Zolaula ndi maphunziro a Achinyamata alembedwa pansipa. An (L) patsogolo pa ulalowu akuwonetsa nkhani, makamaka yokhudza kafukufuku. Zolemba ndi makanema awa a YBOP atha kukhala osangalatsa:
- N'chifukwa Chiyani Sindiyenera Kuonera Johnny Watch Porn Ngati Amamukonda?
- Kugonana koyamba: Only The Science Please
- Achinyamata Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zambiri Kuti Apeze Mojo wawo
- Video: Ubongo Wachikulire Umathamanga Kwambiri pa Intaneti pa Intaneti (2013)
Ndemanga zamabuku & meta-kusanthula (pofika tsiku lofalitsa):
Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza Kafukufuku (2006) - Zolemba:
Kufufuza njira zowonongeka za zolaula za pa Intaneti, komabe, ndizosawerengeka ndipo gawo la kafukufuku wamakono ndilochepa. Kufufuza kwa kafukufuku komwe kulipo kunali kochitidwa ndipo zowonongeka zambiri zinawululidwa. Ngakhale zambiri sizikudziwika pokhudzana ndi zolaula za pa Intaneti paukwati ndi mabanja, deta yomwe ilipo imapereka chidziwitso choyamba cha opanga ndondomeko, ophunzitsira, odwala, ndi ochita kafukufuku.
Zotsatira zachindunji kwa ana ndi achinyamata Zotsatira zotsatirazi zimaonedwa kuti zimakhudza kwambiri ana ndi achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kapena kukumana ndi zolaula okha:
1. Ngakhale zili zoletsedwa, achinyamata amakhala ndi zovuta zolaula ndipo izi zingathe kukhumudwitsa, kusokoneza, kuzunza, ndi / kapena kusintha mankhwala.
2. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa, kunyengedwa, kusocheretsedwa, kapena "kugwedezeka" pofuna kuona zolaula pa Intaneti.
3. Kafufuzidwe amasonyeza kuti kuonera zithunzi zolaula kungathandize achinyamata kukhala osakayikira komanso kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro monga kusekedwa, mantha, manyazi, mkwiyo, mantha, ndi chisoni.
4. Kuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti ndi / kapena kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana za kugonana kungapweteke chikhalidwe cha achinyamata ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata komanso kuchepetsa kupambana kwawo mu ubale wam'tsogolo.
5. Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paunyamata zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kugonana koyambirira, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kugonana ndi abambo komanso kugonana ndi anthu omwe sali nawo pachibwenzi.
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zomwe zikuluzikulu zofalitsa pamafilimu azogonana achichepere sizinachedwe kuchulukana ngakhale pali umboni wanthawi yayitali wazolimbikitsa kugonana. Zomwe zikuwonetsa pa nkhani zakugonana zasintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Cholinga cha mutuwu ndikuwunikanso magawo omwe amapezeka pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuti adziwe ngati ntchito iyi ikutsimikizira kuti izi zatheka. Miyezo yomwe imayambitsa kukhudzika kochokera kwa Cook ndi Campbell (1979) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti izi zitheke. Akuti kafukufuku yemwe apeza mpaka pano amapititsa patsogolo gawo lililonse pazowonjezera zilizonse komanso kuti atolankhani ambiri amachititsa chidwi cha achinyamata ku United States.
Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Achinyamata: Kubwereza Kafukufuku (2012) - Kuchokera kumapeto:
Kuchulukirapo kwa intaneti ndi achinyamata kukupanga mwayi wophunzirapo kanthu pa zakugonana, kuphunzira, ndi kukula. Komanso, chiopsezo chowopsa chomwe chimawonekera m'mabukuwo chapangitsa ofufuza kuti apeze kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula za pa intaneti kuti athandizire kulumikizana. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe amamuonera zolaula atha kukhala ndi zikhulupiriro komanso zikhulupiriro zosatheka. Mwa zomwe zapezedwa, kuchuluka kwakazolowera zogonana, chidwi chogonana, komanso kuyeserera zakugonana zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi…. Komabe, zopeza zosasintha zalumikizana ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata zomwe zikuwonetsera zachiwawa ndi milingo yowonjezereka ya mchitidwe wogonana.
Zolemba zimasonyezanso ubale wina pakati pa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Atsikana akuti amadziona kuti ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi azimayi omwe amawaona pazolaula, pomwe anyamata amawopa kuti mwina sangakhale ovutitsidwa kapena otha kuchita ngati abambo pazosezi. Achinyamata amanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunachepa pamene kudzidalira kwawo komanso chitukuko cha anthu zikuchulukirachulukira. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, makamaka omwe amapezeka pa intaneti, ali ndi magawo ocheperako ogwirizanitsidwa ndi anzawo, amawonjezeka pamavuto azikhalidwe, machitidwe apamwamba onyenga, kuchuluka kwa zisonyezo zokhumudwitsa, ndikuchepetsa mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi omwe akuwasamalira.
