Debunking la debunker: Chisankho cha kalata kwa mkonzi "Prause et al. (2015) zowonongeka zowonongeka za "

Introduction

Mu ndemanga zosiyanasiyana, nkhani ndi ma tweets Nicole Prause wanena kuti Prause et al., 2015 sanangonena zabodza " mfundo yaikulu ya chitsanzo cha chizolowezi, chizindikiro cha reactivity cha cue ," komanso kuti " maphunziro angapo a khalidwe omwe amabwerezedwa ndi ma laboratories odziyimira pawokha [amanena zabodza] maulosi ena a chitsanzo cha chizolowezi ." Prause akunena za "Kalata kwa Mkonzi" wake wa 2016 (wotsutsidwa patsamba lino) ngati umboni wake wochirikiza. Mwachidule, Prause wasonkhanitsa mazira ake onse obisala mudengu limodzi - ndime imodzi yomwe yafotokozedwa pansipa. Yankho la YBOP ili limagwira ntchito ngati kubisa kwa debunker (Nicole Prause) ndi "mazira" onse omwe amakonda.

Poyankha kusanthula kozama kwa katswiri wa za mitsempha Matuesz Gola pa kafukufuku wawo wa 2015 EEG ( Prause et al ., 2015 ), Prause et al . adalemba Kalata yawo kwa Mkonzi, yotchedwa, “ Prause et al. (2015) zabodza zaposachedwa za maulosi okhudzana ndi chizolowezi ,” zomwe tidzazitcha “ Yankho kwa Gola .” (Chosangalatsa n'chakuti, “cholembedwa choyambirira” cha mkonzi cha Yankho kwa Gola chinalemba Nicole Prause yekha ngati wolemba, kotero sizikudziwika ngati olemba anzake adatenga nawo gawo popanga Yankho kwa Gola, kapena ngati chinali chochita cha Prause chokha.)

Ndithudi, yankho lalikulu la Gola laperekedwa ku kuyesa kuteteza kutanthauzira kwa Prause et al. , 2015. Kubwerera mu 2015 Nicole Prause adanenanso mopitirira muyeso kuti kafukufuku wodabwitsa wa gulu lake "adathetsa chizolowezi cha zolaula." Ndi wofufuza wovomerezeka uti amene anganene kuti "adatsutsa" kafukufuku wonse ndipo "adatsutsa" maphunziro onse am'mbuyomu ndi kafukufuku umodzi wa EEG?

Tsopano, mu 2016, gawo lomaliza la Reply to Gola likutsimikiziranso kuti mapepala ochepa, otsogozedwa ndi kafukufuku wa EEG wa Prause, adasocheretsa "maulosi angapo amtundu wa zosokoneza bongo."

Mu Gawo #1 pansipa timapanga chidziwitso chachinyengo mwa kufotokoza zomwe mapepala atchulidwa mu Respond to Gola kwenikweni anapeza (ndipo sanapeze), komanso kuwonetsa maphunziro ambiri omwe sanathenso. Mu Gawo #2 pansipa, timayang'ana zotsutsa zosagwirizana ndi zolakwika zina mu Respond to Gola. Tisanayambe, apa pali mauthenga kwa zinthu zofunika:

1. Kusinthasintha kwa Zomwe Zidzakhala Zosatha Zopindulitsa Zochitika Zogonana ndi Mavuto M'bvuto Ogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Machitidwe Osagwirizana ndi "Kuledzera Kwambiri" (Prause et al., 2015) Nicole Prause, Vaughn R. Steele, Cameron Staley, Dean Sabatinelli, Greg Hajcake.
2. The Kuyanjidwa kwa YBOP Prause et al., 2015.
3. Khumbo khumi zowunikiridwa of Prause et al., 2015: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Onse amavomereza izo Prause et al. adapeza kukhumudwa kapena chizolowezi - chogwirizana ndi kuledzera.
4. Chotsutsa cha Matuesz Gola cha Prause et al., 2015: Kuchepetsa LPP kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu ya zosokoneza bongo. Chilichonse chimadalira mtunduwo. (Ndemanga pa Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015).
5. Yankho la Gola lokha: Prause et al. (2015) zowonongeka zowonongeka.
6. Msonkhanowu, Gary Wilson akuwonetsa choonadi pambuyo pa maphunziro a 5 okayikitsa komanso osocheretsa (kuphatikizapo maphunziro awiri a Nicole Prause EEG): Kafukufuku Wosaka: Zoona Kapena Zopeka?

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CHIGAWO CHOYAMBA: Debunking the Prause et al. Kunenedwa Zonyenga za Model Addiction

Iyi ndi ndime yomaliza pomwe Prause et al . akufotokozera mwachidule umboni wonena kuti ndi wabodza pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo:

"Pomaliza, tiwonetsa chinyengo cha a Popperian oneneratu zamankhwala osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo. Mitundu yambiri yamankhwala osokoneza bongo imafuna kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo asamawononga mphamvu zawo (kapena kuchita); omwe amafotokoza zovuta zambiri pakuwona zithunzi zakugonana amakhala ndi mphamvu pazogonana (zofotokozedwa ndi Moholy, Prause, Proudfit, Rahman, & Fong, 2015; kafukufuku woyamba wa Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2009). Mitundu yoledzera imaneneratu zotsatira zoyipa. Ngakhale kusokonekera kwa erectile ndiye zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mavuto a erectile samakwezedwa powonera makanema ambiri ogonana (Landripet & Štulhofer, 2015; Prause & Pfaus, 2015; Sutton, Stratton, Pytyck, Kolla, & Cantor, 2015 ). Mitundu yoledzera nthawi zambiri imanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo kapena momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso kapena kuthawa zovuta. Omwe amafotokoza zovuta zamafilimu ogonana amatchulanso zovuta zoyambira poyambira / kuwonera kuposa zoyang'anira (Prause, Staley, & Fong, 2013). Pakadali pano, mitundu ina iwiri yokakamiza yathandizidwa kwambiri kuchokera pomwe Prause et al. (2015). Izi zikuphatikiza mtundu wamagalimoto okwera kwambiri (Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016) omwe amathandizira malingaliro oyambira kwambiri (Steele, Prause, Staley, & Fong, 2013). Parsons ndi al. (2015) akuti chiwonetsero chazakugonana chitha kuyimira gulu la omwe amafotokoza zovuta. Komanso, zovuta zokhudzana ndi kuwonera makanema ogonana zawonetsedwa kuti ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe zosamala komanso mbiri yachipembedzo (Grubbs et al., 2014). Izi zimathandizira mtundu wamanyazi wamavuto akuwonera makanema ogonana. Zokambiranazi zikuyenera kuchoka pakayesedwe kakuwonera makanema ogonana, omwe awonetseredwa kambirimbiri kodzinamiza ndi ma labotale odziyimira pawokha, kuti apeze mtundu woyenera wamakhalidwewo. ”

Tisanalankhule chilichonse mwa zomwe zili pamwambapa, ndikofunikira kuwulula zomwe Prause et al . adasankha kuchotsa mu zomwe zimatchedwa "falsification":

1. Zofufuza pa zolaula zowonongeka. Inu mukuwerenga izo molondola. Pa maphunziro onse omwe adatchulidwa, ndi amodzi okha omwe ali ndi kagulu ka zolaula, ndi 71% ya nkhanizo zinawonetsa mavuto aakulu. Mfundo yofunika: Simungapusitse "zolaula" ngati maphunziro omwe mwatchulayo sakufufuza za anthu omwe amachita zolaula.
2. Maphunziro onse amitsempha omwe amafalitsidwa pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe amagonana ndi amuna - chifukwa onse amathandizira mtundu wa zosokoneza bongo. Tsambali lili pamndandandawu Zotsatira za 56 za sayansi (MRI, fMRI, EEG, Neurospychological, Hormonal) kupereka chithandizo cholimba cha mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
3. Zosangalatsa zonsezo ndemanga za mabuku - chifukwa onse amathandizira zolaula. Nazi izi Ndemanga za 31 ndi ndemanga ndi ena mwa apamwamba a sayansi ya sayansi padziko lonse, akuthandiza chitsanzo cha zolaula.
4. Pa kafukufuku wa 40 wolumikiza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula / chizolowezi chogonana pamavuto azakugonana & kutsitsimula pang'ono. The Zolemba zoyamba za 7 m'ndandanda zimasonyeza kusokonezeka, pamene ophunzira adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikuchiza matenda opatsirana pogonana.
5. Phunziro la 80 lomwe limagwirizanitsa zolaula limagwiritsira ntchito kugonana kosachepera komanso kugonana. Monga momwe ife tikudziwira onse Kafukufuku wokhudza amuna adanena za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zambiri zogwirizana osauka kugonana kapena kukondana.
6. Zofufuza za 60 zofukufuku zomwe zikupezeka zikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa zolaula (kulekerera), chizoloŵezi choonera zolaula, komanso ngakhale kusiya (zizindikiro zonse ndi zizindikiro zosokoneza bongo).
7. Pazofufuza za 85 zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito thanzi lawo lamaganizidwe am'maganizo & zotsatira zosazindikira zamavuto
8. Kulingalira mfundo yosalimbikitsidwa yolankhulidwa yakuti "chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana" akufotokozera zolaula kapena chizolowezi chogonana: Kafukufuku wa 25 amapusitsa kunena kuti kugonana & zolaula "amangokhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana"
9. Maphunziro ambiri pa achinyamata, lomwe lipoti logwiritsira ntchito zolaula limakhudzana ndi ophunzira osauka, malingaliro osiyana siyana, kugonana, osauka, maubwenzi osauka, kuchepetsa moyo, kuwonetsa anthu ngati zinthu, kuonjezera chiopsezo cha kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu pang'ono, chiwawa chachikulu chogonana, kuumiriza kugonana, kuchepetsa kugonana, kuchepetsa libido, malingaliro akuluakulu ovomerezeka, ndi zambiri zambiri. (Mwachidule, ED ndi osati "zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" monga momwe akunenera mu Reply to Gola pansipa.)
10. Kodi munthu amadziwa bwanji? Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse, Mayiko Akumayiko Onse a Matenda (ICD-11), ali ndi matenda atsopano woyenera kuchita zachiwerewere: "Kugonana Kwachiwerewere

Mu Yankho la Gola, Prause et al . amayesa kupotoza chilichonse mwa izi ( "maulosi") okhudzana ndi njira yoledzera. Zigawo zoyenera ndi maphunziro othandizira kuchokera ku Yankho la Gola zaperekedwa mokwanira, kutsatiridwa ndi ndemanga.

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Lembani 1: Kulephera kulamulira ntchito ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake sizikuyenda bwino.

