziqhelanisa nokuzikhukhumeza. Ngokomzekelo, i-herring ye-herring ekhethiweyo isandula ukunqumla ngentonga ebomvu eboyiweyo eneentambo ezimhlophe kwi-tip yayo, kunokuba umlomo onobubele obomvu obunombala obomvu (I-Tinbergen kunye nePerdeck, ngo-1951). Kwimeko yokukhethwa kwezibonelelo, isiphumo sendlela yokuziphatha yokufumana "konke okusemandleni akho": isicwangciso esilungelelanisayo kwimimandla yendalo apho ukubonelelwa kwezibonelelo kunqongqo okanye kungathembeki. Kwimeko yesimanje yoluntu, amaninzi amaninzi amava ayenayo ngendlela yemveliso yabathengi eyenziwe okanye ehlanjululwe ukuba ibe yinto engavamile. Oko kukuthi, bavuselela inkqubo yohlawulelo eguqukileyo kwizinga elingafunyenwe kwisistim somhlaza (Barrett, 2010). Ngokomzekelo, izinto zengqondo (INesse kunye neBerridge, ngo-1997), iimveliso zokutya ngokukhawuleza (Barrett, 2007), iimveliso zokugembula (Rockloff, 2014), imiboniso yamabonwakude (Barrett, 2010; UDerrick, uGabriel, kunye noHugenberg, 2009), ii-intanethi zentlalo kunye nentanethi (Rocci, 2013; Ward, 2013), kunye neemveliso ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuthengisa, ezifana neemoto ezibiza kakhulu (Erk, Spitzer, Wunderlich, Galley, kunye noWalter, 2002), izicathulo eziphezuluUMorris, uMhlophe, uMorrison, kunye noFisher, ngo-2013), izimonyo (I-Etcoff, iStock, iHaley, iVickery, kunye neNdlu, ngo-2011), kunye nemidlalo yezingane (UMorris, uReddy, kunye noBunting, ngo-1995) zonke zixoxwa njengeendlela zemihla ngemihla engaphezulu kwamaqhinga. Kweminye yale miboniso, ubungqina bombono bubonise ukuba bathambekele ekusebenziseni iindlela ze-dopamine ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuphanga izimpendulo zemivuzo eyenzelwe imivuzo yemvelo, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokweqile kwaye kwezinye iimeko, umlutha (Barrett, 2010; IBlumenthal kunye neGolide, ngo-2010; Wang et al., 2001).
Kwimizinga eyahlukeneyo, i-stimuli engaqhelekanga ithambekele ekubeni yingozi. Ukufumaneka ngokufumaneka kwezinto ezidliwayo zokutya kunye nokutya, ukungcola kotywala kunye nezinye izinto, usebenzo olusondeleyo lokubandakanya ukubukela umabonwakude, ukusebenzisa iidijithali zedijithali nemveliso yokudlala, kunye neendleko zokuthengisa okanye ukugembula, bonke bakhonza ukubonelela indawo ekhuthaza ukukhetha okungalunganga kokuziphatha, okukhokelela kwizibizo (Barrett, 2007, 2010; Birch, 1999; Hantula, 2003; Ward, 2013). Oku kwenza isifundo sokukhusela abantu banamhlanje kwisisombululo esingaphezulu kwezinto ezibalulekileyo. Kule ngxelo yangoku, sisebenzisa igama eliqhelekileyo lemifanekiso ekubhekiselele kwimveliso yoluntu yanamhlanje kunye namava achazwe ngokukhethwa komlinganiselo (ukungalawulwa okungalawulwayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinzulu) kunye nokwenziwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ezi mveliso zivame ukucutshungulwa, zihlanjululwe, okanye iimpahla zabathengi ezihlanganisiweyo kuquka ukutya ukutya okanye izinto. Imizekelo engabonakaliyo ibandakanya imiyalezo efunyenwe kwi-media media. Nangona ngamanye amaxesha kuncinci kuncoko kunokuba ingxoxo ebusane ubuso, nolu hlobo lwanxibelelwano lunikeza iimpawu ezibonakalayo, ezikhawulezileyo kunye neenkonzo zokuphucula. Ngokufanayo, ezininzi iimpahla zanamhlanje kunye neminye imikhiqizo yokuthengisa zibonisa abantu abafana nabo abangenanto okanye abanqwenelekayo, kunye neempembelelo zesigxina kwizesondo okanye kwizentlalo. Ukusetyenziswa okanye ukufunyanwa kwale mveliso kuthiwa yenzelwe ukunikela umvuzo ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokutolika njengokomelezwa komzimba.
Kuye kucetyiswa ukuba ukhetho lokufumana umvuzo ongaphezu kwemimandla lube ngumphumo weentlukwano kwi-dopamine esebenzayo. Ukufunyaniswa kwe-Dopamine kuye kwafunyaniswa kuhambelana neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kotywala kuquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, ukutya okudliwayo, ingxaki yokugembula kunye ne-intanethi (IBergh, i-Eklund, iSödersten, kunye neNordin, 1997; IBlum, iCull, iBraverman, kunye nokuza, ngo-1996; UJohnson kunye noKenny, 2010; UKim et al., 2011). Ingqiqo yokumangalisa ngokwemvelo ihambelana nokutolika ngokubhekiselele kokuhluka komntu kwi-dopamine esebenzayo. Iindlela zeDopaminergic, eziguqulelwe ukubeka phambili ukuthengwa kwemithombo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwimeko engqongqo-mali, mhlawumbi ziyakhathalela izinto eziphathekayo, ukutya kwamandla amaninzi, kunye nezinye iimveliso zabathengi zemihla ngemihla ezibonisa iimpazamo ezixubileyo (Barrett, 2010; INesse kunye neBerridge, ngo-1997; Wang et al., 2001). Ukuba ngaba kunjalo, i-NPS / SNPS echazwe apha iya kulindeleka ukuba icaluche abantu abane-dopamine ukungasebenzi. Uphando lwexesha elizayo lusetyenzise ngokufanelekileyo ukusebenzisa iindlela ze-neurophysiological ngokubambisana neendlela zokuzibika ngokwabo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe iibhalana phakathi kwezi nqanaba ezimbini zenkcazo.
Amava amaninzi angabonakaliyo kwaye anakho ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo ngenxa yempawu zabo ezicwangcisiweyo (umz., Ukutyiwa kunye nokuthatha ukutya) nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okude ixesha elide (umz., Intanethi yokuzonwabisa kunye nokudlala). Ngoko ke, ukukwazi ukubona abantu abakhetha ezi ntlobo zemivuzo kubonelela ngegalelo elibalulekileyo kulabo baphando, ukunyanga, nokukhusela iingxaki zempilo yabemi ezibangelwa ukudliwa.