Mbadwo Watsopano wa Chizolowezi Chogonana (2013 ) - Ngakhale kuti si ndemanga yeniyeni, inali imodzi mwa mapepala oyamba kusiyanitsa achinyamata ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso kuchokera ku nkhani za "CSB" zakale. Pomaliza:
Akuti chizolowezi chogonana chitha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma etiologies awiri apadera. Wokonda "wamasiku ano" akuti ndiwosiyanako chifukwa chakuwonetsedwa kwazomwe zakhala zikuchitika pazikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere, pomwe "chizolowezi" choyipa chimayendetsedwa ndi zoopsa, kuzunzidwa, kudzimva kosasunthika, kusokonekera kwa kuwongolera, manyazi, manyazi -zidziwitso zochokera, komanso zovuta zam'maganizo. Ngakhale onse atha kugawana zofananira (machitidwe okakamiza, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, kuwonongeka kwa ubale), etiology ndi zina zamankhwala zitha kukhala zosiyana.
"Kugonana" kwachikale, pamene akukangana kwambiri, adayang'anitsitsa kwambiri mufukufuku, m'madera ogwira ntchito, komanso mu chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Njira zothandizira, ngakhale sizikufalikira, ziri zosiyanasiyana ndipo zilipo, ngakhale pokhapokha ngati maphunziro ovomerezeka okhudzana ndi kugonana akuchitidwa ku United States, omwe amachititsa odwala matendawa kukhala ogwira ntchito ndi "chikhalidwe" chogonana.
Kugonana kwamakono, komabe, ndichinthu chosadziwika, makamaka kwa ana ndi achinyamata. Kafukufuku ndi zolemba ndizochepa ndipo, chosangalatsa, zimasindikizidwa nthawi zambiri kuchokera kumayiko akunja kwa United States (He, Li, Guo, & Jiang, 2010; Yen et al., 2007). Kafukufuku wokhudza atsikana komanso chizolowezi chogonana sichipezeka. Chithandizo chapadera cha ana ndi achinyamata omwe amaphunzitsidwa zakugonana ndizachilendo kwambiri. Komabe ana ambiri, achinyamata, ndi achikulire akusowa chithandizo chamankhwala chotere, ndipo akatswiri akuchedwa kuyankha. Kafukufuku, zokambirana, ndi maphunziro amafunikira mwachangu kuti athe kukwaniritsa zosowa za achichepere kwambiri pakati pa anthu athu omwe akulimbana ndi mchitidwe wogonana.
Kodi nkhani zogonana zomwe zili m'manyuzipepala atsopano zikugwirizana ndi khalidwe loopsa la kugonana kwa achinyamata? Kuwunikanso mwadongosolo ndi kusanthula meta (2016) - Kuchokera ku chidule:
Zotsatira: Maphunziro khumi ndi anayi, onse opangidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana, adakwaniritsa zofunikira zophatikizidwa. Maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi (omwe adatenga nawo mbali 10 352) adafufuza momwe achinyamata amakhudzidwira ndi SEWs ndipo asanu ndi atatu (omwe adatenga nawo mbali 10 429) adafufuza zotumizirana mauthenga olaula. Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maphunziro okhudza zofalitsa ndi matanthauzidwe a zotsatira zake. Kusanthula kwa meta kunapeza kuti zofalitsa za SEW zinali zogwirizana ndi kugonana popanda kondomu; zofalitsa mauthenga olaula zinali zogwirizana ndi kugonana komwe kudachitikapo, kugonana posachedwapa, kumwa mowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo musanagonane, komanso ogonana nawo ambiri posachedwapa. Maphunziro ambiri anali ndi kusintha kochepa pa zinthu zofunika zomwe zingasokoneze.
Mapeto : Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana akuwonetsa mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa kudziwonetsa wekha kuzinthu zogonana muzofalitsa zatsopano ndi machitidwe ogonana mwa achinyamata. Kafukufuku wautali angapereke mwayi waukulu wosinthira kusokoneza, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino njira zomwe zimayambitsa ubale womwe ukuwonedwa.
Media and Sexualization: State of Empirical Research, 1995–2015 (2016 ) – Kuchokera mu chidule:
Cholinga cha ndemangayi chinali kupanga kafukufuku woyeserera zotsatira za kugonana kwa atolankhani. Cholinga chachikulu chinali pa kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini owunikiranso a Chingerezi pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015. Mabuku 109 omwe anali ndi maphunziro 135 adawunikidwanso . Zomwe zapezekazi zidapereka umboni wokhazikika wakuti kuwonetsedwa m'ma laboratories komanso kuwonetsedwa tsiku ndi tsiku pazinthu izi kumalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kusakhutira kwa thupi, kudziona ngati wopanda pake, kuthandizira kwambiri zikhulupiriro zachigololo komanso zikhulupiriro zotsutsana ndi kugonana, komanso kulekerera kwambiri nkhanza zogonana kwa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsedwa m'zinthu izi kumachititsa akazi ndi amuna kukhala ndi malingaliro ochepa pa luso la akazi, makhalidwe abwino, ndi umunthu.