PEMPHERO: "Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amafuna kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezicho asamalamulire kwambiri chilakolako chawo chogwiritsa ntchito (kapena kuchita nawo khalidweli); omwe amanena kuti ali ndi mavuto ambiri poonera zithunzi zogonana amakhala ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zawo zogonana (zofanana ndi Moholy, Prause, Proudfit, Rahman, & Fong, 2015; kafukufuku woyamba wa Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2009)"

Kafukufuku wa 2 sanatchulepo kanthu kalikonse chifukwa sanayese kuwunika ngati anthu akuvutika kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chofunika koposa, palibe kafukufuku amene adayamba pofufuza yemwe anali "wosuta zolaula" kapena ayi. Kodi mungatani kuti musamachite zolaula ngati simukuyamba kuwunika anthu omwe ali ndi umboni wotsimikiza kuti (ndizotani zomwe akatswiri amatanthauzira ngati osokoneza bongo)? Tiyeni tiwone mwachidule zomwe maphunziro a 2 adayesa ndikuwonetsa, ndi chifukwa chomwe samanama:

Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2009 ( Conscious Regulation of Sexual Arousal in Men ):

• Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuwona ngati abambo angachepetse zodzinenera zawo akamaonera makanema ogonana. Zotsatira zofunika: amuna omwe amatha kupondereza kukondwereranso anali abwino pakudziseka. Amuna omwe sanachite bwino poletsa kukakamiza kugonana nthawi zambiri anali owopsa kuposa ena onse. Zotsatira izi sizikugwirizana ndi "omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ngakhale atakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa. "
• Kufufuza kosadziwika kumeneku sikunayese yemwe anali "osakonda zolaula," chifukwa chida chowunikira chinali "Sculsivity Scale" (SCS). SCS siyeso yoyeserera yowonera zolaula pa intaneti kapena azimayi, chifukwa chake zomwe apeza sizikugwira ntchito kwa omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. SCS idapangidwa mu 1995 ndipo idapangidwa ndi kugonana kosalamulirika kugona m'maganizo (pokhudzana ndi kufufuza mliri wa Edzi). The SCS imati: "Chiwerengerochi chawonetsedwa kuti chiwonetseratu chikhalidwe cha kugonana, chiwerengero cha zibwenzi zogonana, chizoloŵezi cha makhalidwe amtundu wosiyanasiyana, ndi mbiri za matenda opatsirana pogonana. "

Moholy, Prause, Proudfit, Rahman, & Fong, 2015 ( Chilakolako chogonana, osati kugonana kwambiri, chimaneneratu kudziletsa kwa chilakolako chogonana ):

• Kafukufukuyu, monga kafukufuku pamwambapa, sanawone omwe anali nawo kapena anali "osokoneza bongo" kapena Kafukufukuyu adadalira CBSOB, omwe ali ndi mafunso okhudza zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Zimangopempha za "kugonana," kapena ngati nkhani ikuda nkhawa ndi zochita zawo (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuda nkhawa kuti ndili ndi pakati," "Ndinapatsa munthu wina kachilombo ka HIV," "Ndinakumana ndi mavuto azachuma"). Potero kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa zochitika pa CBSOB ndi kuthekera kulamulira kudzutsa sikofunikira kwa ambiri zolaula pa intaneti oledzeretsa, omwe sagonana mu chiwerewere.
• Monga phunziro la Winters pamwambapa, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti anthu ochita mantha akukhala ndi nthawi yovuta yoletsa kugonana kwawo pamene akuonera zolaula. Prause et al. Zolondola: phunziroli linayankhulana ndi Winters, et al., 2009: anthu owopsa amachita chilakolako chogonana. (Duh)
• Kafukufukuyu ali ndi cholakwika chomwecho chowonedwa m'maphunziro ena a gulu la a Prause: Ofufuzawo adasankha mitu yosiyanasiyana (azimayi, amuna, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha), koma adawawonetsa zolaula zonse, mwina zosasangalatsa, zachimuna + zachikazi. Mwachidule, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zimadalira pamalingaliro akuti amuna, akazi, komanso omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samasiyana poyankha zithunzi zolaula. Izi ndizachidziwikire osati choncho.

Ngakhale kuti palibe kafukufuku amene adazindikira kuti ndi anthu ati omwe anali okonda zolaula, yankho la Gola likuwoneka kuti likunena kuti "okonda zolaula" enieni sayenera kulamulira chilakolako chawo chogonana akamaonera zolaula. Komabe n'chifukwa chiyani olemba a Yankho la Gola amaganiza kuti okonda zolaula ayenera kukhala ndi "chilakolako chachikulu" pomwe Prause et al. , 2015 adanena kuti "okonda zolaula" anali ndi ubongo wochepa wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za vanilla kuposa momwe amalamulira? (Mwamwayi, kafukufuku wina wa EEG adapezanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri mwa akazi kumagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.) Zomwe Prause et al. 2015 adapeza zikugwirizana ndi Kühn & Gallinat (2014) , zomwe zidapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo poyankha zithunzi za zolaula za vanilla.

Zomwe Prause et al. 2015 adapeza mu EEG zikugwirizananso ndi Banca et al. 2015 , zomwe zidapeza kuti zithunzi zogonana mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula zimazolowera mwachangu. Kuwerenga kochepa kwa EEG kumatanthauza kuti anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali sakuyang'ana kwambiri zithunzizo. Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri mwina anali otopa ndi zithunzi zolaula za vanilla zomwe zawonetsedwa mu labu. Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za Moholy & Prause omwe anali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana "sanali ndi mphamvu yolamulira momwe amayankhira pa kugonana ." M'malo mwake, anali atazolowera kapena kunyalanyaza zithunzi zosasinthika za zolaula za vanilla.

Si zachilendo kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri azikhala ololera, zomwe ndizofunikira zolimbikitsira kwambiri kuti athe kukwaniritsa zomwezo. Chochitika chofananachi chimachitika mwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amafuna "kugunda" kwakukulu kuti achite chimodzimodzi. Ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kukondoweza kwakukulu kumakwaniritsidwa pakukulitsa zolaula zatsopano kapena zoopsa.

Mitundu yatsopano yomwe imayambitsa kudabwa, kudabwa, kuphwanya ziyembekezo kapena ngakhale nkhawa imatha kugwira ntchito yowonjezera chilakolako chogonana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawakhudza anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mopitirira muyeso. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa adapeza kuti kukwera kotereku ndikofala kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti masiku ano. 49% ya amuna omwe adafunsidwa adawona zolaula zomwe " sizinali zosangalatsa kwa iwo kale kapena zomwe amaona kuti ndi zonyansa ." Mwachidule, maphunziro ambiri anena za chizolowezi kapena kukwera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi - zomwe zimagwirizana kwathunthu ndi chitsanzo cha chizolowezi.

Mfundo yofunika: Chiganizo chonsechi mu Yankho la Gola chimadalira pa zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe kuti "okonda zolaula" ayenera kukhala ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana ndi zithunzi zosasinthika za zolaula za vanilla, motero sangathe kulamulira chilakolako chawo . Komabe, kuneneratu kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso kapena omwe amakopeka ndi zolaula amakopeka kwambiri ndi zolaula za vanilla komanso chilakolako chachikulu chogonana kwakhala kolakwika mobwerezabwereza ndi kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana:

1. Pa maphunziro a 40 Gwiritsani ntchito zolaula kugwilitsa kugonana kapena kugonana ndi anthu ogonana.
2. Zotsatira za 25 kutsutsa zonena kuti kugonana ndi zolaula "amakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana" (pansipa).
3. Pazowonjezera zofufuza za 75 Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikuchepetsa kukondana komanso kukondana.

Powombetsa mkota:

• Maphunziro awiri omwe atchulidwawa alibe chochita ndi omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngakhale atakumana ndi zovuta.
• Maphunziro awiri omwe tawatchulawa sanazindikire kuti anali ndani kapena anali wosagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndiye kuti sangatiuze chilichonse chokhudza "zolaula".
• Ophunzira omwe adapeza zapamwamba pa mafunso okhudzana ndi chiwerewere.osati zolaula) "sizinawongolere chilimbikitso chawo" powonera zolaula za vanila. Ayenera kuti adatopetsedwa ndi zolaula za vanila (mwachitsanzo, kukhumudwa, komwe ndikusintha kwa ubongo).

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Lembani 2: Addicts amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena khalidwe kuti athane ndi maganizo oipa

PEMBEDZO: "Anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena khalidwe lawo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kapena kupewa zotsatira zoyipa. Anthu omwe amanena za mavuto okhudzana ndi mafilimu ogonana adanenanso kuti zotsatira zake sizili zoyipa kwenikweni poyamba/powonera kale kuposa zowongolera (Prause, Staley, & Fong, 2013)."

Ngakhale kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuti apewe mavuto (malingaliro), kachiwiri, yankho la Gola limatchulanso kuti likuthandizira kafukufuku yemwe sakugwirizana ndi kuneneratu za chizolowezi chomwe chili pamwambapa. Prause , Staley & Fong 2013 sanafufuze izi konse. Nayi zomwe idanenadi:

"Mosayembekezereka, gulu la VSS-P silinakonzekeretse pang'ono kuti zinthu zabwino komanso zoyipa zomwe zingakhudzidwe ndi kanema wogonana kuposa VSS-C."

Kumasulira: omwe amatchedwa "okonda zolaula" (gulu la VSS-P) anali ndi malingaliro ochepa pa zolaula kuposa gulu lolamulira (VSS-C). Mwachidule, "okonda zolaula" sanakumane ndi malingaliro ochepa pa mafilimu ogonana komanso osalowerera ndale. Mfundo yofunika: Kafukufuku wa Prause wa 2013 adagwiritsa ntchito mitu yomweyi monga Prause et al. , 2015 , womwe ndi kafukufuku womwewo wa 2015 EEG womwe udapeza kuti ubongo sunagwire ntchito bwino pazithunzi zosasinthika za zolaula za vanila.

Pali kufotokozera kosavuta kwa "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi" omwe alibe mphamvu zambiri akamaonera zolaula za vanila. Zithunzi zolaula za vanila sizinatchulidwenso ngati zosangalatsa kwambiri. Zomwezo zimachitikanso ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi" pa mafilimu osalowerera ndale - anali opanda chidwi. Prause, Staley, & Fong , 2013 (wotchedwanso Prause et al ., 2013) watsutsidwa kwambiri pano.

Mitundu ingapo ikuwonekera pazonena zabodza za Reply to Gola:

1. Maphunziro omwe tawatchulawa sagwirizana ndi zonyenga za mtundu wa zolaula.
2. Pemphero nthawi zambiri limatchula maphunziro ake omwe.
3. Zopempherera za 3 (Prause et al., 2013, Prause et al., 2015, Steele et al., 2013.) onse akuphatikizapo nkhani zomwezo.

Nayi zomwe tikudziwa zokhudza "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika" mu maphunziro atatu a Prause ("Prause Studies"): Sanali oledzera kwenikweni, chifukwa sanayesedwepo kuti ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika. Chifukwa chake, sangagwiritsidwe ntchito movomerezeka "kunama" chilichonse chokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Monga gulu, adasiya kukhudzidwa kapena kuzolowera zolaula za vanilla, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedweratu za chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Izi ndi zomwe kafukufuku aliyense adanenapo za anthu omwe ali ndi "chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika":

1. Prause et al., 2013: "Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" adanenanso zakusungulumwa komanso zosokoneza pakuwona zolaula za vanila.
2. Steele et al., 2013: Anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukira-zolaula zolaula anali nazo Zochepa chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu, koma osati zofuna zodzikweza.
3. Prause et al., 2015: "Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" anali nawo Zochepa kugwiritsira ntchito ubongo kuti ziwononge zithunzi za vilonda zolaula. Mavesi a m'munsi a EEG amatanthauza kuti "zolaula" nkhani sizingasamalire zithunzizo.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chimachokera ku maphunziro atatuwa: "Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" adasiyidwa kapena kuzolowera zolaula za vanila, ndipo iwo omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo-zolaula adakonda kuseweretsa maliseche kuposa kuchita zogonana ndi munthu weniweni. Mwachidule iwo anali atasokonezeka (chiwonetsero chofala cha kuledzera) ndipo ankakonda zokopa zopangira mphotho yamphamvu kwambiri yachilengedwe (kugonana pakati pawo). Palibe njira yotanthauzira zotsatirazi ngati zabodza zolaula.

Simungathe kunamizira anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati "zolaula" sizili zolaula

Cholakwika chachikulu mu Prause Studies ndichakuti palibe amene akudziwa kuti ndi ndani, ngati alipo, mwa anthu omwe Prause anali okonda zolaula. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri pamakhala mawu oti "okonda zolaula" m'mafotokozedwe athu a maphunziro atatuwa. Anthuwa adasankhidwa kuchokera ku Pocatello, Idaho kudzera mu malonda apaintaneti opempha anthu omwe " akukumana ndi mavuto owongolera momwe amaonera zithunzi zogonana ." Pocatello, Idaho ndi Mormon woposa 50%, kotero anthu ambiri angaganize kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kulikonse ndi vuto lalikulu.

Mu kuyankhulana kwa 2013 Nicole Prause akuvomereza kuti anthu ambiri omwe adawagwiritsa ntchito adakumana ndi mavuto ang'onoang'ono okha (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sanali okonda zolaula):

"Kafukufukuyu anaphatikizapo anthu okhawo omwe adanena za mavuto, kuyambira mavuto ang'onoang'ono mpaka ovuta, omwe amawongolera momwe amaonera zinthu zogonana."

Apanso, mafunso omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro atatuwa kuti ayese "chizolowezi chogonana" (Sexual Compulsivity Scale) sanatsimikizidwe ngati chida chowunikira chizolowezi chogonana . Adapangidwa mu 1995 ndipo adapangidwa ndi kugonana kosalamulirika ( ndi okondedwa) m'maganizo, pokhudzana ndi kufufuza mliri wa Edzi. SCS imati :

"Kodi chiwerengerochi chiyenera kuti chiwonetsedwe bwanji, kuti chiwerengero cha ziwalo za kugonana, chiwerengero cha zibwenzi zogonana, chizoloŵezi cha zizoloŵezi zakugonana, komanso mbiri ya matenda opatsirana pogonana"?