3) Ukuxhatshazwa koonografi - i-supranormal stimulus ebhekwe kwiimeko ze-neuroplasticity (2013) - Inkcazo:

Umlutha ube lixesha lokuhlukanisa xa lisetyenziswe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ngokwesini (ii-CSBs), kuquka ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo kweefografi. Nangona ukwamkelwa kokwanda kwezinto zemvelo okanye iinkqubo zokulwalathisa ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni ukwandiswa komsebenzi weenkqubo ze-dilimbic dopaminergic umvuzo, kuye kwaba nobunzima bokubamba i-CSB njengokuba unomlutha. Nangona ukugembula kwe-pathological (PG) kunye nokukhuluphala kwamanzi kuye kwafumana ingqalelo enkulu kwizifundo zokusebenza kunye nokuziphatha, ubungqina obuninzi buxhasa ukuchazwa kwe-CSB njengomlutha. Olu bungqina luninzi kwaye lusekelwe ekuqondeni ukuvela kwendima ye-neuronal receptor kwi-neuroplasticity-related related-addiction, exhaswa ngumbono wokuziphatha wembali. Esi siphumo somlingo singakhuliswa ngesiqhelo sokukhawuleza kunye 'nesimo se-supranormal' (ibinzana elenziwe nguNikolaas Tinbergen) into eyenziwa yi-intanethi ye-intanethi ....
Kuyamangalisa ukuba ukulutha kokutya bekungeke kubandakanywe njengomlutha wokuziphatha, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuthotywa komzimba we-dopaminergic ukunyanyisa (Wang et al., 2001), kunye nokubuyiselwa okubonwayo ngokutya kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwe-index mass (I-BMI) (uSteele et al., 2010). Ingcamango 'ye-supranormal stimulus', ecela ixesha likaNikolaas Tinbergen (i-Tinbergen, 1951), Ichazwe kutshanje kumxholo wobumnandi obunamandla obungaphaya komvuzo wecocaine, oxhasa isiseko sokulutha ukutya (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007). I-Tinbergen yakufumanisa ukuba iintaka, amaqabunga kunye nezinye izilwanyana zinokuphangwa zikhethiwe ekukhethweni kwamalungu afanelekileyo afumaneke ukuba afumaneke ngakumbi kunamaqanda kunye nabalingani abaqhelekileyo bezilwanyana. Kukho, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukungabikho komsebenzi ofana nomsebenzi kunye nokuziphatha ekuhloliseni ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, ngokuthelekiswa nokugembula kunye nokulutha kwezilwanyana, kodwa kunokuthi ingqalelo ukuba nganye yezi ziphatha zibandakanya umgaqo-nkqubo ophezulu. Deirdre Barrett (2010) libandakanya imifanekiso engamanyala njengomzekelo we-supranormal stimulus ... ..
Iphonografi yi-laboratory efanelekileyo kulolu hlobo lwenzululwazi efundwayo kunye nomoya onamandla wokukhuthaza inkululeko. Ukucwaninga ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokuchofoza, ukukhangela isifundo esilungileyo sesigxina, ngumsebenzi wokufunda nge-neuroplastic. Enyanisweni, kubonisa imfundiso kaTinbergen 'ye-supranormal stimulus' (i-Tinbergen, 1951), kunye neebhokhwe eziphuculiweyo zeplastiki ezinikezwa ngento engenasiphelo kubantu abasebenza ngenjongo efanayo njengoko u-Tinbergen kunye noMagnus abazenzayo. iindoda zeentlobo nganye zikhetha ukuguqulwa kwendalo (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951). Ngale ndlela, into entsha ephuculweyo ibonelela, ngokuthetha ngomzekeliso, isiphumo esifana ne-pheromone kumadoda angabantu, njengemoth, ethi 'ithintele ukuqhelaniswa' kunye 'nokuphazamisa unxibelelwano ngaphambi kokutshatisa phakathi kwabesini ngokugcwala emoyeni' (UGaston, uShorey, Kunye neSaario, 1967) ... ..
Nokuba nembono yoluntu ibonakala izama ukuchaza le nzekayo ye-biologic, njengale ngxelo evela kuNahomi Wolf; 'Ngethuba lokuqala kwimbali yabantu, imifanekiso' yamandla kunye nokukhwabanisa kuye kwanyusa loo yabasetyhini abakhethekileyo. Namhlanje abasetyhini abahamba ngeyona nto bafana neentlekele ezimbi '(iWolf, 2003). Njengoko iTibbergen kunye neMagnus 'yefestile yefestile' baphumelela ngokuphumelela ukuncedwa kwindoda kwindleko yabasetyhini bokwenene (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951), sibona le nkqubo injalo eyenzeka kubantu.