Achinyamata ndi Zithunzi Zolaula: Kubwereza kwa Zaka 20 za Kafukufuku (2016) - Kuchokera ku chidule:
Cholinga cha kuwunikaku chinali kukonza zofufuza zamphamvu zomwe zidasindikizidwa muma magazine a Chingerezi omwe ali pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015 pazowonekera, zoneneratu, komanso zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito pazolaula. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kunali kosiyanasiyana. Achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri anali amuna, pamalo opitilira patsogolo kwambiri, omasaka zamalingaliro, ndipo anali ndi mabanja ofooka kapena ovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro olaula ogonana ndipo amayanjanitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zogonana. Zinkawonekeranso kuti ndizokhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana, chidwi chachikulu chogonana, komanso kuchita zachiwerewere zambiri, pokhudzana ndi kupindika komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza.
Ndemanga iyi idawunikira kafukufuku wamtsogolo womwe umayang'ana zotsatira za zinthu zolaula pazikhalidwe za achinyamata, zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe awo.
Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kupereka malingaliro owunikira a maphunziro ataliatali omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zolaula pa achinyamata. Magulu angapo apadera pakati pazinthu zolaula ndi malingaliro a achinyamata, zikhulupiliro ndi zomwe adachita zidafotokozedwa m'maphunzirowa. Zinthu zolaula zimawoneka kuti zimakhudza malingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi kugonana, zikhulupiriro zokhudzana ndi jenda, mwayi wokhala wogonana komanso wogonana.
Kafukufuku wowunikidwayo adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudza malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro za achinyamata, monga kutengeka ndi kugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b), kusatsimikizika pazakugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a; van Oosten, 2015), the kukakamira azimayi (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a), kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b), malingaliro azisangalalo ndi zololera (Baams et al., 2014; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), malingaliro osiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (Brown & L'Engle, 2009) ndikuwunika thupi (Doornwaard et al., 2014).
Chiwawa chokhala pachibwenzi (DV) ndi nkhanza zogonana (SV) ndizovuta zomwe zikuchuluka pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe akutuluka. Gulu lokhala ndi mabuku likuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pazowonera zolaula (SEM) ndi makanema olaula (SVM) atha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha DV ndi SV. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuwunikira komanso kuwunikira mabuku athu mwatsatanetsatane pa zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakuwonekera kwa SEM ndi SVM pa DV ndi malingaliro ndi machitidwe a SV.
Kafukufuku wokwana 43 wogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za achinyamata ndi akuluakulu omwe akutuluka adawunikidwa, ndipo zonse pamodzi zomwe zapezeka zikusonyeza kuti (1) kuwonetsedwa ku SEM ndi SVM kukugwirizana bwino ndi nthano za DV ndi SV komanso malingaliro ovomerezeka kwambiri okhudza DV ndi SV; (2) kuwonetsedwa ku SEM ndi SVM kukugwirizana bwino ndi kuzunzidwa kwenikweni komanso koyembekezeredwa kwa DV ndi SV, kuchitapo kanthu, komanso kusalowererapo kwa owonera; (3) SEM ndi SVM zimakhudza kwambiri malingaliro ndi machitidwe a amuna a DV ndi SV kuposa malingaliro ndi machitidwe a akazi a DV ndi SV; ndi (4) malingaliro omwe alipo kale okhudzana ndi DV ndi SV ndipo zomwe amakonda pa TV zimachepetsa ubale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa kwa SEM ndi SVM ndi malingaliro ndi machitidwe a DV ndi SV.
Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe oyeserera komanso kuyesera, kuyang'anitsitsa oyimira pakati ndi owongolera a SEM ndi SVM pazotsatira za DV ndi SV, kuyang'ana pazovuta za SEM ndi SVM zomwe zimapitilira momwe amuna amachitira nkhanza kwa amayi, ndikuwunika momwe mapulogalamu owerengera atolankhani angagwiritsidwire ntchito pawokha kapena molumikizana ndi mapulogalamu omwe alipo a DV ndi SV kuti athandize pulogalamuyi.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula za Achinyamata: Kuwunikanso Kwadongosolo kwa Mabuku Ofufuza 2000-2017 . (2018) - Zidule kuchokera ku magawo okhudzana ndi momwe zolaula zimakhudzira wogwiritsa ntchito:
Cholinga cha ndondomekoyi yowonongeka ndikupanga mapepala a chidwi pa kafukufuku m'munda ndikuyang'ana ngati zotsatira zowonjezera zakhala zikuchokera m'madera ofufuza.
Maganizo Okhudza Kugonana - Ponseponse, maphunziro 21 adafufuza malingaliro ndi machitidwe a achinyamata okhudzana ndi kugonana okhudzana ndi PU. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zolinga zowonera zolaula zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro omwe amawonedwa kuti ndi abwinobwino poganizira PU komanso momwe amakhudzira kwambiri malingaliro ndi machitidwe a achinyamata okhudzana ndi kugonana.