Kuphatikiza apo, a Prause Study adayankha mafunso kwa akaziwo. Komabe wopanga SCS akuchenjeza kuti chida ichi sichikuwonetsa psychopathology mwa akazi,

"Kugwirizana pakati pa zigoli za kukakamizidwa kugonana ndi zizindikiro zina za matenda amisala kunawonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi; kukakamizidwa kugonana kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro za matenda amisala mwa amuna koma osati mwa akazi ."

Kupatula kusatsimikiza kuti ndi ndani mwa anthu omwe anali ndi vuto la zolaula, Prause Studies sanafufuze anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala, machitidwe okakamiza, kapena zizolowezi zina . Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa "kafukufuku waubongo" uliwonse wokhudza chizolowezi, kuti zosokoneza zisapange zotsatira zopanda tanthauzo. Cholakwika china chachikulu ndichakuti anthu omwe anali ndi phunziro la Prause sanali osiyana. Anali amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikiza amuna 7 omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha , koma onse adawonetsedwa zolaula za amuna ndi akazi wamba, mwina zosasangalatsa. Izi zokha zimachotsa zomwe zapezeka. Chifukwa chiyani? Kafukufuku wotsatira umatsimikizira kuti amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mayankho osiyana kwambiri muubongo ku zithunzi kapena makanema ogonana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ofufuza za chizolowezi chachikulu amafananiza anthu mosamala.

Powombetsa mkota,

• Phunziroli linatchulidwa mu Reply to Gola (Prause et al., 2013) sichikugwirizana ndi kuyesa zolaula zomwe zimayambitsa zolaula. Sichikuwunikiranso momwe anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti apewe kukhumudwa.
• Prause Studies sanayese kuona ngati nkhanizo zinali zoledzera kapena ayi. Olembawo anavomereza kuti nkhani zambiri zinalibe zovuta kulamulira ntchito. Zonsezi zikanayenera kuti zatsimikiziridwa kuti zolaula zimadwalitsa kuti zilolere kuyerekezera kovomerezeka ndi gulu la anthu osakhala olaula.
• Maphunziro onse ogwira bwino a ubongo ayenera kukhala ndi nkhani zofanana kuti azifanizira molondola. Popeza kuti Phunziro la Prause silinayambe, zotsatira zake ndi zosadalirika, ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ponyenga chirichonse.

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Lankhulani 3: Omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakhala ndi "chidwi chofuna kugonana"

PEMBEDZO: Pakadali pano, mitundu ina iwiri yokopa yalandira chithandizo chowonjezereka kuyambira pomwe Prause et al. (2015 idasindikizidwa). Izi zikuphatikizapo chitsanzo cha chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana (Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016) chomwe chikuthandizira lingaliro loyambirira la chilakolako chachikulu (Steele, Prause, Staley, & Fong, 2013). Parsons et al. (2015) adanenanso kuti chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana chingakhale gawo limodzi mwa mavuto omwe amanenedwa.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa 25 watsimikizira kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi zolaula ndi omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana . Ndipotu, Nicole Prause adanena mu positi iyi ya Quora kuti sakukhulupiriranso kuti "omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana" ali ndi chilakolako chogonana kwambiri:

"Ndidali wokonda kutanthauzira zakugonana, koma kafukufukuyu wa LPP yemwe tangomusindikiza ndikundichititsa kuti ndizikhala omasuka kuchita zachiwerewere."

Kaya kafukufuku aliyense wanena chiyani, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi zomwe akunena zabodza kuti "chilakolako chachikulu chogonana" chimagwirizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Kusaganiza bwino kwake kumaonekera bwino ngati munthu aganizira zongoganizira zochokera ku zizolowezi zina. (Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani ndemanga iyi ya Steele, Prause, Staley, & Fong, 2013 Chilakolako chachikulu', kapena 'kungokhala' chizolowezi? Yankho la Steele et al. , 2013 ). Mwachitsanzo, kodi malingaliro oterewa amatanthauza kuti kukhala wonenepa kwambiri, wosakhoza kulamulira kudya, komanso wosasangalala nazo, ndi "chilakolako chachikulu cha chakudya" basi?

Kuwonjezera apo, munthu ayenera kunena kuti anthu oledzera mowa amakhala ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha mowa, sichoncho? Chowonadi ndi chakuti anthu onse omwe ali ndi vutoli amakhala ndi "chilakolako chachikulu" cha zinthu zomwe amaledzera komanso zochita zawo (zotchedwa " sensitization "), ngakhale pamene kusangalala kwawo ndi zinthu zotereku kumachepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwina kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi ( desensitization ). Komabe, sizimathetsa chizolowezi chawo (chomwe chimakhalabe matenda).

Akatswiri ambiri okonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amaona kuti " kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake ndi zoipa " ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha chizolowezicho. Kupatula apo, wina akhoza kukhala ndi vuto la kugonana chifukwa cha zolaula ndipo sangathe kupita kunja kwa kompyuta yake m'chipinda chapansi cha amayi ake chifukwa cha zotsatira za zolaula pa chilimbikitso chake komanso luso lake locheza ndi anthu. Komabe, malinga ndi ofufuzawa, bola ngati akusonyeza "chilakolako chachikulu chogonana," alibe chizolowezi. Njira imeneyi imanyalanyaza zonse zomwe zimadziwika zokhudza chizolowezi, kuphatikizapo zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe omwe anthu onse okonda chizolowezi amagawana , monga zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri, kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zilakolako, ndi zina zotero.

Tiyeni tiwone bwino maphunziro atatu omwe atchulidwa kuti achirikize zomwe zakambidwa pamwambapa:

1. Steele, Prause, Staley, & Fong, 2013 ( Chilakolako chogonana, osati kugonana kwambiri, chikugwirizana ndi mayankho a mitsempha omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zithunzi zogonana ):

Tinakambirana za kafukufukuyu pamwambapa ( Steele et al. , 2013 ). Mu 2013, wolankhulira Nicole Prause adapereka mawu awiri osatsimikizika pagulu okhudza Steele et al. , 2013 :

1. Kuyankha kwam'mutu kumeneku kumasiyana ndi komwe kumawoneka munthawi zina (cocaine anali chitsanzo)
2. Anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri anali "ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana."

Chiganizo #1 ) Kafukufukuyu adanenanso za kuchuluka kwa ma EEG pamene anthu omwe adawonetsedwa zithunzi zolaula kwa kanthawi kochepa. Kafukufuku nthawi zonse akuwonetsa kuti P300 yokwera imachitika pamene anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli akuwonetsedwa zizindikiro (monga zithunzi) zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chawo. Kupeza kumeneku kumathandizira chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana, monga momwe mapepala 8 omwe adawunikidwa ndi anzawo adafotokozera Steele et al. ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ) ndi pulofesa wa zamaganizo yemwe adatuluka John A. Johnson adanenera mu ndemanga pansi pa kuyankhulana kwa Psychology Today mu 2013 :

"Maganizo anga akupitilizabe kunena za Pembedzero kuti ubongo wa omvera ake sunayankhe pazithunzi zachiwerewere monga bongo la omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amalabadira mankhwala awo, atapatsidwa lipoti lokwanira P300 pazithunzi zogonana. Monga oledzera omwe amawonetsa ma P300 spikes akaperekedwa ndi mankhwala omwe amasankha. Kodi angaganize bwanji zosemphana ndi zotsatira zenizeni? ”

Dr. Johnson, yemwe alibe maganizo pa nkhani ya chizolowezi chogonana, adapereka ndemanga yachiwiri yotsutsa pansi pa kuyankhulana kwa Prause :

Mustanski akufunsa, "Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali chiani?" Ndipo Prause akuyankha, "Kuphunzira kwathu kunayesa ngati anthu omwe amafotokoza mavutowa [akuthetsa vuto lawo loyang'ana pa Intaneti] amaoneka ngati ena omwe amalephera kuchoka ku ubongo wawo ku zithunzi za kugonana."

Koma kafukufukuyu sanayerekezere zojambulidwa muubongo ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto owongolera momwe angawonere zolaula pa intaneti ndi zojambula zaubongo zochokera kwa omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kujambula kwaubongo kuchokera pagulu losalamulirika, yomwe ikadakhala njira yodziwikiratu yowonera ngati ubongo ukuyankha kuchokera pamavuto gulu limawoneka ngati mayankho amubongo a omwe amamwa kapena omwe siamwawo ....

Chiganizo #2 ) Wolankhulira kafukufukuyu Nicole Prause adati ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali ndi "chilakolako chachikulu chogonana," koma kafukufukuyu adanenanso kuti zolaula zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilakolako chochepa chogonana ndi okwatirana. Mwanjira ina, anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amakonda kuseweretsa maliseche m'malo mogonana ndi munthu weniweni. Si "chilakolako chachikulu chogonana ." Chidule cha ndemanga ya Steele et al . yotengedwa kuchokera ku ndemanga iyi ya 2015 ya mabuku awa :

Komanso, mfundo yomwe yatchulidwa mu chidule, "Zomwe zimatanthauza kumvetsetsa kugonana mopitirira muyeso ngati chilakolako chachikulu, osati chosokonezeka, zikukambidwa" [ 303 ] (tsamba 1) zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa P300 kunali kogwirizana ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu. Monga tafotokozera mu Hilton (2014), zomwe zapezekazi "zikutsutsana mwachindunji ndi kutanthauzira kwa P300 ngati chilakolako chachikulu" [ 307 ]. Kusanthula kwa Hilton kukuwonetsanso kuti kusowa kwa gulu lolamulira komanso kulephera kwa ukadaulo wa EEG kusiyanitsa pakati pa "chilakolako chachikulu chogonana" ndi "kukakamiza kugonana" kumapangitsa kuti zomwe Steele et al. adapeza zisatanthauzidwe [ 307 ].

Mfundo yofunika: Zomwe Steele et al ., 2013 adapeza zimasonyeza kuti zomwe zinanenedwa mu Reply to Gola ndi zabodza.

2. Parsons et al ., 2015 ( Wokonda Kugonana Kwambiri, Wokonda Kugonana, Kapena Wokonda Kugonana Kwambiri? Kufufuza Magulu Atatu Osiyana a Amuna Ogonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha ndi Mbiri Yawo ya Chiwopsezo Chokhudzana ndi Kugonana Chokhudzana ndi HIV ):

Monga kafukufuku aliyense wotchulidwa mu Reply to Gola, kafukufukuyu sanathe kuwona kuti ndi anthu ati omwe kwenikweni anali okonda zolaula. Anagwiritsa ntchito mafunso awiri omwe amafunsa za machitidwe ogonana okha: "Sexual Compulsivity Scale" (yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa), ndi "Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory." Palibe mafunso omwe anali ndi nkhani iliyonse yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kotero kafukufukuyu sangatiuze chilichonse chokhudza chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti.

Ngakhale Parsons et al. , 2015 imangokhudza machitidwe ogonana mwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zapezeka zimasonyeza kuti "chizolowezi chogonana ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana." Ngati chilakolako chachikulu chogonana ndi chizolowezi chogonana zinali zofanana, pakanakhala gulu limodzi lokha la anthu pa anthu onse. M'malo mwake, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa magulu angapo osiyana, koma magulu onse adanenanso za kuchuluka kofanana kwa zochita zogonana.

Kafukufuku wofufuza amathandizira lingaliro loti kukakamizidwa kugonana (SC) ndi vuto la hypersexual (HD) mwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (GBM) atha kuzindikiridwa kuti ali ndi magulu atatu - Osakakamiza kugonana kapena okonda kugonana; Kugonana kokha, komanso Kugonana komanso chiwerewere-zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala okhwima kwambiri pa SC / HD kupitiriza. Pafupifupi theka (48.9%) lazitsanzo zachiwerewere zotere sizinatchulidwe monga SC kapena HD, 30% ngati SC Yokha, ndi 21.1% ngati Onse SC ndi HD. Ngakhale sitinapeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu atatuwa pa kuchuluka kwa amuna ogonana nawo, zogonana kumatako….

Chosavuta: Chikhumbo chachikulu chogonana, monga chimayesedwa ndi mchitidwe wogonana, sichimatiuza zochepa za ngati munthu ali wokonda kugonana kapena ayi. Chinsinsi chake ndikuti chizolowezi chogonana sichofanana ndi "chilakolako chofuna kugonana."

3. Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016 ( Kupitirira Kugonana Kwa Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha, Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha, ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha A Kusiyana kwa Kudziona Ngati Okhaokha ):

Chifukwa chomwe "kalata yopita kwa mkonzi" idatchulidwabe sichimadziwika. Si kafukufuku wowunikiridwa ndi anzawo ndipo sizikhudzana ndi zolaula, zolaula, kapena chiwerewere. Kodi olemba a Reply to Gola akulemba zolemba zawo ndi mapepala osafunikira?

Powombetsa mkota:

• Maphunziro atatuwa omwe sanawatchule sankawone ngati pali vuto lililonse lochita zolaula kapena ayi. Chotsatira chake, iwo sangatiuze pang'ono za zomwe akunena kuti zolaula zimangokhala ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana.
• Steele, Pembedzero, Staley, & Fong, 2013 inanena kuti kuwonetsa kwakukulu-kugwirizanitsa zolaula kunkagwirizana Zochepa chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu. Izi zimatsutsa kunena kuti zolaula zili ndipamwamba kugonana chikhumbo.
• Parsons et al., 2015 adanenanso kuti zachiwerewere sizinkagwirizana ndi zochitika zogonana. Izi zabodza kunena kuti "ogonana" amangokhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana.
• Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016 ndi kalata yopita ku mkonzi yomwe ilibe kanthu ndi nkhani yomwe ili pafupi.

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Tchulani 4: Erectile kupweteka ndi zotsatira zoipa kwambiri zoyipa za ntchito zolaula

PEMBEDZO: Anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amalosera zotsatira zoyipa. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi komwe kumaonedwa kuti ndi koipa kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mavuto okhudza kugonana kwenikweni sawonjezeka poonera mafilimu ambiri ogonana (Landripet & Štulhofer, 2015; Prause & Pfaus, 2015; Sutton, Stratton, Pytyck, Kolla, & Cantor, 2015).

Mawu akuti "kulephera kugwira ntchito bwino kwa erectile ndiye zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" alibe umboni. Ndi mfundo ya straw man monga:

1. Palibe pepala lowonetsedwa ndi anzako lomwe linanena kuti kupweteka kwa erectile ndi zotsatira za #1 za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula.
2. Zotsatira za #1 za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula sizinayambe zanenedwa pamapepala owonedwa ndi anzawo (ndipo mwinamwake sadzakhalapo).
3. Izi zimadalira zowawa za zolaula ntchito, zomwe sizili zofanana ndi zotsatira za zolaula osokoneza.

Kodi vuto la kugonana lingakhale bwanji vuto lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamene theka la akazi la anthu onse silinapezeke? Ngati vuto lililonse la kugonana linali vuto lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, liyenera kukhala vuto lochepa la chilakolako cha kugonana kapena kuchepa kwa chilakolako cha kugonana, kuti akazi alowe m'malo.

Mulimonsemo, kafukufuku mmodzi mwa atatu omwe atchulidwawo ndi amene adazindikira kuti ndi anthu ati, ngati alipo, omwe anali ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: Sutton, Stratton, Pytyck, Kolla, & Cantor, 2015. Zoonadi, uwu ndi kafukufuku wokhawo womwe watchulidwa mu Yankho lonse la Gola lomwe limazindikiritsa ophunzira onse omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Maphunziro ena awiri omwe atchulidwa pano ( Landripet & Štulhofer , 2015; Prause & Pfaus , 2015) satiuza chilichonse chokhudza ubale pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana ndi kugonana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana chifukwa palibe amene adayesa ngati munthu aliyense anali ndi chilakolako chogonana kapena ayi. Zikumveka bwino?

Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiwunikire kaye kafukufuku wokhawo woyenera womwe watchulidwa mu Reply to Gola.

Sutton, Stratton, Pytyck, Kolla, & Cantor , 2015 ( Makhalidwe a Odwala Potengera Mtundu wa Kutumiza kwa Hypersexuality: Kuwunikanso Tchati Chochuluka cha Milandu 115 Yotsatizana ya Amuna ):

Ndi kafukufuku wokhudza amuna (azaka zapakati pa 41.5) omwe akufuna chithandizo cha matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana, monga paraphilias ndi kuseweretsa maliseche kosatha kapena chigololo. 27 adatchulidwa kuti ndi "odziteteza ku maliseche," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ankaseweretsa maliseche (nthawi zambiri akamagwiritsa ntchito zolaula) ola limodzi kapena angapo patsiku kapena maola opitilira 7 pa sabata. 71% ya ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso adanena kuti ali ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo 33% adanenanso kuti anachedwa kutulutsa umuna (nthawi zambiri izi zimayambitsa ED yoyambitsidwa ndi zolaula).

Kodi amuna otsala 38% ali ndi vuto lotani lokhudza kugonana? Kafukufukuyu sakunena, ndipo olembawo anyalanyaza zopempha zambiri mobwerezabwereza. Zosankha ziwiri zazikulu za vuto la kugonana kwa amuna m'gulu lino ndi ED ndi libido yochepa. Amunawa sanafunsidwe za momwe amagwirira ntchito popanda zolaula . Nthawi zambiri amuna sadziwa kuti ali ndi ED chifukwa cha zolaula ngati sakuchita zogonana ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi wawo ndipo mapeto awo onse akuphatikizapo maliseche. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana mwina anali oposa 71% mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Chifukwa chake Yankho la Gola linatchula kafukufukuyu ngati umboni wakuti "zotsatira zoyipa" sizikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula zikadali chinsinsi.

Sutton et al. , 2015 yabwerezedwanso ndi kafukufuku wina wokhawo wofufuza mwachindunji ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zovuta zogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Kafukufuku wa ku Belgium wa 2016 wochokera ku yunivesite yotsogola yofufuza adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti molakwika kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito yogonana komanso kuchepa kwa kukhutira kwathunthu. Komabe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula movutikira adakumana ndi zilakolako zazikulu. Kafukufukuyu akuwonekanso kuti akunena za kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha amuna, chifukwa 49% ya amunawo adawona zolaula zomwe " sizinali zosangalatsa kwa iwo kale kapena zomwe amaona kuti ndi zonyansa ."

Ndipotu, maphunziro opitilira 30 abwerezanso kulumikizana kumeneku pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula/chizolowezi chogonana ndi zovuta zogonana kapena kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana. Maphunziro 5 oyamba pamndandandawu akuwonetsa chifukwa chake ophunzirawo adachotsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikuchiritsa zovuta zogonana zosatha. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro opitilira 60 amagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti achepetse kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana komanso ubale. Zikumveka ngati "zotsatira zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula" kwa ine.

Ngakhale "zolaula" zomwe zimayambitsa zolaula "debunking" sizikhala ndi vuto pakukhala ndi "zolaula," tikutsatira kuti tione maphunziro awiri oyamba omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa akuti kulibe ubale pakati pa kukanika kwa erectile ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula masiku ano.

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti maphunziro ofufuza kugonana kwa anyamata achichepere kuyambira mu 2010 amafotokoza kuchuluka kwa zovuta zogonana m'mbiri, komanso kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwa mliri watsopano: kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana. Zonsezi zalembedwa mu pepala ili lowunikidwa ndi anzawo la 2016.

Pemphero ndi Pfaus 2015 ( Kuwona Zolimbikitsa Zogonana Zokhudzana ndi Kuyankha Kwakukulu Pakugonana, Osati Kulephera Kugonana ):

Popeza pepalali lophatikizidwa silinatchule anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula, zomwe zapezeka sizingathandizire kunena kuti chitsanzo cha zolaula chabodza. Prause & Pfaus 2015 sichinali kafukufuku konse. M'malo mwake, Prause adati adasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera ku maphunziro anayi oyambirira, omwe palibe omwe adalankhula za vuto la erectile. Vuto lina: Palibe deta ya pepala la Prause & Pfaus (2015) yomwe ikugwirizana ndi deta ya maphunziro anayi oyambirira. Kusiyanako sikochepa ndipo sikunafotokozedwe.

Ndemanga yolembedwa ndi wofufuza Richard A. Isenberg MD , yofalitsidwa mu Sexual Medicine Open Access, ikuwonetsa kusiyana, zolakwika, ndi zonena zosachirikizidwa ( kutsutsa kwa lay kukufotokoza kusiyana kwina ). Nicole Prause & Jim Pfaus adapereka zonena zambiri zabodza kapena zosachirikizidwa zokhudzana ndi pepalali.

Nkhani zambiri za atolankhani zokhudza kafukufukuyu zinati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunapangitsa kuti munthu azitha kukhwima bwino , koma si zomwe pepalalo linapeza. Mu kuyankhulana komwe kunalembedwa, Nicole Prause ndi Jim Pfaus onse ananena zabodza kuti anayeza kukhwima bwino mu labu, ndipo amuna omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali ndi kukhwima bwino. Mu kuyankhulana kwa pa TV kwa Jim Pfaus, Pfaus anati:

"Tidawona kulumikizana kwa kuthekera kwawo kuti akonzekeretsere labu."

"Tapeza kulumikizana kwapafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe amaziwona kunyumba, ndipo zotulukapo zomwe amalandira erection ndizothamanga."

Mu kuyankhulana kwa wailesiyi, Nicole Prause adati kukhwima kwa chiberekero kumayesedwa mu labu. Mawu enieni ochokera mu pulogalamuyo:

"Anthu ambiri akamayang'ana zochitika panyumba amakhala ndi mayankho olimba pakati pa labu, osachepetsedwa."

Komabe pepalali silinawunikenso mtundu wa erection mu labu kapena "kuthamanga kwakanthawi." Nyuzipepalayi inangonena kuti yafunsa anyamata kuti ayese "kukondweretsedwa" atawona zolaula mwachidule (ndipo sizikudziwika kuchokera pamapepala omwe anali kuti izi zidachitikiradi maphunziro onse). Mulimonsemo, mawu ochokera papepala palokha adavomereza kuti:

"Palibe chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi maliseche chomwe chidaphatikizidwa kuti chithandizire zomwe amuna adanenapo."

Mu umboni wachiwiri wosatsimikiziridwa, wolemba wamkulu Nicole Prause adalemba pa Twitter kangapo za kafukufukuyu, kudziwitsa dziko lonse kuti anthu 280 anali nawo, ndipo "analibe mavuto kunyumba." Komabe, maphunziro anayi ofunikira anali ndi amuna 234 okha, kotero "280" ndi yosiyana kwambiri.

Mfundo yachitatu yosatsimikiziridwa: Dr. Isenberg anadabwa kuti zingatheke bwanji kuti Prause & Pfaus 2015 ayerekezere kuchuluka kwa chilakolako cha anthu osiyanasiyana pamene mitundu itatu yosiyana ya zolimbikitsa kugonana inagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro anayi oyambira. Maphunziro awiri adagwiritsa ntchito filimu ya mphindi zitatu, kafukufuku wina adagwiritsa ntchito filimu ya masekondi 20, ndipo kafukufuku wina adagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zosagwedezeka. Zatsimikizika bwino kuti mafilimu ndi olimbikitsa kwambiri kuposa zithunzi , kotero palibe gulu lofufuza lovomerezeka lomwe lingagwirizanitse mitu iyi kuti inene za mayankho awo. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti m'nyuzipepala yawo Prause & Pfaus amanena mosakayikira kuti maphunziro onse anayi adagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu ogonana:

"VSS yomwe inapezeka mu maphunzirowo inali mafilimu onse."

Mawu awa ndi abodza, monga akuwonekera poyera pamaphunziro a Prause omwe.