4) Ngaba iinthombe zoononopasho ze-intanethi zibangelwa izidakamizwa zesondo? Ukuphononongwa ngeeNgxelo zeKliniki (2016) - Inkcazo:

3.2. Iimifanekiso zoonografi ze-Intanethi njengeStimulus engavamile
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uphuhliso olubaluleke kakhulu kwintsimi yokuziphatha ngokwesini ingxaki yindlela i-intanethi echaphazela ngayo nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha ngokwesondo [73]. I-24 ngosuku ngokuhamba ngeekhompyutha, iipilisi kunye nee-smartphones, kwaye kucetyiswa ukuba i-intanethi yeyona nto ivuselela ngokugqithiseleyo, ukunyaniseka kwezinto ezinokwenziwa kweengqondo zethu. ukuphishekela ngenxa yobuchule bayo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo [74,75]. Izinto ezicacileyo zobulili sele zihlala ixesha elide, kodwa (i-1) yezoonografi zevidiyo zivusa kakhulu ukuziphatha ngokwesini kunezinye iindlela zoonografi [76,77] okanye i fantasy [78]; (2) iindibano ezibonwayo zesondo ziboniswe ukuba zivuselele ukuvusa, ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, kunye neyomzimba kunye nokulungiswa komsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa nolwazi oluqhelekileyo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ingqwalasela yamalungu omnxeba angabonakalisa kunye nokuvusa inkululeko yokubeletha [75,79,80,81,82,83,84]; kunye (3) ukukwazi ukukhetha izinto ngokuzikhethela kwenza iifayili engamanyala e-intanethi iphakame ngaphezu kweqoqo elikhethiweyo [79]. Umsebenzisi ongamanyala angakwazi ukugcina okanye ukuphakamisa ukuvuswa kwesondo ngokukhawuleza ukuchofoza kwimeko yomdlalo, ividiyo entsha okanye ayizange ihlangane nhlobo. I-2015 yokuhlola i-intanethi yeempembelelo ze-intanethi kwixesha lokunciphisa ukulibala (ukukhetha ukuxhaswa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokubambezeleka kwemivuzo yexabiso elithe xaxa) ithi, "Ixesha elinokoqobo kunye nobukhulu bezinto zesini kunye nemivuzo engokwemvelo yomeleleyo yenza i-intanethi ibe ngumsebenzi oyingqayizivele kwinkqubo yomvuzo wengqondo. ... Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuphatha imifanekiso engamanyala njengento ekhethekileyo yokufumana umvuzo, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokuqhubela umlingo "[75] (iphe. 1, 10).
Iirejista zobungqina njengezakhono, zandisa intengo yembuyekezo, kwaye inemivuzo engapheliyo ekukhuthazeni, ukufunda nokukhumbula [85]. Njengemvakalelo yesondo kunye neendawo ezivuzayo zokusebenzisana ngokwesondo, intsha iyanyanzelisa kuba ibangela ukugqitywa kwe-dopamine kwimimandla yengqondo ehambelana kakhulu nomvuzo kunye nokuziphatha okujoliswe kuyo [66]. Nangona abasebenzisi boononografi be-intanethi bexinzelelekileyo babonisa ukukhetha okunamandla kwiimifanekiso zentando yesini kunezolawulo oluphilileyo, i-dACC yabo (idibanisa i-cortex yangaphambili) ibonisa ukuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwimifanekiso kunezolawulo eziphilileyo [86], ukukhangela ukukhangela imifanekiso yamanxeba angaphezulu. Njengombhali-mbhali uVoon wachaza malunga nesifundo se-2015 yeqela lakhe kwizinto ezintsha kunye nokuhlala kwindlela yokunyanzelisa i-intanethi yabasebenzisi be-intanethi, "Ukubonelela okunomsoco wemifanekiso yesondo ekhoyo kwi-intanethi [kunokuncedisa] umlutha, okwenza kube nzima ukubaleka" [87]. Umsebenzi weMesolimbic dopamine unokuphuculwa ngeepropati ezongezelelweyo eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene ne-intanethi ye-intanethi isebenzisa njengokuthi, ukuphulwa kwezinto ezilindelweyo, ukulindela umvuzo, kunye nesenzo sokufuna / ukurhweba (ngokubhekiselele kwiimifanekiso engamanyala e-intanethi) [88,89,90,91,92,93]. Ukuxhalabisa, okuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa isondo [89,94], unokuhamba kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ngamafutshane, i-intanethi ye-intanethi inikezela zonke ezi mpawu, ezibhalisa njengezakhono, zivuselela i-dopamine bursts, kwaye zikhuthaza ukuvuswa kwezesondo.