Kukula - Motsutsana ndi zimenezi, kuonera zolaula kwapezeka kuti kumakhudza kukula kwa makhalidwe abwino, makamaka omwe amakhudza chipembedzo panthawi ya unyamata. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kuonera zolaula kwawonetsedwa kuti kumakhudza kwambiri chipembedzo cha achinyamata, kuchepetsa kupembedza kwa achinyamata pakapita nthawi, mosasamala kanthu za jenda.
Kuzunzidwa – Kuwonetsedwa ndi zolaula zachiwawa/zonyansa zikuwoneka kuti zinali zofala pakati pa achinyamata, zogwirizana ndi machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo, makamaka kwa akazi, zimagwirizana ndi mbiri ya kuzunzidwa. Komabe, maphunziro ena adatsimikiza kuti kuwonetsedwa ndi zolaula sikunali kogwirizana ndi machitidwe oopsa ogonana ndipo kufunitsitsa kuwonetsedwa ndi zolaula sikukuwoneka kuti kumakhudza machitidwe oopsa ogonana pakati pa achinyamata onse. Ngakhale izi, zomwe zapezeka zinawonetsa kuti kuwonekera mwadala ku PU kunali kogwirizana ndi mavuto akulu a khalidwe pakati pa achinyamata, kuzunzidwa kwakukulu kwa kugonana pa intaneti komanso kupempha kugonana pa intaneti ndi kukakamiza kugonana kwa anyamata ndi nkhanza zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuonera zolaula nthawi zonse.
Makhalidwe a Thanzi la Maganizo - Mwachidule, ndipo ngakhale kuti maphunziro ena sanatsimikizire mgwirizano pakati pa thanzi losauka la maganizo ndi PU, zambiri zomwe zapezeka zimagwirizana ndi kuti PU yapamwamba paunyamata nthawi yaunyamata imagwirizana ndi mavuto apamwamba amalingaliro ( monga kuvutika maganizo) ndi machitidwe. Pankhaniyi, Luder et al . adapereka lingaliro la kusiyana kokhudzana ndi jenda pakati pa PU ndi zizindikiro za kuvutika maganizo ndi amuna omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu. Kupeza kumeneku kunali kogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wautali womwe udawonetsa kuti zinthu zosauka zamaganizo zinalipo pakukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula pa intaneti pakati pa anyamata achinyamata.
Maubwenzi a Anthu - Ponseponse, zikuwoneka kuti pali mgwirizano wakuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi poonera zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana m'makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti podziwitsa, kulankhulana ndi anthu komanso zosangalatsa.
Makhalidwe Ogwiritsira Ntchito Pa Intaneti - Makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti adafufuzidwa mu maphunziro 15 mwa 57 omwe adaphatikizidwa mu ndemangayi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti makhalidwe omwe achinyamata amakumana nawo pa zolaula pa intaneti komanso kuzunzidwa ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito masewera apa intaneti kwambiri, machitidwe oopsa pa intaneti, kuvutika maganizo ndi kuwonetsa kuzunzidwa pa intaneti, komanso kudziwonetsa mwaufulu pa intaneti.
Makhalidwe Ogonana a Achinyamata – Khalidwe la achinyamata pankhani ya PU linafufuzidwa m'maphunziro 11, ndipo maphunziro onse akuwonetsa zotsatira zofunika. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Doornward, et al . adapeza kuti anyamata achinyamata omwe ali ndi machitidwe okakamiza kugonana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonekera pa intaneti, adanenanso kuti amadzidalira kwambiri, amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri komanso amakonda kwambiri kugonana. Pachifukwa chimenecho, maphunziro ena awonetsa kuti anyamata omwe adapezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zogonana komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amavomerezedwa ndi anzawo ndipo adawonetsa luso lalikulu poganizira za kugonana kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata omwe adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ankakonda kukhala ndi zibwenzi zogonana ali aang'ono komanso amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogonana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula pa intaneti komanso zotsatira zake pa thanzi la ana: umboni waposachedwa kuchokera m'mabuku (2019) - Kuchokera ku chidule:
Kufufuza kwa mabuku kunachitika pa PubMed ndi ScienceDirect mu March 2018 ndi funso "(Zithunzi zolaula kapena zolaula zolaula pa intaneti) NDI (mwana kapena mwana kapena OR wamng'ono) NDI (zotsatira kapena khalidwe kapena thanzi)". Zotsatira zomwe zinasindikizidwa pakati pa 2013 ndi 2018 zinafufuzidwa ndikuziyerekeza ndi umboni wakale.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wosankhidwa (n = 19), kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula za pa intaneti ndi zotsatira zingapo, malingaliro ndi malingaliro - zotsatira zoyambirira zakugonana, kuchita nawo ziwonetsero zambiri zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere, kutenga magwiridwe osokoneza bongo kuzindikira kwa thupi, kukwiya, zizindikiro zodandaula kapena zokhumudwitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamiza - zimatsimikiziridwa.
Kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti pa umoyo wa ana akuwoneka kukhala kofunikira. Nkhaniyi silingathe kunyalanyazidwa ndipo iyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi maiko osiyanasiyana komanso osiyanasiyana. Kulimbitsa makolo, aphunzitsi ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu othandiza pa nkhaniyi adzawathandiza kuchepetsa luso la kulingalira za zolaula, kuchepetsa ntchito zake ndi kupeza maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi oyenerera omwe ali oyenerera pa chitukuko chawo.
Kuwona zolaula kupyolera muzitsulo za ufulu wa ana (2019) - Zolemba zingapo:
Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zidawonetsedwa zikuphatikizidwa, koma sizinangokhala ndi izi: (1) malingaliro opondereza azimayi (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2007; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009; Häggstrom-Nordin, et al., 2006) ; (2) nkhanza zogonana mwa anthu ena ochepa (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005; Malamuth & Huppin, 2005; Alexy, et al., 2009); (3) kusakhazikika pagulu (Mesch, 2009; Tsitsika, 2009); (4) kutengeka ndi kugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a); ndi (5) kukakamizidwa (Delmonico ndi Griffin, 2008; Lam, Peng, Mai, ndi Jing, 2009; Rimington ndi Gast, 2007; van den Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, van Rooij, ndi Engels, 2010; Mesch, 2009).
Kafukufuku wowonjezera akuwonetsa kuti zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeretsa ndi kukopa ana kuti azichita zibwenzi (Carr, 2003; "Kukonzekera pa intaneti," nd, 2015; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015). Mafunso omwe amapereka kwa omwe akutsogolo omwe amagwira ntchito ndi omwe amazunzidwa ndi ana omwe adachitidwa mu Meyi 2018 chikalata chomwe opereka chithandizo akuwona zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuchulukirachulukira kuzinthu zakugwiriridwa pakati pa ana komanso kuti wolakwira nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa zolaula nthawi zambiri (Binford, Dimitropoulos, Wilson, Zug, Cullen, & Rieff, osasindikizidwa).
Kuphatikiza pa mabuku omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa ana kuwonera zolaula, pali buku lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limaganizira momwe kuwonekera kwa zolaula kumakhudzira achikulire, kuphatikizapo achinyamata. Monga kafukufuku yemwe amayang'ana kwambiri kuwonetsa kwa ana zolaula, maphunziro awa akuwunikiranso ubale womwe umakhala pakati pakudziwitsidwa zolaula komanso kusasokoneza chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikiza kudzipatula, kusachita bwino, kukhumudwa, kudzipha, komanso kudana nazo pamaphunziro (Tsitsika, 2009; Bloom et al., 2015; Campbell, 2018).
Kafukufuku wakuwonetsa atsikana zolaula pomwe ana akuwonetsa kuti zimakhudza kudzipangira kwawo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009).
Anyamata omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula ali ana amawonetsa zomwezi. Amawonetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso kusakhutira kwa thupi ("Ana Otetezedwa Pakompyuta," 2016; Jones, 2018).
Zikuwoneka kuti pali kulumikizana pakati pazowonera zolaula komanso malingaliro azakugonana kwa akazi (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & de Wit, 2013; Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010).
Ana aamuna ndi akazi omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula amakonda kukhulupirira kuti zomwe amawona, monga kugonana kumatako ndi gulu logonana, ndizofanana pakati pa anzawo (Livingstone & Mason, 2015). Achinyamata aamuna ndi akazi omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula atha kuyamba kale kugonana (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Owens, et al. 2012), ali ndi zibwenzi zingapo (Wright & Randall, 2012; Chigumula, 2009, p. 389), ndipo amachita zachiwerewere (Svedin Akerman, & Priebe, 2011; Wright & Randall, 2012).
Zigawo za ubongo wa achinyamata komanso kukhudzidwa kwake ndi zinthu zogonana (2019) - Zidule zingapo:
Ma paradigms apadera aubongo wachinyamata amaphatikizapo izi: 1) Khola loyambirira lokhazikika komanso ma circuits oyenda mwamphamvu komanso oyenda mozungulira (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) Kutalikirana kwa matenda amitsempha (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Dopamine yogwira ntchito kwambiri (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010) ; 4) Chotchulidwa cha HPA axis (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5)
Kuchuluka kwa testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); ndi 6) Mphamvu yapadera yamahomoni a steroid (cortisol ndi testosterone) pakukula kwaubongo panthawi yazoyang'anira (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).
Blakemore ndi ogwira nawo ntchito athandiza anthu kuti azitha kukonzekera ubongo ndipo akuganiza kuti zaka zaunyamata ziyenera kuonedwa ngati nthawi yovuta chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika (Blakemore, 2012). Mbali za ubongo zomwe zimasintha kwambiri paunyamata zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa mkati, kugwiritsira ntchito zamakono ndi kukonza (Blakemore, 2012).