Chiganizo chachinayi chosachirikizidwa: Dr. Isenberg adafunsanso momwe Prause & Pfaus 2015 adayerekezera kuchuluka kwa chidwi cha anthu osiyanasiyana pomwe kafukufuku m'modzi mwa anayi okha ndi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 1 mpaka 9. Mmodzi adagwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 0 mpaka 7, wina adagwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 1 mpaka 7, ndipo kafukufuku wina sananene kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana. Apanso Prause & Pfaus amanena mosamveka kuti:

"Amuna adafunsidwa kuti asonyeze kuchuluka kwawo kwa" kugonana "kuchokera ku 1" osati konse "ku 9" kwambiri. "

Izi nazonso ndi zabodza monga momwe mapepala akusonyezera. Mwachidule, mitu yonse yopangidwa ndi Prause yokhudza zolaula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu agone kapena kudzuka, kapena china chilichonse, sizoyenera. Prause & Pfaus 2015 adatinso sanapeze ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa erectile ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zawonedwa mwezi watha. Monga momwe Dr. Isenberg adanenera:

"Chododometsa kwambiri ndichakuti kusiyidwa kwathunthu kwa ziwerengero za zotsatira za ntchito ya erectile. Palibe zotsatira zowerengera zomwe zaperekedwa. M'malo mwake olemba amafunsa wowerenga kuti angokhulupirira zomwe sananene kuti panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa ndi ntchito ya erectile. Popeza malingaliro otsutsana a olembawo akuti erectile imagwira ntchito ndi bwenzi litha kusinthidwa mwa kuwona zolaula pomwe kusowa kwa ziwerengero kuli kochititsa chidwi kwambiri. ”

Mu yankho la Prause & Pfaus ku ndemanga ya Dr. Isenberg, adalepheranso kupereka deta iliyonse yothandizira "mawu awo osatsimikizika." Monga momwe kusanthula uku kulembera , yankho la Prause & Pfaus silimangopewa nkhawa zenizeni za Dr. Isenberg, lili ndi malingaliro atsopano angapo olakwika komanso mawu angapo abodza. Pomaliza, ndemanga ya mabuku olembedwa ndi madokotala asanu ndi awiri a US Navy idapereka ndemanga pa Prause & Pfaus 2015:

"Ndemanga yathu inaphatikizanso mapepala awiri a 2015 omwe amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sikukugwirizana ndi mavuto ochulukirapo okhudzana ndi kugonana mwa anyamata. Komabe, zonena zotere zikuwoneka kuti sizinachitike msanga pofufuza mosamala mapepalawa ndi kutsutsa kovomerezeka. Pepala loyamba lili ndi chidziwitso chothandiza chokhudza udindo womwe ungakhalepo pakugonana kwa achinyamata [ 50 ]. Komabe, bukuli latsutsidwa chifukwa cha kusiyana kosiyanasiyana, zosiyidwa, ndi zolakwika za njira. Mwachitsanzo, silipereka zotsatira za ziwerengero za muyeso wa zotsatira za ntchito ya erectile poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, monga momwe dokotala wofufuza adanenera mu ndemanga yovomerezeka ya pepalalo, olemba mapepalawo, "sanapatse owerenga chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza anthu omwe adaphunzira kapena kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kuti atsimikizire zomwe atsimikiza" [ 51 ]. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuzawo adafufuza maola ochepa okha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mwezi watha. Komabe maphunziro okhudza chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti apeza kuti kusinthasintha kwa maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kokha sikukugwirizana kwambiri ndi "mavuto amoyo watsiku ndi tsiku", zigoli pa SAST-R (Sexual Addiction Screening Test), ndi zigoli pa IATsex (chida chomwe chimayesa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti) [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chodziwira kugonana ndi kuyerekezera kwa chilakolako cha kugonana pamene mukuonera zolaula pa intaneti (cue reactivity), chomwe chikugwirizana ndi khalidwe loledzera m'zoledzeretsa zonse [ 52 , 53 , 54 ]. Palinso umboni wowonjezereka wakuti nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masewera a pa intaneti sikulosera khalidwe loledzera. "Kuledzera kungayesedwe bwino ngati zolinga, zotsatira zake, ndi makhalidwe a khalidweli ndi mbali ya kuwunikanso" [ 57 ]. Magulu ena atatu ofufuza, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za "hypersexuality" (kupatula maola ogwiritsira ntchito), agwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana [ 15 , 30 , 31 ]. Ponseponse, kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti m'malo mongokhala "maola ogwiritsira ntchito", zinthu zingapo ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika chizolowezi cha zolaula/hypersexuality, ndipo mwina ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi zolaula."

Nyuzipepala yaku US Navy idanenanso za kufooka pakulumikiza "maola omwe agwiritsidwe ntchito" kungoneneratu zovuta zakugonana. Kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa pano ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikupanga zolaula za ED. Izi zingaphatikizepo:

1. Kugonana kwa maliseche ndi zolaula popanda zolaula
2. Kugonana kwa munthu ndi maliseche ku zolaula
3. Ziphuphu m'magulu amtundu wina (pamene munthu amadalira zolaula)
4. Namwali kapena ayi
5. Maola ambiri ogwiritsiridwa ntchito
6. Zaka za ntchito
7. Age anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula
8. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano
9. Kukula kwa zolaula zopangidwa ndi zolaula (kuyambira pakufika ku zolaula zatsopano)
10. Makhalidwe atsopano pa gawo (ie mavidiyo osonkhanitsa, ma tebulo ambiri)
11. Ubongo wokhudzana ndi mowa umasintha kapena ayi
12. Kukhalapo kwa chiwerewere / zolaula

Njira yabwino yofufuzira izi, ndikuchotsa kusintha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndikuwona zotsatira zake, zomwe zidachitika mu nyuzipepala ya Navy komanso m'maphunziro ena awiri. Kafukufuku woterewu akuwonetsa chifukwa chake m'malo mwa ubale wosawoneka bwino womwe umatsegulidwa kumasulira kosiyanasiyana. Tsamba langa lalemba za amuna zikwizikwi omwe adachotsa zolaula ndikuchira ku zovuta zogonana.

Landripet & Štulhofer 2015 ( Kodi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Kumakhudzana ndi Mavuto Ogonana ndi Mavuto Ena Pakati pa Amuna Achichepere Ogonana Ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha? Kulankhulana Kwachidule ):

Monga momwe zinalili ndi Prause & Pfaus , 2015, "Kulankhulana Kwachidule" kumeneku sikunathe kuzindikira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula. Popanda anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula kuti aone ngati sizingathetse "zotsatira zoyipa" za chizolowezi cha zolaula. Yankho la Gola linanena kuti Landripet & Štulhofer , 2015 sanapeze ubale uliwonse pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi mavuto ogonana. Izi sizowona, monga momwe zalembedwera mu ndemanga iyi ya YBOP ndi ndemanga ya US Navy ya mabuku awa:

Pepala lachiwiri linanena za mgwirizano wochepa pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti chaka chatha ndi kuchuluka kwa ED mwa amuna ogonana ochokera ku Norway, Portugal ndi Croatia [ 6 ]. Olemba awa, mosiyana ndi omwe adalembedwa kale, akuvomereza kufalikira kwakukulu kwa ED mwa amuna azaka 40 ndi pansi, ndipo adapeza kuti ED ndi kuchuluka kwa chilakolako chogonana komwe kunachitika mu 2004 ndi m'modzi mwa olemba a pepalalo adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa ED ndi 5.8% yokha mwa amuna azaka 35-39 [58 ] . Komabe, kutengera kufananiza kwa ziwerengero, olembawo akuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sikukuwoneka ngati chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa ED mwa achinyamata. Izi zikuwoneka ngati zotsimikizika kwambiri, popeza amuna aku Portugal omwe adawafufuza adanenanso kuti anali ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa ED poyerekeza ndi aku Norway ndi aku Croatia, ndipo 40% yokha ya aku Portugal adanenanso kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti "kuyambira kangapo pa sabata mpaka tsiku lililonse", poyerekeza ndi aku Norway, 57%, ndi aku Croatia, 59%. Pepala ili latsutsidwa mwalamulo chifukwa cholephera kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zambiri zomwe zimatha kuphatikiza ubale wolunjika komanso wosalunjika pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimadziwika kapena zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zili kuntchito [ 59 ]. Mwanjira ina, mu pepala lofananalo lonena za chilakolako chochepa cha kugonana chomwe chimakhudza ambiri mwa omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu ochokera ku Portugal, Croatia ndi Norway, amunawa adafunsidwa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zidathandizira kuti asakhale ndi chidwi chogonana. Pakati pa zinthu zina, pafupifupi 11%–22% adasankha "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri" ndipo 16%–26% adasankha "Ndimadziseweretsa maliseche pafupipafupi" [ 60 ].

Monga momwe madokotala a Navy adafotokozera, pepalali linapeza mgwirizano wofunikira kwambiri: 40% yokha ya amuna aku Portugal ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula "kawirikawiri," pomwe 60% ya aku Norway ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula "kawirikawiri." Amuna aku Portugal anali ndi vuto lochepa kwambiri la kugonana kuposa aku Norway. Ponena za aku Croats, Landripet & Štulhofer , 2015 amavomereza mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ndi ED, koma amati kukula kwa zotsatira zake kunali kochepa. Komabe, izi zitha kukhala zosokeretsa malinga ndi MD yemwe ndi katswiri wa ziwerengero waluso ndipo walemba maphunziro ambiri:

Kusanthula njira ina (Chi squared),… kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono (vs. kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi) kudawonjezera zovuta (kuthekera) kokhala ndi ED pafupifupi 50% mwa anthu aku Croatia. Izi zikuwoneka zomveka kwa ine, ngakhale zili zochititsa chidwi kuti zomwe adapeza zimangopezeka pakati pa anthu aku Croatia.

Kuphatikiza apo, Landripet & Stulhofer 2015 sanasiye maubwenzi awiri ofunikira, omwe m'modzi mwa olembawo adapereka pamsonkhano wa ku Europe . Adanenanso za ubale wofunikira pakati pa kusokonekera kwa erectile ndi "kukonda mitundu ina ya zolaula":

"Kunena za zomwe amakonda pa mitundu ina ya zolaula kunagwirizana kwambiri ndi vuto la kugonana kwa amuna (koma osati lokhudzana ndi umuna kapena chilakolako) ."

N’zoonekeratu kuti Landripet ndi Stulhofer anasankha kuchotsa mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa kusokonekera kwa kugonana ndi zomwe amakonda pa mitundu ina ya zolaula m’manyuzipepala awo. Ndizofala kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kukwera kukhala mitundu yomwe sikugwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda poyamba, ndikukhala ndi ED pamene zomwe amakonda pa zolaula sizikugwirizana ndi zochitika zenizeni zogonana. Monga momwe ife ndi asilikali ankhondo a US Navy tidanenera pamwambapa, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwunika mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula - osati maola okha mwezi watha, kapena kuchuluka kwa chaka chatha.

Chinthu chachiwiri chofunika chomwe Landripet & Stulhofer 2015 sichinapezeke chinali chokhudza akazi omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu:

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Tchulani 5: Anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amadana kwambiri ndi zolaula zawo kusiyana ndi kukhulupirira Mulungu

KULEMBETSA: Komanso, nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kuonera mafilimu ogonana zawonetsedwa kuti zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe osunga mwambo komanso mbiri yachipembedzo (Grubbs et al., 2014). Izi zimathandizira chitsanzo cha manyazi cha machitidwe ovuta owonera mafilimu ogonana.

Apa yankho la Gola loti athetse vuto la chizolowezi chogonana likupitirira kutali ndi cholinga chake. Kodi tinganene chiyani za zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuonekeratu kuti anthu okonda kwambiri chipembedzo amavutika kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa anthu osakhulupirira Mulungu? Kodi kupeza kumeneku kumatsutsa bwanji chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana? Sizikutero. Komanso, kafukufuku amene watchulidwayo sanakhudzidwe ndi " mavuto okhudzana ndi kuonera mafilimu ogonana. "

Komabe, nkhani zingapo zodziwika bwino zokhudza maphunziro a Joshua Grubbs ("maphunziro ozindikira za kuledzera") zayesa kufotokoza chithunzi cholakwika kwambiri cha zomwe maphunziro ake ozindikira za kuledzera adanenadi komanso zomwe zomwe adapezazi zikutanthauza. Poyankha nkhani zabodzazi, YBOP idasindikiza ndemanga yayikulu iyi ya zomwe zanenedwa m'maphunziro ozindikira za kuledzera komanso m'nkhani zosokeretsa zokhudzana nazo.

ZOSINTHA: Kafukufuku watsopano ( Fernandez et al. , 2017 ) adayesa ndikusanthula CPUI-9, yomwe imatchedwa "kuonera zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa" yopangidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs, ndipo adapeza kuti singathe kuwona molondola "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula" kapena "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula" ( Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Ziwerengero za Inventory-9 Zimasonyeza Kukakamizidwa Kwenikweni mu Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti? Kufufuza Udindo wa Kudziletsa ). Inapezanso kuti 1/3 ya mafunso a CPUI-9 ayenera kuchotsedwa kuti abweretse zotsatira zenizeni zokhudzana ndi "kukana makhalidwe abwino", "chipembedzo", ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula." Zomwe zapezekazi zikubweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu pa zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 kapena kudalira maphunziro omwe adagwiritsa ntchito. Nkhawa ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku watsopanoyu kumafanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndemanga yayikulu ya YBOP iyi.