Prause et al., 2017 ayiqondi imodeli yokulutha

I-PRAUSE ET AL: Kwakhona, idatha ayaneleyo ukuhlula phakathi kohlobo olunyanzelisayo nolushukumisayo.

Olunye uboya obomvu. Ngokungafani nabalobi Potenza et al., ababhali be Prause et al., ayizizo iingcali zeziyobisi- kwaye iyabonisa. Izifundo zixela kaninzi ukuba iziyobisi zinempawu ze zombini ukungafuneki nokunyanzelisa. (Usesho lwe-Google Scholar ukunyanzela + ukunyanzeliswa + ukubuyisela ukunyanzeliswa kweempawu ze-22,000.) Nazi izichaso ezilula ukungafuneki kwaye nyanzelwa:

Impulsivity: Ukwenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye kungenakucingela okanye ukucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphendula kwisitatimende sangaphakathi okanye sangaphandle. Isikhundla sokwamkela umvuzo omncinci ngokukhawuleza ukuxhaswa kokubambezeleka kunye nokungakwazi ukuyeka ukuziphatha ngokuvisisa xa sele isetyenziswe.
Ukunyanzeliswa: Uqwalasela ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo okwenziwa ngokwemiqathango ethile okanye ngendlela echasayo. Ezi ziphatha ziyaqhubeka nokuqhubeka nemiphumo emibi.

Ukuqikelela, abaphandi abanomdla ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa umlutha njengentuthuko evela ngqiqweni ukuziphatha okufuna ukuzonwabisa ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka (njengentlungu yokuhoxiswa). Ngaloo ndlela, Umlutha uquka enye yabini, kunye nezinye izinto. Ngoko ukwahlula phakathi "kwimizekelo" yokungafuneki kunye nokunyanzeliswa njengoko kuhambelana ne-CSBD yinto ethile.

Ukusetyenziswa "kokunyanzeliswa" kwi-ICD-11 ukuxilongwa akuthethi ukuba kuchazwe phantsi kweengxaki zeengxaki zengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo: "qhubeka nokuphindaphinda ukuziphatha ngokwesini nangona ziphumo ezimbi."Esikhundleni sokuthi" ukunyanzeliswa, "njengoko kusetshenziswe kwi-ICD-11, lixesha elichazayo eliye lasetyenziswa iminyaka, kwaye lihlala liqeshwe ngokungafaniyo kunye" noxilongo. "(Ngokomzekelo uphendlo lwezazi zeGoogle nyanzelwa + ubuyisela izicatshulwa ze-130,000.)

Ngako oko, nantoni na nina okanye umnikezeli wakho wezempilo uyakufuna ukuyibiza - "ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini," "umlutha wobulili," "ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo," "ukuziphatha kakubi kwezesondo," "umlutha we-inthanethi" - ukuba iimpawu ziwela ngaphakathi "kweengxaki zokuziphatha zocansi" Inkcazo inokufunyanwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-ICD-11 CSBD.