Blakemore ndi Robbins (2012) adalumikiza unyamata kuti ukhale pachiwopsezo chopanga zisankho ndipo adati izi zimachitika pakudzipatula pakati, pang'onopang'ono, kozungulira kwa kayendetsedwe kazovuta komanso kuyankha panthawi yaunyamata motsutsana ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo lamalipiro, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lodana kwambiri ndi mphoto muunyamata ..…
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kusokonekera pakati pa achinyamata achi Greek (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Zithunzi zolaula zathandizira kuchepetsa kuchotsera, kapena chizolowezi cha munthu chochepetsera zotsatira zamtsogolo pofuna kulandira mphotho zomwe zachitika posachedwa (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Negash ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zomwe zinali ndi zaka zapakati pa 19 ndi 20, zomwe wolemba adanenetsa kuti zidalingaliridwenso ngati achinyamata.… ..
Tikufuna kufotokozera mwachidule chitsanzo cha ntchito, poganizira zosiyana siyana za ubongo wa achinyamata komanso zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kupezeka kwa mbali zofunikira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubongo wapadera wachinyamata komanso zolaula zimadziwika.
Mukawonetsedwa pazinthu zolaula, kukondoweza kwa amygdala ndi axis ya HPA kukadakulitsidwa muunyamata, kuyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Izi zimapangitsa kudalitsika kwa kortortal koyamba ndikuwonjezeranso kutsegulira kwa gangal ganglia muubwana. Izi, motero, zimatha kuyipitsa ntchito yayikulu, yomwe imaphatikizapo zoletsa komanso kudziletsa, komanso imathandizira chidwi. Chifukwa bongo wam'nyamatayo ukadakulabe, zimakhala zoyenera kwambiri kuubongo wa neuroplasticity. Cortex yoyambirira ikakhala "yosagwirizana ndi mzere," titero, imayendetsa kubisala kochenjera komwe kumakondweretsa chitukuko cha subcortical.
Ngati vuto la kuchepa kwa mitsempha limapitilira kwa nthawi, izi zimatha kuyambitsa kuzungulira kozungulira komwe kumapangitsa gawo lodziwika bwino lomwe, lomwe lingapangitse wachinyamata kuti apitilize kudzikhutiritsa yekha komanso kuti asakhale ndi chidwi. Mitsempha ya unyamata, kapena gawo la chisangalalo laubongo, limakhala ndi kukokomeza kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa dopamine kumasulira kumasulira komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi dopamine, monga kusangalatsa komanso kulakalaka (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006)….
Chifukwa cha zenera lachitukuko laubwana, cortisol ndi testosterone zimakhudza gulu laubongo kapena kuthekera kwa mabwalo osiyanasiyana a neural. Izi sizingapezeke mwa munthu wamkulu chifukwa zenera la bungwe latseka. Kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali ku cortisol kumatha kuthekera, munthawi ya gulu lachinyamata, kuyendetsa matenda am'mitsempha omwe amachititsa kuti magwiridwe antchito asasinthike komanso kupirira kupsinjika ngakhale atakula (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010).
Kukhwima kwa msinkhu wa ubwana wa amygdala, mwina pang'ono, kumadalira kukula kwa testosterone pakuwonekera pawindo lazovuta launyamata (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). Amygdala wolimba amalumikizidwa ndimitengo yayikulu yakukhudzidwa ndikudziwongolera kodziletsa (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013)… ..
Kafukufuku wa zaka makumi ambiri wafufuza momwe kuwonetsedwa kwa zinthu zogonana zomwe sizikudziwika bwino m'ma TV. Pali kusanthula kamodzi kokha pankhaniyi, komwe kukusonyeza kuti kuwonetsedwa ku "zolaula zogonana" sikukhudza kwambiri khalidwe la kugonana . Pali zoletsa zingapo pa kusanthula komwe kulipo, ndipo cholinga cha kusanthula kumeneku chinali kufufuza mgwirizano pakati pa kuwonetsedwa kuzinthu zogonana ndi malingaliro a ogwiritsa ntchito komanso khalidwe la kugonana.
Kufufuzira kwapadera kwa mabuku kunkachitidwa kuti mupeze nkhani zofunikira. Kuphunzira kulikonse kunkapezeka ndi mayanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi chimodzi mwa zotsatira zisanu ndi chimodzi kuphatikizapo malingaliro a kugonana (malingaliro ololera, ochita zogwirizana ndi anzawo, ndi ziphunzitso zogonana) ndi zizolowezi zogonana (khalidwe lachiwerewere, zaka za kugonana, ndi khalidwe logonana).
Ponseponse, kuwunika kumeneku kumawonetsa ubale wosasinthika komanso wolimba pakati pa kuwonekera kwa atolankhani ndi malingaliro akugonana komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chimatenga nthawi yayitali pazotsatira zambiri komanso makanema ambiri. Media akuwonetsa machitidwe achiwerewere ngati otchuka kwambiri, osangalatsa komanso opanda chiopsezo [3], ndipo akatswiri athu akuwunikira kuti lingaliro la woganiza lingapangidwe, mwa zina, powona mitundu iyi. Zomwe tapeza zikutsutsana kwambiri ndi kusanthula kwa meta koyambirira, komwe kunapangitsa kuti kufalitsa nkhani pazokhudza kugonana kunali kopanda pake kapena kosagwirizana [4]. Kuwunika kwa meta koyambirira komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa zotsatira za 38 ndikuwona kuti zimbale za "sexy" zinali zofooka komanso zogwirizana ndi machitidwe ogonana (r = .08), pomwe metaanalysis amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zoposa 10 nthawi zochulukirapo (n = 394) ndipo tapeza zotsatira zophatikizira pafupifupi kukula kwake (r = .14).