Grubbs et al., 2014 ( Kuchimwa monga Chizolowezi: Chipembedzo ndi Kusavomerezeka kwa Makhalidwe Monga Zoneneratu za Chizolowezi Chodziwika cha Zolaula ):

Chowonadi cha phunziro ili:

1. Kafukufukuyu adalephera kuzindikira kuti ndi ndani yemwe sanali osokoneza bongo, motero sizoyenera kuwunika zolaula.
2. Mosiyana ndi zomwe Reply adayankha Gola pamwambapa, kafukufukuyu sanakhudzidwe ndi "zovuta zokhudzana ndi kuyang'ana mafilimu."Liwu loti" mavuto "silili mu zenizeni za kuphunzira.
3. Mosiyana ndi Yankho kwa Gola ndi Grubbs et al., 2014 mapeto, kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri zolaula kunali kwenikweni kwa nthawi yolaula, osati kupembedza! Onani gawo lalikululi ndi matebulo owerengera, malumikizidwe, ndi zomwe kafukufukuyu adapeza.
4. Tikawononga mafunso okhudzana ndi zolaula a Grubbs (CPUI-9), ubale pakati pa "chipembedzo" komanso zizolowezi zoyipa (Mafunso Oyeserera a 4-6) sichipezeka. Mwachidule: chipembedzo sichikugwirizana leni zolaula.
5. Kumbali ina, ubale wamphamvu kwambiri ulipo pakati pa "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndi makhalidwe oipa monga adayesedwa ndi mafunso a "Kuyesetsa Kufikira" 4-6. Mwachidule: Kuledzera kwauchidakwa kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuonera zolaula.

Olemba mabulogu monga David Ley, komanso Grubbs mwiniwake, akuwoneka kuti akuyesera kupanga meme kuti manyazi achipembedzo ndiye chifukwa chenicheni cha chizolowezi cha zolaula. Komabe sizowona kuti maphunziro a "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi umboni wa mfundo yolankhulidwayi. Apanso, kusanthula kwakukulu kumeneku kutsutsa zomwe "chizolowezi cha zolaula ndi manyazi achipembedzo okha ". Memeyi imagwa tikaganizira kuti:

1. Manyazi achipembedzo samapangitsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumawoneka ngati omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana, alipo tsopano 41 maphunziro a ubongo Kukambirana ubongo wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere kumasintha kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula / ogwiritsira ntchito kugonana.
2. Maphunziro omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ovuta sanagwiritse ntchito gawo la anthu achipembedzo. M'malo mwake, okhawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (achipembedzo kapena osakhulupirira) adafunsidwa. Kulephera kwa maphunziro kumapereka chiwerengero chocheperapo cha chiwerewere ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwachipembedzo (phunzirani 1, phunzirani 2, phunzirani 3, phunzirani 4, phunzirani 5, phunzirani 6, phunzirani 7, phunzirani 8, phunzirani 9, phunzirani 10, phunzirani 11, phunzirani 12, phunzirani 13, phunzirani 14, phunzirani 15, phunzirani 16, phunzirani 17, phunzirani 18, phunzirani 19, phunzirani 20, phunzirani 21, phunzirani 22, phunzirani 23, phunzirani 24).
   • Izi zikutanthauza kuti zitsanzo za Grubbs za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo" ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimasunthidwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yomwe idalipo kale kapena zovuta zina.
   • Zikutanthauzanso kuti "chipembedzo" chimatero osati taneneretu kuledzera. Mmalo mwake, chipembedzo chimaoneka amateteza wina kuchoka ku zizolowezi zolaula.
3. ambiri anthu okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu komanso osakhulupirira kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Maphunziro awiri a 2016 pa amuna omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamapeto miyezi yotsiriza ya 6, kapena miyezi yotsiriza ya 3, adanena zapamwamba zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (28% pa maphunziro onse awiri).
4. Kukhala wachipembedzo sikumayambitsa vuto losatha la erectile, low libido ndi anorgasmia mwa anyamata athanzi. Komabe maphunziro ambiri Gwiritsani ntchito zolaula kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuchepetsa kugonana, komanso Mitengo ya ED yasokonezedwa ndi 1000% mwa amuna ochepera zaka 40 kuyambira zolaula "zolaula" zidakopa chidwi cha owonera zolaula kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2006.
5. izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa odwala opaleshoni yolaula anapeza kuti kupembedza sizinagwirizane ndi zizindikiro zosayenerera kapena zowerengeka pafunso lachizoloŵezi chogonana. Izi Kafukufuku wa 2016 pa zofuna zogonana zogonana apezeka Palibe ubale pakati pa kudzipereka kwachipembedzo ndi machitidwe omwe amadziwika okha a khalidwe lachiwerewere komanso zotsatira zake.
6. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti monga kuopsa kwa zizolowezi zawo zolaula kumawonjezereka, anthu achipembedzo nthawi zambiri amabwerera kuzipembedzo, amapita ku tchalitchi mobwerezabwereza, ndipo amakhala odzipereka kwambiri kuti aganizire (kuganiza 12 Steps). Izi zokha zikhoza kuyanjanitsa mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa zizolowezi zolaula ndi chipembedzo.

Powombetsa mkota:

• Phunziro loti "Reply to Gola" komanso phunziro limodzi lokha limatanthawuza kuti palibe cholakwika ndi zolaula.
• Kafukufuku wa 2014 Grubbs "wodziwika kuti ndi woledzera" adapeza kuti zolaula zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa kuposa zachipembedzo.
• Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti "manyazi" achipembedzo amachititsa kusintha kwa ubongo, koma kusintha kumeneku kwapezeka mobwerezabwereza ubongo wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
• Pali umboni wambiri wosonyeza kuti kupembedza kumatetezera anthu kuti asamagwiritse ntchito zolaula.
• Zitsanzo za Grubbs za "ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo" sizogawika, motero zimasokonekera kuzowonjezera zakubadwa kapena zovuta zina.
• Kafukufuku wina waposachedwapa adanena kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa zizoloŵezi zolaula ndi chikhulupiliro mwa amuna omwe akufuna chithandizo.

Zosintha: maphunziro awiri atsopano akuwonetsa kuti "chipembedzo chimayambitsa chizolowezi cha zolaula":

• Kuphunzira kwatsopano kumalepheretsa Grubbs CPUI-9 kukhala chida choyesa "zolaula zolaula" kapena zovuta zolaula (2017)
• Anthu Ambiri Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zopanda Pang'ono Pang'ono Ndiponso Sakanakhalanso Zokhulupilira Kuti Amakhala Osokonezeka (2017)

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CHIGAWO CHACHIWIRI: Critique ya Zosankha Zochepa Zosankhidwa

Introduction

M'chigawo chino tifufuza zina mwazosagwirizana ndi manenedwe abodza omwe adayankhidwa mu Reply to Gola. Ngakhale kuli kuyesa kutsutsa Yankho ku Gola mzere ndi mzere, kufooka kwake kwakukulu ndikuti zifukwa zake ndizapadera. Amalephera kuthana ndi zomwe zili mu YBOP yambani kapena kafukufuku wowerengedwera wa 9 Prause et al. 2015 (kuphatikiza a Matuesz Gola): Zolemba zotsatiridwa ndi anzawo Prause et al., 2015. Ofufuza onse a 9 amavomereza kuti Prause et al., 2015 kwenikweni inapeza deensitization kapena habituation, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kapena Pemphero silinena zoonekeratu: Ngakhale Prause et al. 2015 sanapeze chidziwitso-chochitikanso, pali 21 maphunziro amitsempha omwe afotokoza za cue-reacaction kapena zolakalaka (kulimbikitsa) mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wolimbikitsa kulimbikitsa (chidwi-kuyambiranso & kulakalaka) mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / ogonana: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24. Mu sayansi, simukupita ndi phunziro lokhalo lauchidziwitso - mumapita ndi kusokonezeka kwa umboni.

Zonena zotsatirazi za Yankho la Gola zikugwirizana ndi nkhawa za Mateusz Gola zokhudza zolakwika za njira za Prause et al., 2015. Zolakwika zingapo zazikulu mu izi ndi zina za Prause Studies zimasiya zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi zonena zogwirizana nazo zikukayikitsa kwambiri:

1. Zolinga sizinayesedwe kuti zikhale zovuta zowonongeka (nkhani zomwe zingathe kungoyankha funso limodzi).
2. Mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito sanafunse zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo sanali oyenera kuwunika "zolaula."
3. Zida zinali zosiyana (amuna, akazi, osagonana).
4. Zida sizinayesedwe kuti zikhale zovuta za matenda a maganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuledzera, kapena kusokoneza maganizo (chilichonse chomwe chimakhala chosasamala).

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Yankhani Kuti Mudziwe: Prause et al., 2015 idagwiritsa ntchito "njira zoyenera" polemba ndi kuzindikira omwe ndi omwe anali osokoneza bongo komanso Voon et al., 2014 sanatero.

Palibe chomwe chingakhale chosiyana ndi choonadi, chifukwa njira ya Prause et al. inalephera pamlingo uliwonse, pomwe Voon et al . adagwiritsa ntchito njira zosamala kwambiri pakulemba anthu ntchito, kuwunika ndikuwunika anthu omwe ali ndi "chizolowezi chogonana" (maphunziro a Compulsive Sexual Behaviors).

Mbiri yaying'ono. Prause anayerekeza ma EEG owerengedwa apakati pa 55 "okonda zolaula" ndi ma EEG owerengedwa apakati pa 67 "osakonda zolaula." Komabe kutsimikizika kwa Prause et al., 2015 kungadalire kotheratu poyerekeza machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ubongo a gulu la okonda zolaula ndi gulu la osakhala okonda zolaula . Kuti zonena za Prause za bodza ndi mitu yokayikitsa yomwe ikubwera ikhale yovomerezeka, anthu onse 55 a Prause ayenera kuti anali okonda zolaula . Osati ena, osati ambiri, koma mutu uliwonse (monga momwe Voon analili). Zizindikiro zonse zikusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri mwa 55 a Prause ndi osakhala okonda zolaula. Chidule cha Steele et al. , 2013 chikufotokoza njira yonse yosankhira ndi njira zochotsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 3 Prause Studies ( Prause et al. , 2013 , Steele et al ., 2013 , Prause et al. , 2015):

"Mapulani oyamba ankafuna kuti odwala omwe akulandira chithandizo cha chizolowezi chogonana alembedwe ntchito, koma Bungwe Lowunikira la Institutional lakomweko linaletsa kulemba anthu ntchito kumeneku chifukwa chakuti kuwawonetsa odzipereka otere ku VSS kungayambitse kubwereranso. M'malo mwake, ophunzirawo adalembedwa ntchito kuchokera kumudzi wa Pocatello, Idaho kudzera m'malonda apaintaneti opempha anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto oletsa kuonera kwawo zithunzi zogonana ."

Ndicho chokhacho. Chofunikira chokha chophatikizira chinali kuyankha inde ku funso limodzi: “ Kodi mukukumana ndi mavuto olamulira momwe mumaonera zithunzi zogonana ?” Cholakwika choyamba chodziwika bwino chimakhudza funso lofufuzira lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito, lomwe limafunsa za kuonera zithunzi zogonana zokha , osati za kuonera zolaula pa intaneti, makamaka makanema owonera (omwe amawoneka ngati mtundu wa zolaula zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro zoopsa kwambiri).

Cholakwika chachikulu ndichakuti Prause Studies sanafufuze anthu omwe angakhalepo pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso okhudza kugonana kapena zolaula (monga momwe Voon et al . adachitira). Komanso anthu omwe angakhalepo sanafunsidwe ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwakhudza miyoyo yawo, kaya amadziona kuti ndi okonda zolaula, kapena ngati adakumana ndi zizindikiro zonga chizolowezi ( monga momwe Voon et al . adachitira).

Musalakwitse, Steele et al. , 2013 kapena Prause et al ., 2015 adafotokoza anthu 55 awa ngati anthu omwe amamwa zolaula kapena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso. Anthu omwe adamwa zolaula adangovomereza kuti "amavutika maganizo" ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo. Potsimikizira kusakanikirana kwa anthu omwe adamwa mankhwalawa, Prause adavomereza mu kuyankhulana kwa 2013 kuti ena mwa anthu 55 omwe adamwa mankhwalawa adakumana ndi mavuto ang'onoang'ono okha (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sanali anthu omwe amamwa zolaula):

"Kafukufukuyu anaphatikizapo anthu okhawo omwe adanena za mavuto, kuyambira mavuto ang'onoang'ono mpaka ovuta, omwe amawongolera momwe amaonera zinthu zogonana."

Powonjezera kulephera kuwonetsa nkhani zowononga zolaula, 3 Stuuse Studies inasankha kunyalanyaza ndondomeko zoyenera zoletsedwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti zisawonongeke. Prause Studies sanatero:

• Zolemba pazithunzi za zochitika zamaganizo (kuchotsedwa mwadzidzidzi)
• Zojambula pazithunzi za zovuta zina (kusasulidwa mwachangu)
• Afunseni ophunzira ngati akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a psychotropic (nthawi zambiri osasamala)
• Zithunzi zamakono kwa anthu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Voon et al ., 2014 adachita zonse zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi zina zambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti akufufuza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana lofanana, komanso omwe ali ndi vuto logonana. Komabe Prause et al ., 2015 adavomereza kuti sanagwiritse ntchito njira zochotsera anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli:

"Popeza kuti kugonana kwachiwerewere si matenda ovomerezeka ndipo tinali oletsedwa kufunsa odwala, palibe malire omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto"

Zikuwoneka kuti pamalingaliro a Prause kungoyankha funso limodzi lokha pamakwaniritsa njira zopatula Phunziro la Prause. Izi zimatifikitsa ku nkhawa ya Matuesz Gola pankhani ya a Prause osakhala zolaula, popeza amangowonera zolaula za 3.8 sabata limodzi, pomwe omvera a Voon amawona maola 13.2 pa sabata:

Mateusz Gola: "Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti mu Prause et al. (2015) ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto amaonera zolaula pafupifupi maola 3.8 pa sabata, ndizofanana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe alibe vuto ku Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) omwe amadya pafupifupi maola 4.09 pa sabata. Mu Voon et al. (2014) ogwiritsa ntchito omwe alibe vuto adanena kuti 1.75 pa sabata ndi 13.21 pa sabata (SD = 9.85) - deta yomwe Voon adapereka pamsonkhano wa American Psychological Science mu Meyi 2015."

Maola olaula amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sabata pa phunziro lirilonse:

• Voon et al: Maola a 13.2 (onse anali oledzera)
• Kuhn & Gallinat: Maola a 4.1 (palibe omwe amawerengedwa ngati oledzera)
• Prause et al: Maola 3.8 (palibe amene amadziwa)

Gola adaganiziranso momwe anthu 55 a Prause angakhale osokoneza bongo (pofuna "kunamiza chizolowezi cha zolaula") pamene amaonera zolaula zochepa kuposa anthu osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Kühn & Gallinat , 2014. Kodi anthu onse a Prause angakhale bwanji "osokoneza bongo" pomwe palibe munthu aliyense wa Kühn & Gallinat amene ali osokoneza bongo? Kaya amalembedwa bwanji, anthu ayenera kufanana m'maphunziro onse musananene kuti "mwanyenga" kafukufuku wopikisana. Iyi ndi njira yoyambira ya sayansi.

Ndiye, kodi Prause & company inathetsa bwanji mavuto ambiri omwe analipo pa ntchito yolemba anthu ntchito ndi kuwunika? Mwa kuukira njira yosamala ya Voon et al., 2014! Choyamba, kufotokozera njira yolembera anthu ntchito, njira zowunikira anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula, ndi njira zochotsera anthu zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera ku Voon et al. , 2014 (onaninso Schmidt et al. , 2016 & Banca et al. , 2016 ):

"Ophunzira a CSB adalembedwa ntchito kudzera mu malonda opezeka pa intaneti komanso kuchokera kwa akatswiri odziwa zachipatala. Amuna omwe ali ndi zaka zofanana ndi za HV adalembedwa ntchito kuchokera ku malonda opezeka m'dera la East Anglia. Ophunzira onse a CSB adafunsidwa mafunso ndi dokotala wamisala kuti atsimikizire kuti adakwaniritsa zofunikira zodziwira matenda a CSB (adakwaniritsa zofunikira zodziwira matenda onse a hypersexual disorder [Kafka, 2010 ; Reid et al., 2012 ] ndi chizolowezi chogonana [Carnes et al., 2007 ]), kuyang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula pa intaneti mokakamiza. Izi zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wosinthidwa wa Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASES) [Mcgahuey et al., 2011 ], momwe mafunso adayankhidwa pa sikelo ya 1-8, ndi zigoli zapamwamba zomwe zikuyimira kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malingaliro. Popeza mtundu wa zizindikirozo, ophunzira onse a CSB ndi HV anali amuna komanso akazi okhaokha. HV onse anali ofanana ndi zaka (± zaka 5) ndi ophunzira a CSB. Ophunzirawo adawunikidwanso kuti aone ngati akugwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha MRI monga momwe tidachitira kale [Banca et al., 2016 ; Mechelmans et al., 2014 ; Voon et al., 2014 ]. Zofunikira zochotsera anthu ena zikuphatikizapo kukhala ndi zaka zosakwana 18, kukhala ndi mbiri ya SUD, kukhala wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zonse (kuphatikizapo chamba), komanso kukhala ndi matenda aakulu amisala, kuphatikizapo kuvutika maganizo kwakukulu komwe kulipo panopa kapena matenda ovutika maganizo, kapena mbiri ya matenda a bipolar kapena schizophrenia (yomwe idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [Sheehan et al., 1998 ]. Zina mwa zizolowezi zokakamiza kapena zakhalidwe zinalinso zosaloledwa. Anthu omwe adayesedwa adayesedwa ndi dokotala wamisala pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito masewera apaintaneti kapena malo ochezera, kutchova juga kapena kugula zinthu mokakamiza, vuto la kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa ana kapena akuluakulu, komanso kuzindikira matenda obwera chifukwa cha kudya mopitirira muyeso. Anthu omwe adasankhidwa adamaliza UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [Whiteside ndi Lynam, 2001 ] kuti awone ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la kusakhazikika, ndi Beck Depression Inventory [Beck et al., 1961 ] kuti awone ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la kuvutika maganizo. Awiri mwa anthu 23 a CSB anali kumwa mankhwala oletsa kuvutika maganizo kapena anali ndi vuto la nkhawa komanso mantha a anthu ( N = 2) kapena mantha a anthu ( N = 1) kapena mbiri ya ubwana wa ADHD ( N = 1). Chilolezo cholembedwa chodziwitsidwa chinapezedwa, ndipo kafukufukuyu anavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya Ethics Research Ethics ya University of Cambridge. Anthu omwe adaphunzira adalipidwa chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali.

"Amuna khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi CSB (zaka 25.61 (SD 4.77)) ndi amuna 19 ofanana zaka (zaka 23.17 (SD 5.38) odzipereka athanzi a amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe alibe CSB adaphunziridwa (Table S2 mu Fayilo S1 ). Amuna ena 25 odzipereka athanzi a amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi zaka zofanana (25.33 (SD 5.94)) adavotera makanemawo. Anthu omwe ali ndi CSB adanena kuti chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zogonana, adataya ntchito chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kuntchito (N = 2), adawononga maubwenzi apamtima kapena adakhudza kwambiri zochita zina za anthu (N = 16), adachepetsa chilakolako cha kugonana kapena ntchito yogonana makamaka muubwenzi wakuthupi ndi akazi (ngakhale kuti sanali pachibwenzi ndi zinthu zogonana) (N = 11), adagwiritsa ntchito ma escorts mopitirira muyeso (N = 3), adakumana ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha (N = 2) ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri (N = 3; kuyambira £7000 mpaka £15000). Anthu khumi anali ndi kapena anali mu upangiri pa machitidwe awo. Anthu onse adanenanso kuti maliseche pamodzi ndi kuonera zinthu zolaula pa intaneti. Anthu omwe adafunsidwawo adanenanso kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mautumiki operekeza (N = 4) ndi kugonana pa intaneti (N = 5). Pa mtundu wosinthidwa wa Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale [43] , anthu a CSB poyerekeza ndi odzipereka athanzi anali ndi vuto lalikulu ndi chilakolako chogonana ndipo anakumana ndi mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana muubwenzi wapamtima koma osati pazinthu zolaula (Table S3 mu File S1 ).”

Chidule cha Yankho la Gola chotsutsa Voon et al. , 2014:

"Gola akuwonetsa kuti maola ambiri omwe timagwiritsa ntchito makanema amawoneka ochepa m'mitima yathu kuposa m'maphunziro ena awiri ogwiritsa ntchito zovuta. Tinafotokoza izi papepala lathu (gawo loyambira "Gulu lamavuto lidanenanso zambiri…"). Gola akuti zitsanzo za ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali pamavuto akuti maola ochepa owonera makanema ogonana kuposa mayankho ochokera ku Voon et al. (2014). Komabe, Voon et al. makamaka omwe amatumizidwa kwa omwe akuchita nawo manyazi pakugonana, kuphatikiza zotsatsa pamasamba ochititsa manyazi zogwiritsa ntchito makanema ogonana, "amuna ofunafuna chithandizo" ngakhale "zolaula" sagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi DSM-5, komanso ndi ndalama zowonetsedwa pawailesi yakanema monga "zoyipa" za "zolaula". Omwe amatenga zilembo zosokoneza bongo awonetsedwa kuti ali ndi mbiri yokomera anthu komanso kupembedza kwakukulu (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2014). Ndizotheka kuti Voon et al. (2014) zitsanzo zimadziwika ndi manyazi okhudzana ndi kugonana m'magulu omwe ali pa intaneti omwe amalimbikitsa kupereka malipoti ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito "zolaula" kunayesedwa panthawi yofunsidwa bwino, osati mafunso ovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, ma psychometric ndi malingaliro osakondera omwe amapezeka mufunso lofunsidwa sakudziwika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyerekezera magwiritsidwe azamafilimu ogonana pakati pa maphunziro. Njira yathu yodziwira magulu ndi yogwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe yatchulidwa posonyeza kufunika kokhala ndi zovuta pazovuta zogonana (Bancroft, Loftus, & Long, 2003).

Izi sizongokhala tsamba lawebusayiti losavuta kuzinena zabodza komanso zodzinenera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti owerenga asaganize zowonera. Tiyamba ndi:

Yankho kwa Gola: Komabe, Voon et al. adalemba ntchito makamaka kwa omwe adachita nawo za manyazi okhudzana ndi kugonana, kuphatikizapo malonda pamasamba okhudzana ndi manyazi okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu okhudzana ndi kugonana, amuna "ofunafuna chithandizo" ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito "zolaula" sikudziwika ndi DSM-5, komanso ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa ndi pulogalamu ya pa TV yomwe imatchedwa "zovulaza" za "zolaula."

Choyamba, Yankho kwa Gola silikupereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti ophunzirawo adachita "manyazi okhudzana ndi kugonana" kapena adatengedwa kuchokera kumawebusayiti omwe amatchedwa "manyazi." Izi sizabodza chabe. Kumbali inayi, a Prause Study adalemba anthu ochokera ku Pocatello, Idaho omwe ndiopitilira 50% Mormon. Ndizotheka kuti maphunziro achipembedzo a Prause adachita manyazi kapena kudzimvera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mosiyana ndi omwe a Voon adalembedwa pagulu ku UK.

Chachiwiri, ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo mu Voon anali kufunafuna chithandizo cha chizolowezi chogonana ndipo adatumizidwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala. Kodi pali njira ina yabwino yotsimikizira kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndi anthu o ...

Steele et al., 2013: “ Mapulani oyamba ankafuna kuti odwala omwe akulandira chithandizo cha chizolowezi chogonana alembedwe ntchito , koma Bungwe Lowunikira la Institutional linaletsa kulemba anthu ntchito kumeneku chifukwa chakuti kuwayika anthu odzipereka otere ku VSS kungayambitse kubwereranso kwa matendawa.”