Choyamba, tapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zogonana ndi achinyamata komanso achinyamata ndikulolera kugonana ndi malingaliro okhudza kugonana kwa anzawo.
Chachiwiri, kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvomereza kwambiri nthano zochigwiriridwa.
Pomalizira, kufotokozera za kugonana kunapezeka kuti kuneneratu makhalidwe a chiwerewere kuphatikizapo zaka za kugonana, zochitika za kugonana, komanso khalidwe loopsa la kugonana. Zotsatirazi zinasintha njira zambiri ndipo zimapereka chithandizo chotsimikiziridwa kuti mauthenga amathandizira pa zochitika za kugonana kwa achinyamata.
Ngakhale kuwunikira kwa meta kunawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu zowonekera paziwonetsero zakugonana pazikhalidwe ndi zochitika pamitundu yonse yosangalatsa, zotsatirazi zidasinthidwa ndi zosiyana zingapo. Makamaka, zowopsa zazaka zonse zimadziwika; Komabe, zotsatira zake zinali zochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kwa achinyamata ngakhale achikulire omwe akutuluka, mwina kuwonetsera kuti otenga mbali wachikulire ali ndi luso lofanizira, lenileni la dziko lomwe angatengeko kuposa omwe amatenga nawo mbali [36, 37]. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake zinali zamphamvu kwa abambo poyerekeza ndi zazimayi, mwina chifukwa kuyesa kugonana kumagwirizana ndi zolemba zogonana zachimuna [18] komanso chifukwa amuna achimuna amalangidwa kangapo poyerekeza ndi zilembo zachikazi poyambitsa kugonana [38]
Zotsatira izi zimakhudza kwambiri thanzi la achinyamata komanso achikulire omwe akuthupi komanso m'maganizo. Kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana ndi anzawo komanso kuloleza zachiwerewere kumatha kukulitsa kukakamizidwa kwamkati kuyesa kuyesa [39]. Pakafukufuku wina, kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ali mwana kunawoneka kuti kupititsa patsogolo kugonana ndi miyezi 9e17 [40]; komanso, kuyesa koyambirira kumatha kuwonjezera ngozi zamaganizidwe ndi thanzi [37].
Zotsatira zochepa zomwe zimawoneka pano zikufanana ndi zomwe zinafukufuku m'maganizo a zamaganizo monga momwe ma TV akukhudzira chiwawa [41], khalidwe lachikhalidwe [42], ndi thupi labwino [43]. Pazifukwa izi, ngakhale kuti ma TV akugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ndi gawo limodzi chabe la zosiyana pakati pa zotsatira za chidwi, ofalitsa amachitanso mbali yofunikira. Kuyerekezera uku kumasonyeza kuti zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizochepa, koma zimakhala zofunikira pa chitukuko cha khalidwe la kugonana ndi khalidwe la achinyamata ndi achinyamata akuluakulu.
Kuwonetsa Zithunzi Zolaula za Ana ndi Achinyamata (2020) - Matebulo awiri akuluakulu omwe akufotokoza mwachidule ndemanga iyi:
Achinyamata, Kugonana ndi Nthawi ya Zolaula (2020) - Zidule:
Posachedwa chidwi cha zotsatira za zolaula kwa ana ndi chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata chawonjezereka zomwe zikuwonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro m'derali, malamulo akusintha ndikuwonetsa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Pepala ili likufuna kubwezera zomwe zapezedwa kuphatikizapo kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri womwe wachitika ku UK. Mabukuwa amawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kuonera zolaula ndi zinthu zolaula komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro a achinyamata. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kugonana kwa achinyamata kumakhudzidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula komanso kuti izi zimakhudza malingaliro a ana ndi achinyamata. Mavutowa amayambika pa intaneti ya achichepere othandizira, kuphunzira pazachuma ndi zina zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, osatinso jenda omwe apezeka kuti ndiwofunika. Kafukufuku waposachedwa apeza zomwe zasintha muzochita zachiwerewere zomwe zimawonetsedwa chifukwa chowonera zolaula monga kuchuluka kwa kugonana komwe kumapangitsa kuti azingovomera. Maulalo apakati pa zolaula ndi kukakamizidwa kugonana amapezekanso. Ana ndi achinyamata amakhudzidwa bwanji ndi zithunzi zoterezi komanso zomwe angachite kuti athandizire achinyamata zimatsutsidwa poganiza kuti pali zoperewera m'mabuku komanso zovuta zomwe zilipo ndi mabuku omwe alipo. Kufunika kwinanso kwa kuphunzira kumakambidwira.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri zochokera mdziko latsopanoli ndikumonera zolaula kwa achinyamata. Cholinga cha kuwunikiraku ndikufotokozera zotsatira ndi kusokonezeka kwamalingaliro komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwa achinyamata, komanso zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha izi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ziwonetsero, zoyipa, kuzunzidwa, komanso Kupanga mitundu yatsopano yazogonana pa intaneti. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zikusonyeza kuti kulumikizana koyamba ndi zolaula kumayamba ali ndi zaka 8, ndizofunikira pamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro, monga hypersexualization, kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe, komanso kupitiliza kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zolaula zomwe achinyamata adachita zalumikizidwa ndi kukulitsa kwa paraphilias, kuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza zakugonana komanso kuzunzidwa, ndipo, pamapeto pake, kwalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza pa intaneti.