Chachitatu, yankho la Gola limagwera m'bodza lenileni ponena kuti Voon et al . 2014 idathandizidwa ndi "pulogalamu ya pa TV." Monga momwe zanenedwera momveka bwino mu Voon et al., 2014, kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi " Wellcome Trust ":

Voon et al., 2014: “ Ndalama: Ndalama zoperekedwa ndi Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship grant (093705/Z/10/Z). Dr. Potenza anathandizidwa pang'ono ndi ndalama zothandizidwa ndi P20 DA027844 ndi R01 DA018647 kuchokera ku National Institutes of Health; Connecticut State Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services; Connecticut Mental Health Center; ndi Center of Excellence in Gambling Research Award kuchokera ku National Center for Responsible Gaming. Othandizira ndalamawo sanatenge nawo gawo pakupanga kafukufuku, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, kusankha kufalitsa, kapena kukonzekera zolembazo.”

Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi mawu ena abodza komanso osokeretsa. Mwachitsanzo, yankho la Gola likuwonetsa bodza lina lokhudza njira yolembera anthu ntchito/kuwunika ntchito ya Voon et al.:

Yankho kwa Gola: Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito "zolaula" kunayesedwa panthawi yoyankhulana mwadongosolo, osati mafunso ovomerezeka.

Zabodza. Pofufuza anthu omwe angakhale nawo, Voon et al., 2014 adagwiritsa ntchito mafunso anayi ofanana ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana kwapadera kwa matenda amisala. Izi ndi kufotokozera mwachidule kwa njira yowunikira yomwe idatengedwa kuchokera ku Banca et al. , 2016 (CSB ndi Makhalidwe Ogonana Okakamiza):

Voon et al., 2014: Anthu a CSB adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso owunikira kugonana pa intaneti (ISST; Delmonico ndi Miller, 2003 ) ndi mafunso ofufuza omwe adapangidwa ndi woyeserera omwe adaphatikizapo zinthu zokhudzana ndi zaka zoyambira, kuchuluka kwa nthawi, nthawi, kuyesa kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito, kudziletsa, njira zogwiritsira ntchito, chithandizo ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa. Ophunzira a CSB adafunsidwa mafunso ndi dokotala wamisala kuti atsimikizire kuti adakwaniritsa magawo awiri a njira zodziwira matenda a CSB (njira zodziwira matenda a Hypersexual Disorder; njira zodziwira chizolowezi chogonana; Carnes et al., 2001 ; Kafka, 2010 ; Reid et al., 2012 ), kuyang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula pa intaneti mokakamiza. Njirazi zikugogomezera kulephera kuchepetsa kapena kulamulira machitidwe ogonana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ngakhale mavuto azachuma, azamisala, amisala komanso amaphunziro kapena a ntchito. Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zizindikiro za CSB kwafotokozedwa mu Voon et al. (2014).

N'zodabwitsa kuti Yankho la Gola lingayerekeze kuyerekeza njira yowunikira yomwe siilipo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Prause Studies (omwe adayankha kutsatsa kwa funso limodzi) ndi njira zowunikira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Voon et al., 2014:

1. Kuyezetsa Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, Delmonico ndi Miller, 2003
2. Kufunsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo omwe anagwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera kugonana kuchokera ku mafunso okhudzana kwambiri ndi 3: Carnes et al., 2001; Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012)
3. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wotsatanetsatane wokhudza tsatanetsatane wa zaka zambiri monga kukula kwa msinkhu, maulendo, nthawi, kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito, kudziletsa, kayendedwe ka ntchito, chithandizo ndi zotsatira zoipa.

Mwa njira, njirayi inali kungoyang'ana kuti atsimikizire kuti pali chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula; Voon et al . sanayime pamenepo. Mafunso ndi mafunso ambiri sanaphatikizepo omwe ali ndi matenda amisala, chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena khalidwe, OCD kapena matenda okakamiza, komanso omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo panopa kapena kale. Ofufuza mu Prause Studies sanachite izi.

Potsirizira pake, Yankho la Gola likubwezeretsa chigamulo chosavomerezeka chakuti chizolowezi chogonana ndichabechabechabe chachipembedzo,

Yankho kwa Gola: "Amene amagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zosonyeza kuti ali ndi mbiri ya makhalidwe abwino komanso chipembedzo chochuluka (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2014)."

Kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana ndi chipembedzo kunafotokozedwa pamwambapa ndipo kunatsutsidwa bwino mu kusanthula kwakukulu kwa nkhani ya Joshua Grubbs.

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Kuyankha kwa Gola kumasowa cholakwika chachikulu Prause et al., 2015: Nkhani zosavomerezeka zosavomerezeka

Zotsutsa za maphunziro a EEG otsutsana a Nicole Prause ( Steele et al ., 2013 , Prause et al. , 2015) zadzetsa nkhawa yayikulu yokhudza kusiyanasiyana kwa zolaula "zovutitsidwa" pogwiritsa ntchito anthu. Maphunziro a EEG adaphatikizapo amuna ndi akazi, amuna ndi akazi komanso osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komabe ofufuzawo adawawonetsa onse zithunzi zodziwika bwino, mwina zosasangalatsa, za amuna ndi akazi. Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa zimaphwanya njira yokhazikika yophunzirira za chizolowezi, momwe ofufuza amasankha anthu ofanana malinga ndi zaka, jenda, momwe amaonera, ngakhale ma IQ ofanana ( kuphatikiza gulu lolamulira lofanana) kuti apewe kusokonekera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kotereku.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zotsatira za maphunziro a 2 EEG zimadalira pazifukwa kuti amuna, akazi, ndi amuna omwe sali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sali osiyana muzokambirana zawo za ubongo ku zithunzi zogonana. Komabe kuphunzira pambuyo pa phunziro kumatsimikizira kuti amuna ndi akazi ali osiyana kwambiri ndi ubongo ku mafano kapena mafilimu ogonana. Gola adadziwa izi ndipo adatchula cholakwika ichi chodetsa pamtima:

Mateusz Gola: “ Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti olembawo akupereka zotsatira za amuna ndi akazi omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamodzi, pomwe kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti ziwerengero za zithunzi zogonana za kudzuka ndi valence zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (onani: Wierzba et al., 2015).”

Mwa njira yopewera, Yankho kwa Gola limanyalanyaza njovu iyi m'chipindamo: Ubongo wa amuna ndi akazi umayankha mosiyana kwambiri ndi zithunzi zogonana. M'malo mwake, Yankho kwa Gola limatiuza kuti amuna ndi akazi onse amadzuka ndi zithunzi zogonana, ndi mfundo zina zosangalatsa zosafunikira:

"Gola akuti zidziwitso za abambo ndi amai siziyenera kuperekedwa limodzi, chifukwa samayankha zomwezi. Kwenikweni, zokonda amuna ndi akazi pazakugonana zimachuluka kwambiri (Janssen, Carpenter, & Graham, 2003). Monga tafotokozera, zithunzizi zidanenedwa kuti zimafanana ndi zomwe amuna ndi akazi amachita. Zithunzi "zogonana" zochokera ku International Affective Picture System zidathandizidwa, chifukwa zimakonzedwa ngati zachikondi osati zogonana ndi amuna ndi akazi (Spiering, Everaerd, & Laan, 2004). Chofunika kwambiri, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kusiyana pakati pa ziwonetsero zakugonana zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha jenda kumamveka bwino chifukwa chokhudzana ndi kugonana (Wehrum et al., 2013). Popeza kuti chilakolako chogonana chinali chotsogola mu phunzirolo, sikunali koyenera kugawa malipoti okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chisokonezo chodziwika: jenda. ”

Yankho lomwe lili pamwambapa silikugwirizana ndi kutsutsa kwa Mateusz Gola: Mukaonera zolaula zomwezo, ubongo wa amuna ndi akazi umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri a mafunde a ubongo (EEG) ndi kuyenda kwa magazi (fMRI). Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa EEG uyu adapeza kuti akazi anali ndi mawerengedwe apamwamba kwambiri a EEG kuposa amuna akamaonera zithunzi zofanana zogonana. Simungathe kuwerengera pamodzi mawerengedwe a EEG a amuna ndi akazi, monga momwe Prause Studies adachitira, ndikumaliza ndi chilichonse chothandiza. Komanso simungathe kuyerekeza mayankho a ubongo a gulu losakanikirana ndi mayankho a ubongo a gulu lina losakanikirana, monga momwe Prause Studies idachitira.

Pali chifukwa chomwe palibe kafukufuku wa ubongo wofalitsidwa pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kupatula a Prause) wosakaniza amuna ndi akazi. Kafukufuku aliyense wa ubongo unakhudza anthu omwe anali amuna kapena akazi ofanana komanso omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana chofanana. Zoonadi, Prause mwiniwake adanena mu kafukufuku wakale (2012) kuti anthu amasiyana kwambiri poyankha zithunzi zogonana:

"Mafilimu omwe ali pachiwopsezo amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kusiyana komwe kulipo chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayambitsa (Rupp & Wallen, 2007), zokonda zazomwe zili (Janssen, Goodrich, Petrocelli, & Bancroft, 2009) kapena mbiri yazachipatala yomwe imapanga magawo ena achisangalalo ( Wouda et al., 1998). "

"Komabe, anthu amasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamawonekedwe omwe akuwonetsa kukopeka ndi kugonana kwa iwo (Graham, Sanders, Milhausen, & McBride, 2004)."

Kafukufuku wa 2013 Prause anati:

"Mafukufuku ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchuka ya International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1999) amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakopa amuna ndi akazi omwe ali mu chitsanzo chawo ."

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu ndi magulu osiyana-siyana a amuna ndi akazi (amuna, akazi, osagonana), kupereka zofananitsa ndi ziganizo za mtundu wopangidwa mu Prause Studies osakhulupirika.

Kafukufuku wotsimikizira kuti ubongo wamwamuna ndi wamkazi umayankha mosiyana kwambiri ndi zithunzi zofanana zogonana:

• Kusiyanasiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana (2013)
• Kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana mu ubongo kuti ukhale ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi maganizo: meta-kufufuza maphunziro okhudza ubongo (2012)
• Khungu lachisoni lachithupithupi mwa anthu pamene mukuwonekera pazithunzi zokhudzana ndi maganizo: kusiyana kwa kugonana (2014)
• Zotsatira zabwino zowonjezereka (LPP) poyankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maganizo ndi ndudu zomwe zimasuta fodya: zofanana zogwirizana (2013)
• Kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana pakati pa nucleus accumbens ndi visual cortex ndi zoonetseratu zochitika zowonongeka: kujambula kwa fMRI (2015)
• Chithunzi chogonjetsa maganizo: kusiyana pakati pa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazithunzi zakuthambo? (2014)
• Zofuna za kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zogonana (2009)
• Kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana mu zitsanzo za chiwerewere cha kugonana: zowonetsera zochitika kapena zochitika zenizeni? (2009)
• Kusiyana kwa kugonana pakuwonetsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana: phunziro la kufufuza maso pa amuna ndi akazi (2007)
• Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana ndi mayankho a amygdala ndi zolaula zogonana (2004)
• Zotsatira za kugonana ndi ubale pa zochitika zomveka pamtundu wa chiwerewere ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna ndi akazi (2012)
• Kusiyana kwa kugonana kumayang'ana zovuta zowonongeka ndi zosayenera (2007)
• Kusiyana kwa kugonana kumayenderana ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana: Kufotokozera (2007)
• Makhalidwe a khungu amachititsa chidwi chogonana (2008)
• Kodi kugonana mosaganizira za kugonana kumakhudzanso amuna ndi akazi? (2007)
• Phunziro la FMRI la Mayankho ku Kugonana Kwachigwirizano monga Ntchito ya Chiwerewere ndi Kufuna Kufunafuna: A Preliminary Analysis (2016)
• Zomwe Zidzachitika Posachedwa (LPP) poyankha Mitundu Yopweteketsa ndi Yopseza Zosokoneza Anthu Omwe Amasuta: Kuyerekezera Kwawo
• Zotsatira za Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Oipa Ambiri pa Zochitika Zowonongeka Panthawi Yowonekera kwa Erotica (2016)
• Makhalidwe osokoneza chiwerewere a khalidwe la kugonana: Meta-analytical analysis (2016)
• Kuzoloŵera kwa kugonana kwachikazi komwe kumadzutsa zithunzi ndi filimu (1995)

Mwachidule, a Prause Study adakumana ndi zolakwika zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimayambitsa kukayikira zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ndi zomwe olembawo akunena za "kupusitsa" mtundu wazolowera zolaula:

1. Ophunzira anali osagwirizana (amuna, akazi, osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha)
2. Ophunzira anali osayang'anitsitsa zolaula, matenda a maganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo
3. Mayankho anali sivomerezedwe chifukwa cha zolaula kapena zolaula

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