Cholinga: Nkhaniyi ikufuna kuwunikanso kuchuluka kwa mabuku omwe alipo omwe amayang'ana pakuwunika zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paunyamata. Njira: Maphunziro omwe adasindikizidwa mu Chingerezi zaka 15 zapitazi adafufuzidwa mu PubMed ndi Google Scholar. Maphunziro omwe anapezeka pa zolaula za achinyamata amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: (1) makhalidwe ogonana; (2) makhalidwe oipa okhudza kugonana; (3) kulolera kugonana; (4) malingaliro okhudza kugonana ndi maudindo a amuna ndi akazi; (5) nkhanza, chiwawa, nkhanza, kukakamiza kugonana, ndi nkhanza; (6) kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala; (7) psychopathology (kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta); ndi (8) ubale ndi makolo/banja ndi anzawo. Zotsatira ndi Mapeto: Zofukufuku zosiyanasiyana, zotsatira zachipatala ndi zotsutsana zimakambidwa.
Makolo aku US Amanyoza Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuphunzira Zithunzi Zolaula za Ana Awo (2022) - Chidule:
Kafukufuku wokhudza chidziwitso cha makolo ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa achinyamata akusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kolondola kwa zoyambazo kumawonjezera mwayi wa zomalizazo. Ngakhale kuti pali mabuku ambiri ogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za achinyamata ndi kusintha koipa kwa achinyamata, komabe, kafukufuku wochepa chabe ndiye wayerekeza zikhulupiriro za makolo pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za ana awo ndi malipoti a achinyamata ndipo ochepa mwa awa achitika ku US. Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito deta ya dziko lonse yosonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku dyad 614 za makolo ndi achinyamata ku US ngati sitepe yowonjezera yolimbikitsira gawo lofunikali la kafukufuku wa makolo ndi ana. Makolo anali ndi zaka 44.78 pa avareji (SD = 7.76). Amayi anali 55.80% ya makolo (abambo anali 44.20%). Ana anali ndi zaka 15.97 pa avareji (SD = 1.38). Ana aakazi anali 50.20% ya ana (ana aamuna anali 49.80%). Anyamata anali ndi mwayi wambiri wonena za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuphunzira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula ndi madera ogonana. Makolo anayerekezera molondola komwe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumachokera, koma nthawi zonse ankanyalanyaza momwe ana aamuna ndi akazi amaonera komanso kucheza ndi anzawo kuchokera ku zolaula . Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ngakhale kuti makolo ankakhulupirira kuti ana aamuna ndi aakazi ndi omwe adaonera ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku zolaula, kuchuluka kwa kunyoza kwawo kunali kwakukulu kwa ana aamuna. Zikhulupiriro za amayi ndi abambo nthawi zonse zinali zosasiyana pamlingo waukulu wa zotsatira ndipo zinkagwirizana ndi kugonana kwa ana nthawi imodzi yokha. Zotsatira zake zikukambidwa pokhudzana ndi mantha ndi kunyoza malingaliro okhudza chiopsezo cha achinyamata ndi zofalitsa nkhani.
Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Zomwe Zimakhudza Kugonana Kwa Achinyamata / Achinyamata (2023)
Ndemanga yaying'ono iyi ikukhudza nkhani zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata.
Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunapezeka pakati pa khalidwe loopsya la kugonana kwa ophunzira ndi zaka zoyamba kuwonera zolaula (p = 0.013), zolaula zomwe zimapezeka (p = 0.041), ndi zifukwa zowonera zolaula (p = 0.017). Kuchulukirachulukira kwachizoloŵezi cha zolaula kumakulitsa khalidwe lowopsa la kugonana mwa ophunzira (p=0.000; r=0.241).
Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa intaneti kwa ana, ambiri adazolowera kuwonera zolaula. Chizoloŵezichi chasokoneza makhalidwe a ana kuphatikizapo kukwera mopupuluma, luso la kuphunzira kutchera khutu, kupanga zisankho zolakwika, mavuto a kukumbukira, ndi kuchepa kwa kayendetsedwe ka maganizo. Ana omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cholaula amatha kudziwika ndi makolo ndi madokotala ngati owonera gulu lachitatu. Kuwunikira mwadongosolo mabukuwa (SLR) kumachitika kuti awonjezere kumvetsetsa kwa zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito ma siginecha a electroencephalogram (EEG).
M'ndandanda pansipa (L) akuwonetsa nkhani yokhudza phunziro.